Embedding NomLex-BR nominalizations into OpenWordnet-PT
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This document describes the embedding of NomLex-BR, a dictionary of Portuguese nominalizations, into OpenWordNet-PT. NomLex-BR relates nominal terms to their corresponding verbs. It contains over 2,539 entries from various sources. The integration aims to facilitate linguistic research and information extraction by connecting deverbal nouns to their verbs. Some issues in OpenWordNet-PT were also identified in the process, such as linking the noun "aviltamento" to the correct verb "aviltar". Future work includes further improvements to coverage and applications to test the resource.
Embedding NomLex-BR nominalizations into OpenWordnet-PT
- 1. Embedding NomLex-BR nominalizations into OpenWordnet-PT Livy Maria Real Coelho1 Alexandre Rademaker2,5 Valeria de Paiva3 Gerard de Melo4 UFP IBM Research Nuance Comms. Tsinghua University FGV/EMAp February 1, 2014
- 3. NomLex (cont.) a dictionary of English nominalizations, under Catherine Macleod. relate the nominal complements to the arguments of the corresponding verb. 1025 entries of several types of lexical nominalizations. Alexander’s destruction of the city happened in 330 BC. first version on January 15, 1999, latest version October 2001 downloadable from http://bit.ly/1aZWQmh
- 4. Nomlex (cont.) ( nom : o r t h ” p r o m o t i o n ” : v e r b ” promote ” : nom−type ( ( verb−nom ) ) : v e r b − s u b j ( ( n−n−mod) ( d e t − p o s s ) ) : v e r b − s u b c ( ( nom−np : o b j e c t ( ( d e t − p o s s ) ( n−n−mod ) ( pp−of ) ) ) ( nom−np−as−np : o b j e c t ( ( d e t − p o s s ) ( pp−of ) ) ) ( nom−possing : nom−subc ( ( p − p o s s i n g : p v a l ( ” o f ” ) ) ) ) ( nom−np−pp : o b j e c t ( ( d e t − p o s s ) (n−n−mod) ( pp−of ) ) : p v a l ( ” i n t o ” ” from ” ” f o r ” ” t o ” ) ) ( nom−np−pp−pp : o b j e c t ( ( d e t − p o s s ) (n−n−mod) ( pp−of ) ) : p v a l ( ” f o r ” ” i n t o ” ” t o ” ) : p v a l 2 ( ” from ” ) ) ) )
- 5. Related Works Nominalizations have been studied for more than 4 decades (Chomsky, 1970). NomLex-Plus (Meyers et al., 2004). Extension of NomLex with 7.050 nominalizations. The NomBank Project (Meyer, 2007) http://bit.ly/1d5G7L9. “ mark the sets of arguments that co-occur with nouns in the PropBank Corpus, just as PropBank records such information for verbs... firmly on the shoulders of NOMLEX...” Berkeley FrameNet (https://framenet.icsi.berkeley.edu/). 11600 lexical units based on frame semantics supported by corpus evidence. Deverbal nominalizations are annotated as events (in the frame of verbs) or entities/results (diff. semantic frame). FrameNet-Brazil, http://www.ufjf.br/framenetbr/.
- 6. Using for NLP (IE) To write maps bettween IE patterns for active clauses to IE patterns for nominalizations. Active clause: “IBM appointed Alice Smith as vice president”. Passive clause: “IBM’s appointment of Alice Smith as vice president” and “Alice Smith’s appointment as vice president”.
- 7. Main use for NLP (IE) (cont.) The Proteus Extraction System starts with: np(C-company) vg(appoint) np(C-person) "as" np(C-position) Meta rules to produce passive clause pattern: np(C-person) vg-pass(appoint) "as" np(C-position) "by" np(C-company) When a pattern matches the input, the pieces corresponding to its constituents are used to build a semantic representation of the patter (e.g. logical form). vg = verb group (plus auxiliares). vg-pass = passive verb group.
- 8. Project Motivation: DHBB 7.5K entries Brazilian Historical Biographic Dictionary (DHBB). Enrich the structure (semantics). Uniform data treatment (standards and interlinks between collections). NLP of DHBB entries: (1) word sense disambiguation with openWordnet-PT; and (2) named entity recognition to make links. (133K proper names) We need grammars, lexical resources, ontologies, KBs, automated theorem provers etc to reason about knowledge extracted from text. This will empower QA, KE, MT, personal assistents and other systems.
