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PRESENTED BY

SUCHISMITA MUKHERJEE
TODAY’ S TOPIC
  DEFINITION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
  CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY INTERACTION
  ENERGY BALANCE RELATIONSHIP
  FACTORS CONTROLLING ENERGY INTERACTION WITH
EARTH SURFACE FEATURES
 MATERIALS   CONSTITUTING EARTH SURFACE
 WAVELENGTH OF ENERGY
 CONDITION OF FEATURES
DEFINITION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

 a form of energy that is reflected or emitted from objects in the
form of electrical and magnetic waves that can travel through space.


 can be detected only when it interacts with matters


 There are many forms of electromagnetic energy including gamma
rays, x rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation,
microwaves and radio waves.
Electromagnetic energy is incident on any earth
                Surface feature


  Three fundamental energy interactions with
            the feature are possible
transmission (T) occurs
 when radiation passes
    through a target




       Reflection (R) occurs when    Absorption (A) occurs when
       radiation "bounces" off the      radiation (energy) is
        target and is redirected.     absorbed into the target
INCIDENT ENERGY (EI)


                         REFLECTED ENERGY (ER)
                                                 WATER SURFACE



                   ABSORBED
                    ENERGY
                      (EA)
                                   TRANSMITTED ENERGY   (ET)

BASIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY
    AND AN EARTH SURFACE FEATURE ( WATER BODY )
Proportion of the
     energy is
    absorbed,
 transmitted or
  reflected by a
  material will
  depend upon
IN REMOTE SENSING, WE ARE MOST
 INTERESTED IN MEASURING THE
  RADIATION REFLECTED FROM
            TARGETS.

        Reflection from surfaces
          occurs in two ways:
SPECULAR REFLECTORS

                        gives the mirror-like reflection of light (or of
                      other kinds of wave) from a surface.
                          in which light from a single incoming
                      direction (a ray) is reflected into a single
                      outgoing direction.
                         the angle of incidence equals the angle of
                      reflection (θi = θr in the figure),

SPECULAR REFLECTORS




                           Reflections on still water are an example
                                     of specular reflection
DIFFUSE REFLECTORS

                        gives the reflection of light
                     from a surface such that an
                     incident ray is reflected at
                     many angles

                       rough surface

DIFFUSE REFLECTORS     does not give rise to images.
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
            The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object is
          the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic
          radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular
          object.

             provides an illustrated method to show the
          types of electromagnetic radiation in terms of
          wavelength and frequency.
Here are the different types of radiation in the EM spectrum,
           in order from lowest energy to highest:

                RADIO WAVE :
                 kind of energy that radio stations emit into the air.
                 emitted by other things,such as stars and gases in space.
                MICRO WAVE :
                  in space are used by astronomers to learn about the structure of
                nearby galaxies, and our own Milky Way
                  cook your popcorn in just a few minutes!
                INFRARED :
                  Our skin emits infrared light, which is why we can be seen in
                the dark by someone using night vision goggles
                  IR light maps the dust between stars.
                VESIBLE :
                  this is the part that our eyes see
                  emitted by everything from fireflies to light bulbs to stars also by
                fast-moving particles hitting other particles.
                ULTRA-VIOLET :
                  Stars and other "hot" objects in space emit UV radiation.
                  cause our skin to burn
                X-RAY:
                  Your doctor uses them to look at your bones and your
                dentist to look at your teeth
                GAMMA-RAY :
                  Radioactive materials (some natural and others made by man in
                things like nuclear power plants) can emit gamma-rays
Energy interaction with earth surface features
 Characterizes any given surface is dictated by
the surface’s roughness in comparison to the
wavelength of the energy incident upon it




        Sandy
        beach
SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE (Rλ)
  reflected energy from earth surface is measured as function of
wavelength

                     SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE



                            ER(λ)
                       Rλ = EI(λ)
    Energy of wavelength λ reflected from the object
=                                                    x 100
    Energy of wavelength λ incident upon the object
A graph of spectral reflectance of an object as a function of wavelength

                                            Clear water:
                                             Clear water has a low spectral reflectance (<
                                            10%) in the visible region
                                            At wavelengths longer than 0.75 µm, water
                                            absorbs almost all the incoming energy

                                             Vegetation :
                                             generally has three reflectance valleys.
                                             one at the red spectral wavelength region
                                            (0.65 µm) is caused by high absorptance of
                                            energy by chlorophyll a and b in the leaves.
                                            other two at 1.45-1.55 µm and 1.90-1.95 µm
                                            are caused by high absorptance of energy by
                                            water in the leaves

