Energy Efficient Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Dynamic and Static Nodes in Wireless Sensor Network

TELKOMNIKA, Vol.16, No.5, October 2018, pp.1974~1981
ISSN: 1693-6930, accredited First Grade by Kemenristekdikti, Decree No: 21/E/KPT/2018
DOI: 10.12928/TELKOMNIKA.v16i5.9930  1974
Received May 19, 2018; Revised August 22, 2018; Accepted September 18, 2018
Energy Efficient Cluster Based Routing Protocol for
Dynamic and Static Nodes in Wireless Sensor Network
Salam Al-Khammasi*
1
, Dheyaa Alhelal
2
, Nabeel Salih Ali
3
1,3
ITRDC Center, University of Kufa, Iraq
2
Northern Technical University, Technical Engineering College/Mosul, Iraq
*Corresponding author, e-mail: salam.alshemmari@uokufa.edu.iq
Abstract
Power consumption is considered one of the most significant challenges in the wireless network
sensors (WSNs). In this paper, an investigation of the power consumption is done by making a comparison
between static and dynamic WSNs. We have compared the results of the static network with the results of
the dynamic network. Static and dynamic wireless Sensor networks have the same architecture
(Homogenous) and proposed protocol. Depending on the suggested protocol, the simulation results show
that the energy consumption in the static wireless sensor network was less than the dynamic wireless
sensor network. However, moving the sensors in the dynamic WSN present real improvement in delivering
packets to the base station. In the proposed routing protocol, transmitting data process is done in a
hierarchal way. Cheap sensors are introduced and deploy them intensively to improve the QoS in the
network. The final results and the conclusion are reported.
Keywords: wireless sensor network, static and dynamic, efficient routing protocol, power consumption,
delivering packets
Copyright © 2018 Universitas Ahmad Dahlan. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have locative distributed independent sensor nodes
to sense a lot of environment situation. Typically, these sensors consist of Micro-electronic
system, a low-power Digital Signal Processing (DSP) [1]. WSNs can be a mobile station (MS) to
be capable of interacting and detecting efficiently with the environment same case in robotic
networks or any sensor network [2]. WSNs have broad applications in various areas. From
these applications as examples are, sound, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants,
surveillance for safety and security, automated healthcare, intelligent building control, trafﬁc
control, as much as in the reliable environment monitoring in military applications [3-4].
Each sensor can communicate with another sensor or directly with base-station
(BS) [5-6]. They are scattered in a sensor field, which is an area where the sensor nodes are
deployed. They organize among themselves to get high-quality information about the physical
environment [7-8]. To boost the number of sensors as much as possible for covering a broader
geographical area region and with higher accuracy. In spite of these sensors are not accurate
as their expensive macro-sensor counterparts, but they enable applications to networks [9].
The main critical issue in sensor networks is the limited energy on network nodes [10].
Once they are distributed, the network can keep running on while the energy of nodes is
sufficient. The main point is almost impossible to replace the battery of each node in
inaccessible areas [11-12]. This shared wireless network configured by WSN, the individual
nodes have a limited communication range medium [13]. Both the data and control packets
need to be routed in multi-hop modality [14].
The data can be shown between the nodes in the network to support different activities.
The above-mentioned complex task is obtained by designing and implementing routing
schemes that can efficaciously support the interchange of information in wireless sensor
networks [15]. Many practical case and theoretical restrictions should be totally taken into
account. In general, wireless sensor information can be fed throughout a couple means. The
particular past post information to the basic section immediately regarding additional running.
This latter post information through forwarding to various other nodes just before reaching the

TELKOMNIKA ISSN: 1693-6930 
Energy Efficient Cluster Based Routing Protocol for...(Salam Al-Khammasi)
1975
base section. Every single process offers its worth for the applications as well as routing
standards. Through the standpoint involving circle topology, this routing standard can be
categorized straight into common topology as well as cluster topology [16]. A number of routing
standards throughout clustered (WSNs) are usually described within the subsequent [17].
