Endocrine System. Endocrine glands , types,hormone and functions
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The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce hormones to regulate various bodily functions, such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction. Key glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, and pancreas, each producing specific hormones that affect target organs and tissues. Hormones can be classified into peptide, steroid, and amine types, each with unique properties and mechanisms of action.
Endocrine System. Endocrine glands , types,hormone and functions
- 2. Endocrine glands • The endocrine system is a network of glands in your body that make the hormones that help cells talk to each other. They’re responsible for almost every cell, organ, and function in your body. • The word endocrine derives from the Greek words "endo," meaning within, and "crinis," meaning to secrete . • It is similar to the nervous system in that it plays a vital role in controlling and regulating many of the body’s functions. • However, while the nervous system uses nerve impulses and neurotransmitters for communication, the endocrine system uses chemical messengers called hormones.
- 3. Functions • The endocrine system is responsible for regulating a range of bodily functions through the release of hormones. • Hormones are secreted by the glands of the endocrine system, traveling through the bloodstream to various organs and tissues in the body. The hormones then tell these organs and tissues what to do or how to function. • Some examples of bodily functions that are controlled by the endocrine system include: • metabolism • growth and development • sexual function and reproduction • heart rate • blood pressure • appetite • sleeping and waking cycles • body temperature
- 4. Endocrine Organs • The endocrine system is made up of a complex network of glands, which are organs that secrete substances. • The glands of the endocrine system are where hormones are produced, stored, and released. Each gland produces one or more hormones, which go on to target specific organs and tissues in the body. • The glands of the endocrine system include: • Hypothalamus. While some people don’t consider it a gland, the hypothalamus produces multiple hormones that control the pituitary gland. It’s also involved in regulating many functions, including sleep-wake cycles, body temperature, and appetite. It can also regulate the function of other endocrine glands. • Pituitary. The pituitary gland is located below the hypothalamus. The hormones it produces affect growth and reproduction. They can also control the function of other endocrine glands. • Pineal. This gland is found in the middle of your brain. It’s important for your sleep-wake cycles.
- 5. • Thyroid. The thyroid gland is located in the front part of your neck. It’s very important for metabolism. • Parathyroid. Also located in the front of your neck, the parathyroid gland is important for maintaining control of calcium levels in your bones and blood. • Thymus. Located in the upper torso, the thymus is active until puberty and produces hormones important for the development of a type of white blood cell called a T cell. • Adrenal. One adrenal gland can be found on top of each kidney. These glands produce hormones important for regulating functions such as blood pressure, heart rate, and stress response. • Pancreas. The pancreas is located in your abdomen behind your stomach. Its endocrine function involves controlling blood sugar levels.
- 8. Hormones • Hormones are the chemicals the endocrine system uses to send messages to organs and tissue throughout the body. Once released into the bloodstream, they travel to their target organ or tissue, which has receptors that recognize and react to the hormone. • Hormones are chemical messengers (may be of proteins, lipids or amines), secreted from special cells of endocrine glands and maintain the physiological activities very specifically on target cells through circulation and disintegrated after action. • Cell Signaling • The effects of hormones depend on how they are released. Hence, signalling effects can be classified into the following: • Autocrine: The hormone act on the cell that secreted it. • Paracrine: The hormone act on a nearby cell without having to enter the blood circulation. • Intracrine: The hormone is produced in the cell and acts intracellularly means inside the cell. • Endocrine: The hormone act on the target cells once it is released from the respective glands into the bloodstream.
- 9. Features of Hormones • 1. They are chemical entities produced by special cells of endocrine glands. • 2. They are transported to the target cells/ tissue/organ via circulation. • 3. Their actions are species specific… • 4. They are active in very minute quanti ties. • 5. They are mostly water soluble. • 6. They are low in molecular weight. • 7. They are destroyed after their actions. • 8. Chemically they are heterogeneous sub stances. • 9. They cannot be stored for a longtime; usually they are synthesized and se creted during the time of requirement. • 10. They usually activate target cells by forming hormone receptor complex.
- 10. • Types of Hormones • To regulate various functions, different types of hormones are produced in the body. They are classified as follows: • Peptide Hormones • Steroid Hormones • Aminoacid derivatives • Peptide Hormones • Peptide hormones are composed of amino acids and are soluble in water. Peptide hormones are unable to pass through the cell membrane as it contains a phospholipid bilayer that stops any fat-insoluble molecules from diffusing into the cell. Insulin is an important peptide hormone produced by the pancreas. • Steroid Hormones • Unlike peptide hormones, steroid hormones are fat-soluble and are able to pass through a cell membrane. Sex hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone are examples of steroid hormones.
- 11. • Amine Hormones • Amine hormones are derived from the amino acid tyrosine and include adrenaline, thyroxin and triiodothyronine • Amine hormones do not all share identical properties and have properties common to both peptide and steroid hormones
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