Emerging Branches Of Science
- 1. Emerging Branches Of Science Nanotechnology And Bioinformatics Presented By Sruthy Sara Reji Natural Science
- 2. NANOTECHNOLOGY • Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on an atomic scale. • The prefix "nano" means one billionth or 10-9 • It is a modern branch of materials science . • creation and/or manipulation of various materials at nanometer (nm) scale • Analysing their structural characteristics & properties for novel applications • attracting, producing and exploiting the nanoparticles in different dimensions. • increase the utilisation potential of nano structured materials (NSM)in various fields.
- 3. HISTORY • The first ever concept was presented in 1959 by the famous professor of physics Dr. Richard P. Feynman. • Invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerene(C60) in1985 lead to the emergence of nanotechnology. • The term "Nano-technology" had been coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974.
- 4. PHYSICALAND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES • The physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials can differ significantly from those of the atomic-molecular or the bulk materials of the same composition. • Two principal factors cause the properties of nano materials to differ significantly from other materials . (1)Increased relative surface area (2)Quantum confinement effect. • These factors can charge or enhance properties such as reactivity, strength and electrical characteristics.
- 5. What kind of changes arise when the macro Materials are converted into nanomaterials? • Materials reduced to nanoscale can show very different properties when compared to macro scale materials. This enables for unique applications. • Opaque substances become transparent (copper) • Inert substances become catalysts( platinum) • Solid substances become liquids at room temperature(aluminium) • Insulators become conductors(silicon).
- 6. Approaches In Nanotechnology • In this technique smaller devices are created by using larger ones to direct their assembly. • So, small features are made by starting with larger materials patterning and carving down to make nanoscale structures in precise patterns. • In this technique smaller components are arranged into more complex assembly. • This begins by designing and synthesizing custom made molecules that have the ability to self-assemble or self-organize into higher order mesoscale macroscale structures. TOP-DOWN TECHNIQUE BOTTOM-UP TECHNIQUE
- 10. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN INDIA • IIT Mumbai is the premier organization in the field of nanotechnology Research in the field of health, environment, medicines are still on. • Starting in 2001 the Government of India launched the Nano Science and Technology Initiative (NSTI). • In 2007 the Nanoscience and Technology Mission 2007 was initiated with an allocation of Rupees 1000 crores for a period of five years. The main objectives of the Nano Mission are: - Basic research promotion, - Infrastructure development for carrying out research. - Development of nano technologies and their applications. - Human resource development . - International collaborations.
- 11. Possibilities For The Future • Nanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture lighter, stronger, and programmable materials that require less energy to produce than conventional material and that promise greater fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships, aircraft, and space vehicles. • The future of nanotechnology could very well include the use of nanorobotics. • These nanorobots have the potential to take on human tasks as well as tasks that humans could never complete. The rebuilding of the depleted ozone layer could potentially be able to be performed. • There would be an entire nanosurgical field to help cure everything from natural aging to diabetes to bone spurs. • Scientists and engineers can now work with materials at the atomic level to create stain- proof fabrics,scratch-resistant paints,more efficient fuel cells and batteries. • Nanotechnology will redesign the future of several technologies products and markets. • Experts says that nanotechnology will likely create the next generation of billionaries and reshape global business.
- 12. Pitfalls Of Nanotechnology • Nano-particles can get into the body through the skin, lungs and digestive system, thus creating free radicals that can cause cell damage. • Once nano-particles are in the bloodstream, they will be able to cross the blood-brain barrier. • The most dangerous Nano-application use for military purposes is the Nano-bomb that contain engineered self multiplying deadly viruses that can continue to wipe out a community, country or even a civilization • Nanobots because of their replicating behavior can be big threat for GRAY GOO. “The next big thing is really small”
- 13. BIOINFORMATICS • Bioinformatics is a recently developed science using information technology to store , organize and analyze the vast amount of biological data. • The stored data is available in the form of sequences and structures of proteins and nucleic acids. • Sequences are represented in single dimension where as the structure contains the three dimensional data of sequences. • The term bioinformatics was invented by Paule In Hogeweg and Bon Hesper in 1970. • The need for bioinformatics has arisen from the recent explosion of publicly available genomic information , such as resulting from the Human Genomic Project.
- 14. NEED OF BIOINFORMATICS To gain a better understanding of gene analysis , taxonomy and evolution. To work efficiently on the rational drug designs and reduce the time taken the the development of drug manually. GOALS OF BIOINFORMATICS To uncover the wealth of biological information hidden in the mass of sequences ,structure , literature and biological data. It is being used now and in the foreseeable future in the areas of molecular medicine. It has environmental benefits in identifying waste and clean up bacteria. In agriculture ,it can be used to produce high yield , low maintenance crops.
- 15. FIELD OF BIOINFORMATICS • Functional genomics :identification of genes and their respective functions. • Structural genomics: prediction related to functions of proteins. • Comparative genomics : understanding the genomics of different species of organisms. • DNA microarrays : designed to measure the levels of gene expression in different tissues , various stages of development and in different diseases. • Medical informatics : involves the management of biomedical data with special references to biomolecules , invitroassays and clinical trials. • Gene therapy • Drug development • Microbial genome applications • Crop improvement
- 16. • Forensic analysis of microbes • Biotechnology • Evolutionary studies • Bio-weapon creation • Preventive medicine :used in the analysis of mutations that causes cancer. • Genome annotation : genomes are mark to know the regulatory sequences and protein coding. COMPONENTS OF BIOINFORMATICS Creation of databases – involves the organizing , storage and management of the biological data sets. Development of algorithms and statistics – comparisons of protein sequence data with the already existing protein sequences. Analysis of data interpretation – includes RNA,DNA and protein sequences ,protein structure , gene expression profiles and biochemical pathways.
- 17. SOFTWARE AND TOOLS OF BIOINFORMATICS 1. BLAST Basic logical alignment search tool It is an algorithm for comparing biological sequences information ,such as aminoacid sequence of different proteins or the nucleotides of DNA sequences. 2. FASTA It is a DNA and protein sequence alignment software package. 3. RasMol It is a computer program written for molecular graphics visualization which is used mainly to depict and explore biological macromolecule structures those found in protein data bank. 4. SWISS-PROT It is a curated protein sequence database which strives to provide a high level of annotation ,minimal level of redundancy and high level of integration with other databases.
- 18. 5. EMBL-EBI The European molecular biology laboratory-European bioinformatics institute maintains a comprehensive range of freely available and upto date databases which collectively cover the full range of molecular biology , from nucleotide sequences to full systems. 6. CLUSTAL OMEGA It is a multiple sequence alignment used to find conserved sequences and understand phylogenetic relations. 7. MODELLAR It is used for producing homology models of protein teritiary structures as well as quaternary structures.
- 20. 1. www.google.com 2. www.slideshare.com 3. http://www.iasri.res.in/ebook/concepts of bioinformatics 4. http://www.slideshare.net/JTADrexel/bioinformatics REFERENCES