Clustered (WSNs) are commonly labelled as heterogeneous as well as good
homogeneous capabilities for operations involving sensor nodes [18]. Throughout (WSNs) with
heterogeneous sensor equipment, this cluster mind offers superior apparatus compared to a
standard sensor node, e.g. power, processing capability, memory, and in many cases with any
performance involving information compression setting [19]. In homogeneous networks, energy
and hardware complexity are identical for all sensor nodes. However, all sensor nodes
inhomogeneous networks will lose energy at about the same time which means the network will
shut down at one time [20]. In fact, each sensor node can to be a cluster head, but it does not
indicate when the failure of a few nodes the network will run down [19]. The particular essential
function of any heterogeneous method would be to decrease the energy usage of standard
nodes through protecting against all of them from sending data over a long distance of the basic
section.
The routing protocols for (WSNs), comparison for their strengths and limitations are
done by Shio Kumar Singh, et al. [21]. Back off-based clustering in (WSNs) and the comparison
has done with flat routing protocols and the integrated multihop technique. Is a well-known
hierarchical routing project employed throughout clustered (WSNs), because it can easily
balance energy consumption to extend this circle lifespan [22]. It functionally consists of a
couple of stages. In the setup stage, the sensed data are transferred from nodes to cluster
heads, finally reaches the (BS). In the second section of the process which is longer, depends
on the round-based clustering algorithm [23]. It's well known that LEACH uses the CDMA-TDMA
hybrid communication scheme to minimize the interference between clusters. While TDMA slots
are assigned for each member to minimize media contention [24].
LEACH is divided into rounds in to appoint cluster heads at the beginning of each round
to create and broadcast schedule to its members. Neglecting the problem caused by the
random head selection in each round [25]. A scheme is based on a new criterion to give the
opportunity for sensor node to make a distributed decision on whether electing to be a cluster
head or a non-head member. Also, a scheme is a fully distributed approach and proposed by
LIANG ZHAO et al. [26]. This proposed model achieved better performance in the term of
lifetime and energy ratio. Where the designed Medium-contention based Energy-efficient
Distributed Clustering (MEDIC), to replace the cluster formation this takes place at the
beginning of each round in LEACH. This designed (MEDIC) is based on the Duch auction to get
higher time efficiency in the form of each node to count its neighbours and broadcasts their
number [27].
Lately, quite a few reports were being focused on lowering the energy use of sensor
nodes throughout (WSNs). This particular work aims to investigate the comparison between the
static and dynamic model to increase the lifetime by decreasing the use of energy. Try to
improve the lifetime of (WSNs) by using cluster blending as well as energetic routing
components. A study to save energy during data transmission is done by Wernhuar Tarng
et al. [28]. This study stated that the dynamic routing method inclueds two stages, initialization
state and operating stage. During these two states and to save energy consumption data
aggregation and sleep mode is used.
The current study depends on dividing the environment into smaller areas to distribute
the sensor nodes, and each region has five sensor nodes distributed in a determined position by
a pseudo random generator. Typically, these cluster-based routing components try to boost the
time of (WSNs). For that understanding, conserving energy will be involving great importance
inside a wide-range sensing atmosphere. A static clustering protocol configures the sensor node
straight into quite a few groupings involving identical sizing. Normally, the cluster head of the
basic section will take up extra energy through forwarding information regarding various other
groupings. As this is an investigative paper, in the next section presents the paper related work.
In section III describes the proposed work, Results presents in section IV, whereas, section V
discussed the conclusion.

 ISSN: 1693-6930
TELKOMNIKA Vol. 16, No. 5, October 2018: 1974-1981
1976
2. Related Works
Different methods being developed for reducing energy consumption in the technology
of (WSNs). Fatma Bouabdallah et al. proposed the potential performance improvement gained
by balancing the traffic throughout the (WSNs) [29]. They showed the traffic generated by each
sensor through multiple routes, instead of a single one. Besides, Heinzelman et al. proposed a
clustering protocol called LEACH for data gathering applications [30]. LEACH depends on the
randomized rotation of cluster heads to distribute energy consumption over all nodes in the
network. To optimize energy consumption through optimal clustering of sensor nodes.
As alongside, Ghiasi et al., presented his work concentrating on the clustering problem in
(WSNs) [31]. They proposed an algorithm so that the distance between sensor member nodes
and CHs is minimized.
