Enhancing communication and cooperation with web 2.0

Islamic University of Gaza
Computer Engineering Department
Seminar Report
On
Enhancing Communication and Cooperation with Web 2.0
In partial fulfillment of the requirements of
Seminar course
Submitted By
To
Prof. Mohammad A. Mikki
April 2013
Shady A. Alefrangy :
120091608

Acknowledgment
We would love to express our gratitude to Prof. Mohammad A. Mikki teacher in Computer Engineering Department for his support and guidance throughout the semester.
Our heartfelt thanks to our colleague for taking time and helping us through researching process.
We would like to thank our families, especially our parents, for their encouragement, patience, and assistance over the years. We are forever indebted to our parents, who have always kept us in their prayers.
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Abstract
In this research we focuses on the revolution that is changing the World Wide Web, electronic commerce, and business in general. Web 2.0 is the term used to describe the wave of change in business models and in Web site functionality that has transformed the online landscape. Most likely, you are already familiar with popular Web 2.0 applications such as Facebook or Wikipedia.
Web 2.0 introduces unprecedented ways to connect to friends, share knowledge with your colleagues, or collaborate with a team of engineers 5,000 miles away, and many of today’s companies cannot afford to miss this trend.
Most young people entering the workforce have grown accustomed to using Facebook or Twitter for their communication needs. With Web 2.0 providing a new set of capabilities for individuals and businesses, an understanding of how they can be applied can be very helpful. Being able to understand and apply these emerging capabilities and strategies that are associated with Web 2.0 is a highly marketable skill.
Relevant information was collected from trusted internet sources and some papers which is published in well-known conferences.
Keyword:
Web 2.0; Social presence tool; Microblogging; Blog; Collaboration; Asynchronous; Social media; Social networking; Synchronous.
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List Of Figures
Figure 3.1
Strands of DNA …………………………………………………...
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Figure 3.2
Watson-Crick Model of DNA …………………………………….
4
Figure 4.1
Simple Hamiltonian path problem ………………………………..
5
Figure 4.2
Gaza-Rafah combined strand ……………………………………..
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Figure 4.3
Separating strands using Gel Matrix ……………………………...
8
Figure 4.4
Affinity purification process ……………………………………...
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Figure 5.1
Configuration of AND gate and its experimental results …………
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Figure 5.2
Configuration of NAND gate and the experimental results ………
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Glossary
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA
Ribonucleic Acid
MB
Megabyte
GB
Gigabyte
MIPS
Millon Instruction Per Second
ASA
Algorithmic self-assembly
GM
Gel Matrix
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Contents
Page #
1 Introduction .……………………………………………………….………
1
2 History of DNA Computing …………………………………………..…..
2
3 What is DNA Computing ...………………………………………….…...
3
4 First DNA Computer …………………..…………………………….……
5
4.1 Adleman's Computer: Hamiltonian path problem ………….…..
5
4.2 Adleman's Experiment: In Depth …………………………….….
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5 DNA Universal Logic Gates ………………………………………….…..
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6 Advantages and Disadvantages of DNA Computing …………….……...
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7 Conclusion - Future of DNA Computing ……………………….……….
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References ……………………………………………………………….……..
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Chapter 1
1. Introduction
Web 2.0, the second phase in the Web’s evolution, is attracting the attention of IT professionals, businesses, and Web users. Web 2.0 is also called the wisdom Web, people-centric Web, participative Web, and read/write Web. Web 2.0 harnesses the Web in a more interactive and collaborative manner, emphasizing peers’ social interaction and collective intelligence, and presents new opportunities for leveraging the Web and engaging its users more effectively.
Over the past few years, Web 2.0 has received much attention from the popular press. Typically, the term refers to dynamic Web applications that allow people to collaborate and share information online. One of the basic concepts associated with Web 2.0 is a shift in the users’ role from the passive consumer of content to its creator: in contrast to the TV network ABC’s site, where content is provided by ABC, the Web 2.0 application YouTube depends on content created and uploaded by other users; similarly, whereas the Encyclopaedia Britannica invests large sums in professionally researched articles, the articles in the online encyclopedia Wikipedia are jointly written and edited by the online community.
In addition to these applications, many organizations have successfully incorporated Web 2.0 concepts into their business models. For example, Amazon.com adds value to its site by incorporating book reviews from its customers. This way, they give customers a channel to voice their thoughts; at the same time, a larger number of reviews can help other customers make better decisions, thus attracting more visitors to Amazon.com’s site (see Figure 1.1).
FIGURE 1.1: Amazon.com lets readers provide feedback.

