Emerging Engineer Presentation 2015
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The document discusses the economic viability of reducing water stress in the Thames Basin by utilizing suspended shade materials to minimize open water evaporation. It presents financial analyses, including the net present value calculations for different investment scenarios related to evaporation reduction technologies. The findings emphasize the potential for improved water security in the UK while addressing the challenges posed by increasing demand and dwindling supplies.
Emerging Engineer Presentation 2015
- 1. ECONOMIC VIABILITY OF ALLEVIATING WATER STRESS IN THE THAMES BASIN UTILISING SUSPENDED SHADE MATERIAL DOMINIK FECHER
- 2. • Water Stress in the UK • Open Water Evaporation Reduction • Financial Viability
- 3. THE UK Source – EA 2009
- 4. THE SOUTH EAST 22% 19% Rainfall 18% - 25% 2015 Supply Surplus >900ML/D 2021 Demand = Supply 2039 Shortage = 370ML/D
- 5. RESERVOIR LOSSES 4202 4 Days 10,505263.2m³ Year Second largest consumer
- 6. • Water Security in the UK • Open Water Evaporation Reduction • Financial Viability
- 7. EVAPORATION
- 8. EVAPORATION REDUCTION Suspended Shade Materials Floating Covers Chemical Covers
- 9. SIMULATION OF UK EVAPORATION
- 10. EVAPORATION REDUCTION 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Change in Temperature (°C) TestNumber The Effect of SSM on Energy Transfer Covered Container Uncovered Container
- 11. • Water Security in the UK • Open Water Evaporation Reduction • Financial Viability
- 12. THE SAVINGS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 Evaporation(mm) Month (January = 1) Simplified Penman Equation Estimate of Evaporation Within the Thames Basin Chigwell No2 Reservoir Water Value 128p/m3 (Current) 237p/m3 (Desalinated)
- 13. THE COSTS • £5.88/m2Existing Foundation • £5.88/m2 + • (£63 x m) Foundation Required
- 14. ECONOMIC VIABILITY -£40,000.00 -£35,000.00 -£30,000.00 -£25,000.00 -£20,000.00 -£15,000.00 -£10,000.00 -£5,000.00 £0.00 £5,000.00 £10,000.00 Net Present Value of SSM Investment Based on a 30 Year Return Period NPV - Unit Price 237.00 Wall required NPV - Unit Price 237.00 No Wall required NPV - 128.43 Wall required NPV - Unit Price 128.43 No Wall required
- 15. • Water Security in the UK • Open Water Evaporation Reduction • Financial Viability
- 16. THANK YOU FOR YOUR TIME QUESTIONS
- 17. INCLUDE NET PRESENT VALUE FORMULA 𝑁𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶𝑡 (1+𝑟) 𝑡 − 𝐶𝑜 (Equation 4.0) Where 𝐶𝑡 = Net cash flow during the period 𝑟 = Discount rate 𝑡 = Return period 𝐶𝑜= Initial investment
- 18. CONTAINER CHOICE Material Specific heat capacity (J/kg°C) Soil Wet 1480 Soil Dry 800 Porcelain 1085 Aluminium 897 Glass 840 Clay 920 Polystyrene 1300
- 19. VALIDATION OF EXPERIMENT 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 No Wind and No Light (Measured After 24 Hrs) No Wind and 1.5 Hrs Light (Measured After 24 Hrs) 24 Hrs Wind and 2 Hrs Light (Measured After 24 Hrs) No Wind and No Light (Measured After 48 Hrs) 1.5 Hrs Wind and 1.5 Hrs Light (Measured After 1.5 Hrs) No Wind and No Light (Measured After 24 Hrs) 6.5 Hrs Wind and 6.5 Hrs Light (Measured After 6.5 Hrs) 24 Hrs Wind and 24 Hrs Light Test 1 (Measured After 24… 24 Hrs Wind and 24 Hrs Light Test 2 (Measured After 24… 24 Hrs Wind and 24 Hrs Light Test 3 (Measured After 24… 6.0 Hrs Wind and 6.0 Hrs Light (Measured After 24 Hrs) EVAPORATION (MM) Comparison of the Control Sample, Simplified Penman equation Estimate and Adjusted Simplified Penman Estimate Simplified Penman Equation Estimate Adjusted Simplified Penman Equation Estimate Control Container
- 20. EVAPORATION REDUCTION 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 1.5 Hours - Solar + Wind 24 Hours - No Solar + Wind 6.5 Hours - Solar + Wind 24 Hours - Solar + Wind 50% Covered Test Evaporation (mm) The Effect of SSM Cover on Evaporation Polyethylene Covered Container Control Container
- 21. WINTER CONDITIONS 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 Control Container Polyethylene Cover Simplified Penman Evaporation (mm) Comparison of Control Sample, Adjusted Simplified Penman Estimate and Covered Container Losses - Outdoor Test Outdoor Testing Date (27/11/13 - 29/11/13) Outdoor Testing Date (26/11/13 - 27/11/2013) Outdoor Testing Date (25/11/13 - 26/11/13)
Editor's Notes
- #5: End of 2020 Thames water demand will outstrip supply By 2039 there will be a shortage 370ML/D
- #6: Thames water store approximately 30% of their freshwater supplies in reservoirs
- #8: Temperature – increases the energy available to change state Humidity – Saturated vapour pressure – quantity of vapour the air can hold at a given temperature Wind – Movement of saturated air above surface to maintain saturated vapour pressure Exposed surface – The larger the water surface the greater the area available to vaporise
- #9: Research in Australia and Spain suggests SSM’s are the most economically and technologically efficient methods of reducing evaporation based on installation cost ($), Design Life (Yrs) , Mean evaporation reduction (%) and maintenance cost ($) Despite my excitement and enthusiasm to cover a reservoir unfortunately my student loan didn’t quite stretch far enough to lease a reservoir so instead I scaled down my operation and designed a laboratory experiment instead
- #10: Wind – desk fans set at 3.4 m/s to simulate average august wind speed over past 30 years (measured with anemometer + data from UK) 300w lamps placed at 55cm above the water surface to simulate the solar constant (1.99cal / cm min) Surface area, water depth, temperature and relative humidity remained constant due to use of control sample
- #11: Average reduction in temperature and subsequently energy exchange was 54% This is considered a conservative estimate based on the fact the SSM reduces the wind speed below the surface of the cover as long as the material is semi pyramid shaped in the same way air moves faster over a wing, resulting in lower pressure and subsequently resulting in uplift from below the wing
- #14: Min in Jan of 0.44mm/day to a max in June and July of 5.39mm/day
- #15: 128pence /m3 – Thames current price 237pence /m3 – Average unit cost of desalinated water within the Thames basin Average unit price of water will have to increase to 218pence/m3
- #21: The SSM resulted in a 14% reduction in evaporation when subject to equal temperature and relative humidity variables only The SSM reduced evaporation by 50% when subject to solar + wind + temp + relative humidity variables