Low-energy adaptive bunch Hierarchy (LEACH) is meant for proactive sensing element
networks; during which the nodes sporadically start their sensors and transmitters; the sensor
senses the environment and transmits the information. More applicable for this environment is
that the protocols used are unstructured distributed storage [32]. While A. Haider et al.,
proposed a model for (WSNs) to improve the lifetime of the network called regional energy
efficient cluster heads (REECH) which is based on maximum energy (ME) [33]. In their model,
the cluster head (CH) is selected according to its maximum energy in each round. This model
uses the probabilistic approach to choose the (CH). As much as the proposed model
implements the uniform random distribution model to find the packet drop to make it more
practical.
3. LEACH Algorihim Explination
LEACH is standing for low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy which is proposed to
reduce the energy to increase the lifetime in the wireless sensor networks. It is one of the most
important hierarchical routing protocol to choose the clusters in the network depending on the
strength of the received signal as shown in the figure below. Based on the total number of the
network, a limited percentage of the sensors are elected to be the cluster head. The cluster
heads act as a new router for the base station (Sink). The power consumption for the network
will be reduced as the transmission of the data done by the cluster head.
Figure 1. Cluster head of LEACH protocol in WSN
Aggregation and data fusion are inside the cluster. The cluster heads are changing
randomly to equilibrium the energy waste of the nodes. Whether nodes number is less the
following threshold, the node will act as the cluster head for the current ride. Also, a random
number between 0 and 1 is picked to choose the node.

1977
( ) { ( ) ( )
Where S is the percentage of the desired cluster head, r is the current ride, and G is the group
of nodes that are not chosen to be cluster head in the last 1/S ride, and N (n) is the
threshold [34].
4. Proposed Work
In this part of the paper, we use a novel routing protocol for (WSN’s). The wireless
network is done with the following suggestions.
a. Nodes, which are used in WSN’s system, are dynamic (mobility).
b. The base station which is used in the same WSN’s system is static (no mobility).
c. Nodes cannot recognize their physical position by their own in the sensor domain.
d. The base station can define the WSN’s topology in the running time.
e. Sink defines the proportional location of the nodes in the domain.
f. Any sensor can use power domination to modify the transferred power.
g. The wireless sensor network will be inefficient when (50%) of the gross sensors in the
domain died.
h. The sensors are cheap and spread very intensely. This intense apportionment of the nodes
will be useful to increase the quality of service (QoS) out of WSN’s
i. The architecture of the sensors is homogenous.
j. Perhaps, nodes can measure their energy level automatically
The procedures steps describe the proposed routing protocol:
1. In a articulat domain, diffuse all the sensor nodes.
2. After diffusing the nodes in such domain, the base station carries the start packet to all
disperesed sensor nodes. Whereas, the initiate packet includes node identification number
and session Id.
3. The base station chooses a cluster head for each expected cluster. The whole number of
clusters in the sensor scope is around (3%) of the total number of sensor nodes in the
range. CHs chosen step has two stages:
The first stage is: The base station selects the cluster head by taking in consideration
the following parameters:
a. Distance between the sensor node and base station
b. The residual energy in the sensor node
c. How many times a sensor node becomes the cluster head?
d. How many sensor nodes the expected cluster head has as neighbouring?
The second stage is The distance between the chosen cluster head nodes. To
determine the distance between two cluster head nodes, the received signal strength of the
base station is compared and the primary goal of this to make sure the distribution of the cluster
head nodes is a uniform manner in the sensor scope. As a result, the communication distance
between nodes and cluster head will be approximately equal in the cluster. After the base
station chooses the cluster head in stage one; the process passes through stage two to make
sure the distribution of the cluster head nodes is a uniform manner in the sensor scope.
4. Base station report all the chosen cluster heads by broadcasting a packet which contains a
node identification number, session Id and cluster head for each cluster.
5. Each chosen cluster head sends (invite to join) packets which include a node identification
number and Session-Id.