                                             Dry soil :
                                             has a relatively flat reflectance curve
                                            When it is wet, its spectral reflectance drops
                                            due to water absorption
Body of the feature is HOTTER than its surroundings



emits more radiation            Absorbs less radiation

                       tends to cool


   Body of the feature is COOLER than its surroundings




emits less radiation            Absorbs more radiation

                  tends to warm
Energy interaction with earth surface features

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Energy interaction with earth surface features

  • 2. TODAY’ S TOPIC DEFINITION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY INTERACTION ENERGY BALANCE RELATIONSHIP FACTORS CONTROLLING ENERGY INTERACTION WITH EARTH SURFACE FEATURES  MATERIALS CONSTITUTING EARTH SURFACE  WAVELENGTH OF ENERGY  CONDITION OF FEATURES
  • 3. DEFINITION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY  a form of energy that is reflected or emitted from objects in the form of electrical and magnetic waves that can travel through space.  can be detected only when it interacts with matters  There are many forms of electromagnetic energy including gamma rays, x rays, ultraviolet radiation, visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves and radio waves.
  • 4. Electromagnetic energy is incident on any earth Surface feature Three fundamental energy interactions with the feature are possible
  • 5. transmission (T) occurs when radiation passes through a target Reflection (R) occurs when Absorption (A) occurs when radiation "bounces" off the radiation (energy) is target and is redirected. absorbed into the target
  • 6. INCIDENT ENERGY (EI) REFLECTED ENERGY (ER) WATER SURFACE ABSORBED ENERGY (EA) TRANSMITTED ENERGY (ET) BASIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY AND AN EARTH SURFACE FEATURE ( WATER BODY )
  • 7. Proportion of the energy is absorbed, transmitted or reflected by a material will depend upon
  • 8. IN REMOTE SENSING, WE ARE MOST INTERESTED IN MEASURING THE RADIATION REFLECTED FROM TARGETS. Reflection from surfaces occurs in two ways:
  • 9. SPECULAR REFLECTORS gives the mirror-like reflection of light (or of other kinds of wave) from a surface. in which light from a single incoming direction (a ray) is reflected into a single outgoing direction. the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection (θi = θr in the figure), SPECULAR REFLECTORS Reflections on still water are an example of specular reflection
  • 10. DIFFUSE REFLECTORS gives the reflection of light from a surface such that an incident ray is reflected at many angles rough surface DIFFUSE REFLECTORS does not give rise to images.
  • 11. ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM The "electromagnetic spectrum" of an object is the characteristic distribution of electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by that particular object. provides an illustrated method to show the types of electromagnetic radiation in terms of wavelength and frequency.
  • 12. Here are the different types of radiation in the EM spectrum, in order from lowest energy to highest: RADIO WAVE : kind of energy that radio stations emit into the air. emitted by other things,such as stars and gases in space. MICRO WAVE : in space are used by astronomers to learn about the structure of nearby galaxies, and our own Milky Way cook your popcorn in just a few minutes! INFRARED : Our skin emits infrared light, which is why we can be seen in the dark by someone using night vision goggles IR light maps the dust between stars. VESIBLE : this is the part that our eyes see emitted by everything from fireflies to light bulbs to stars also by fast-moving particles hitting other particles. ULTRA-VIOLET : Stars and other "hot" objects in space emit UV radiation. cause our skin to burn X-RAY: Your doctor uses them to look at your bones and your dentist to look at your teeth GAMMA-RAY : Radioactive materials (some natural and others made by man in things like nuclear power plants) can emit gamma-rays
  • 14.  Characterizes any given surface is dictated by the surface’s roughness in comparison to the wavelength of the energy incident upon it Sandy beach
  • 15. SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE (Rλ)  reflected energy from earth surface is measured as function of wavelength SPECTRAL REFLECTANCE ER(λ) Rλ = EI(λ) Energy of wavelength λ reflected from the object = x 100 Energy of wavelength λ incident upon the object
  • 16. A graph of spectral reflectance of an object as a function of wavelength Clear water:  Clear water has a low spectral reflectance (< 10%) in the visible region At wavelengths longer than 0.75 µm, water absorbs almost all the incoming energy  Vegetation :  generally has three reflectance valleys.  one at the red spectral wavelength region (0.65 µm) is caused by high absorptance of energy by chlorophyll a and b in the leaves. other two at 1.45-1.55 µm and 1.90-1.95 µm are caused by high absorptance of energy by water in the leaves  Dry soil :  has a relatively flat reflectance curve When it is wet, its spectral reflectance drops due to water absorption
  • 17. Body of the feature is HOTTER than its surroundings emits more radiation Absorbs less radiation tends to cool Body of the feature is COOLER than its surroundings emits less radiation Absorbs more radiation tends to warm