- 9. Nominalizations in Portuguese Nominalizations: difficult to deal with in KR systems, harder to obtain the arguments of nominal predicate; NOMLEX project (Macleod et al., 1998) provides a well-established, open access baseline; nominalizations with the suffixes -¸˜o/-ion, -mento/-ment and ca -or/-er, which work well in Portuguese; E.g. constru¸˜o (construction), adiamento (adjournment) and ca escritor (writer ); 90% of the original resource easily manually translated.
- 10. How we expanded it We translate both noun/verb by looking up in extractions from the EN and PT Wiktionary dumps, generating all combination of noun/verb translations. Filter to compare the noun and verb translations to see if they are similar enough to be morphologically related. Other experiments with DHBB and openWordnet-PT.
- 11. NomLex-BR a dictionary of Portuguese nominalizations Relate nominals to corresponding verbs Over 2,539 entries of several types of lexical nominalizations first version of NOMLEX-BR in 2011, much expanded 2013 Freely available for download and embeded in openWordnet-PT. A RDF vocabulary to describe nominalizations. Future extensions to cover more information from COMLEX and COMNOM (extension from NomBank). URI for the schema, http://arademaker.github.com/nomlex/schema/! Need a better and stable URI. “Constru¸˜o da rodovia Transamazˆnica, na d´cada de 70, pelo governo ca o e Medici, uma das obras faraˆnicas da ditadura militar.” o
- 12. Embedding in openWordnet-PT But nomlex:noun and nomlex:verb should point to wn30:WordSense not wn30:Word! Future work!
- 13. By Provenance See http://bit.ly/Mohmni select ?prov (count(?x) as ?total) { ?x a nomlex:Nominalization ; dc:provenance ?prov . } group by ?prov provenance nomlex wiktionary-pt wiktionary-en framenet nomage dhbb openWordnet-PT linguateca total 1032 61 91 142 262 159 82 484
- 14. By suffix See: http://bit.ly/LmAXn4; and http://bit.ly/1fKEnKr. Result: suffix mento ¸˜o ca or total 329 660 891 Some other cases http://bit.ly/1fyia3a.
- 15. Results Extension of OpenWN-PT aims at incorporating links to connect deverbal nouns with their corresponding verbs. The integration into OpenWN-PT will facilitate their use for linguistic research as well as information extraction Incorporating NOMLEX-BR data into OpenWN-PT has shown itself useful in pinpointing some issues with the coherence and richness of OpenWN-PT. the word abasement corresponds in NOMLEX to the verb abase, and thus we would like a similar correspondence between the Portuguese noun “aviltamento” and the verb “aviltar” (suggested translations). OpenWN-PT simply has two synsets “humilhar, abaixar” and “humilhar, rebaixar”. The more common verb humilhar is repeated, while the uncommon aviltar was left out.
- 16. Next Steps Finish to embed Nomlex-BR into OpenWN-PT (anchor floating words, http://bit.ly/1aQdpkr). Work with Claudia Freitas and Hugo Gon¸alvez on leveraging c Linguatecas PAPEL, Cart˜o, ACDC and Floresta Sint´(c)tica. a a Lists from Linguateca’s resources complement NomLex-BR using corpora and make sure our resource is not simply a translation. Adding the Portuguese terms that satisfy different relations? OpenVerbNet-PT? Glosses? Classification of nominalizations? We are developing our own web interface for browsing and collaborative editing. Most important pending issue! Use and test the accuracy of the resource! More applications!
- 17. Conclusion We presented NomLex-BR, an lexicon of nominalizations in Brazilian Portuguese. NomLex-BR is embedded into OpenWordNet-PT and shares its RDF representation. Recent improvements include better coverage: newer suffixes and Nomage incorporation. The work with Nomlex-BR helped us to improve openWordnet-PT (new words, senses). The data is freely available from http://github.com/arademaker/wordnet-br/ and a SPARQL Endpoint at http://logics.emap.fgv.br:10035.
- 18. Obrigado! Multilingual Wordnet 1.0 1/26/14, 8:21 AM Synset 01146493-a Danish English Finnish French Galician Indonesian Italian taknemmelig thankful, grateful kiitollinen reconnaissant grato, agradecido bersyukur, berterima kasih, tanda terima kasih, terhutang budi grato, riconoscente Japanese 忝い, 有り難い, 感謝を感じた, 幸甚, ありがたい, 有難い, 感謝を表した Bokmål takknemlig Portuguese reconhecido, grato, agradecido Thai ซึ่งสำนึกในบุญคุณ bersyukur, berterima kasih, tanda terima kasih, menampakkan tanda kesyukuran, Malaysian memperlihatkan tanda kesyukuran, terhutang budi Eng: feeling or showing gratitude; "a grateful heart"; "grateful for the tree's shade"; "a thankful smile"; Similar to: appreciative glad