6. CH’s define node identity for sensors that are chosen by such a cluster after the clusters
created by the base station. Cluster Figuration step is: the head cluster transmits an
announcement packet (invite to join) which it is contained node identification number,
session ID when the base station choses the CHs and as reported. Then, the sensors can
receive all the signals from the cluster head sensors. Once it received all these signals, it
will compare these signals and decide which one of them has the strongest signal. The
head cluster which has the strongest signal will be the nearest one to the sensor. Therefore
the sensor will choose the cluster head with the strongest signal to join it. In this way, all
the clusters are established.

 ISSN: 1693-6930
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7. The cluster head produces the table of data transmission which is in the cluster and this
table contains the node identification number with the time slot for transmission. Schedule
a specific step is: assume the sensors are intensely spread. According to the large number
of sensors, it is possible to produce some nodes to be sleeping in the sensing field without
effecting on the efficiency of the network, and it will cover all the geographic areas of the
sensing field. Any sensor has four states which are: Sensing, Sending, Receiving, and
Sleep.
8. The cluster now can manage the sleeping list for some sensors, which belong to the cluster
itself, after the cluster has reported from the base station about the proportional geographic
position of the groups of its cluster. Based on the geographical position of the cluster, every
cluster in the network will have a sleep table for each node. This procedure will save a lot
of power for the sensors in the network and will increase the lifetime of the network itself.
Moreover, if the sensor is not sleeping, at least the sensor does one task of the following
procedure sending, sensing, and receiving. Therefore, the network will be active
continuously.
9. As we mentioned, the head cluster establishes a TDMA based on the table for all other
sensors which are not in a sleeping mode in its cluster. The cluster head CH always
changes the table of the two schedules (TDMA and sleeping). The changing in the
schedule depends on the transmission and sending a signal among the sensors’ cluster
member after a specific time period. At the start of the very first session, the period can be
set up by the user (at the Base Station).
10. Data transmission for the session Id starts in hierarchical style. Sending data in
Hierarchical design: Sending data usually run across two different ways. The first way is,
the data transmit inside the cluster and the second way is, the data transmit from the
cluster head CH to the base station (BS). Rely on the range of the space between the
simple sensor and the cluster head, multi-hop data sending may happen even in the
cluster.
11. The base station sent the topology of the cluster, based on this topology, the decision of
multi-hop data transmission is made. Also, the data sending between the cluster head and
the base station could be single-hop, or double-hop depending on the distance between
them. The base station will decide and report to the cluster head based on the proportional
distance between CH and BS.
12. Data transmission goes on to the present session. Terminate the present session: When
the power of any cluster head decreased into the half of the amount of the initial energy
during the start of the session, the present session will be terminated. The cluster head
gives up the leadership of the cluster and report to the base station and transmits among
the sensor under its leadership.
13. Repeat this scenario until (50%) of the total number of sensor nodes in the scope of
death [35].
5. Results and Discussion
Through observe of the simulation, after working on many trials, based on the
suggested scenario and the results that are concluded by the simulation. There is a significant
improvement in the network performance. The advantage of using the movability in the wireless
sensor network, in this proposed solution the moving of nodes will help in delivering the packets
to the base station faster than the static.
The simulation was built to simulate the already build a solution from the writer. In
addition, to show the expected results based on the suggested future work. The first run with
150 Node network and 5 base stations was initialized for the two simulations. See
Figures 2 and 3. In the number of packets delivered per one unit of time is different from the
number of packets in the static mode, based on the assumption that there is no power
consumption during moving of nodes. On the other hand, the total power consumption for the
two simulations almost the same. See Figures 4 and 5.

1979
Figure 2. Static power consumption Figure 3. dynamic power consumption
Figure 4. Static throughput Figure 5. Dynamic throughput
6. Conclusions
The significant difference between the proposed solution and the future work solution is
that the network performance will increase in the packet delivery. On the other hand, the power
consumption will stay fixed in before and after applying the mobility in the algorithm. Therefore,
the increase in the number of jobs gets completed in one unit of time reflect on the network
performance, by increasing the usage of the network.
As future work for this paper, different architecture can be used instead of the same
architecture (Homogenous) for both static and dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks WSNs. In
addition, testing some changes in the proposed solution can be applied to monitor the changes
in the delivering packets and power consumption. Also, sound quality sensors can be used to
enhance the performance and the lifetime for the networks besides testing diffident environment
to get the better result.
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