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1.1 Enterprise 2.0
Given these profound changes, many business organizations have looked for ways to control and/or utilize Web 2.0 and social software. Many organizations have built successful business models around Web 2.0, but most are trying to use Web 2.0 applications to support their existing business models. The use of Web 2.0 techniques and social software within a company’s boundaries or between a company and its customers or stakeholders (often referred to as Enterprise 2.0) can help in sharing organizational knowledge, making businesses more innovative and productive, and helping them to effectively connect with their customers and the wider public (McAfee, 2006a).
1.2 Social Software
Many successful Web 2.0 applications can be classified as social software (or social media), allowing people to communicate, interact, and collaborate in various ways. With the proliferation of Web 2.0, people’s behaviors and societies have undergone rapid changes. For example, many people have changed the ways they search for information: Whereas in the past, people have turned to encyclopedias as sources of unbiased information, people now increasingly turn to Web sites such as Wikipedia, or ask their friends and acquaintances on Facebook for personalized information. Similarly, there has been a marked shift in the way people view privacy and share information; as criticized by privacy advocates, people are sharing more personal information than ever before.
Repeatedly, you can read about people posting the most private information, without thinking about the consequences; as Facebook and other social Web sites have become pervasive in many people’s lives, you have information about your friend’s recent drinking escapades leading to a DUI, your coworker’s breaking up with his girlfriend, and other things you may or may not want to know, all at your fingertips.
Clearly, social software has strongly influenced the lives of many people. Table 5.1 highlights the shift in perspectives from the Web 1.0 to the Web 2.0 era.
1.3 Collective Intelligence
One major benefit of social software is the ability to harness the “wisdom of crowds,” or collective intelligence (Surowiecki, 2004). The concept of collective intelligence is based on the notion that distributed groups of people with a divergent range of information and expertise will be able to outperform the capabilities of individual experts, as demonstrated by the online encyclopedia Wikipedia, which is entirely based on its users’ contributions (see Figure 1.2).

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Likewise, open source software is another example of the power of collective intelligence. High-quality software such as the Firefox Web browser, the Linux operating system, or the OpenOffice productivity suite are created by thousands of volunteers located all over the world.
For organizations, making effective use of the collective intelligence of their employees, customers, and other stakeholders can prove extremely valuable. In addition to the benefits of harnessing the wisdom of crowds, societal changes, brought about by globalization, increasing wealth and consumerism, as well as the Web, are key drivers for Enterprise 2.0.
TABLE 1.1: Shifting Perspectives from Web 1.0 to Web 2.0.
Web 1.0
Web 2.0 Me Me and you
Read
Read and write Connect ideas Connect ideas and people
Search
Receive and give recommendations to friends and others Find Share
Techies rule
Users rule Organizations Individuals
Source: Based on Sessums (2009).
FIGURE 1.2: Distributed groups of people with a divergent range of information and expertise will be able to outperform the capabilities of individual experts.

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Chapter 2
2. Enhancing Communication with Web 2.0
A prime application of Enterprise 2.0 is facilitating and enhancing the communication within an organization as well as between an organization and its stakeholders. For organizations, Web 2.0 tools have opened up a vast array of opportunities for presenting themselves to their (potential) customers; at the same time, Web 2.0 applications have opened up literally thousands of channels for customers to voice their opinions about an organization. In this chapter, we introduce various Web 2.0 tools used for communication.
One widely used tool for communication is discussion forums. Pre-dating the Web 2.0 era, discussion forums emulate traditional bulletin boards and allow for threaded discussions between participants. Typically, discussion forums are dedicated to specific topics, and users can start new threads. Depending on the owner or host of the forum, the discussion forum may be moderated so that new postings appear only after they have been vetted by a moderator; further, some discussion forums may only allow posts from registered users, whereas others allow anyone to contribute. As the purpose of such forums is to enable discussion, there are usually multiple participants exchanging (typically rather short) thoughts.
In contrast, blogs allow individuals to express their thoughts in a one-to-many fashion.
2.1 Blogs
Blogging originally started out as a novice’s way of expressing themselves using very simple Web pages. Blogging is the process of creating an online text diary (i.e., a blog, or Web log) made up of chronological entries that comment on everything from one’s everyday life, to wine and food, or even computer problems (see Figure 2.1).
Rather than trying to produce physical books to sell or use as gifts, bloggers (i.e., the people maintaining blogs) merely want to share stories about their lives or voice their opinions (although feedback is often encouraged through associated threaded discussions). Many bloggers use their blogs to hone their writing skills, often producing elaborate, thoughtful pieces of writing.
Blogging has exploded into its own industry, and many companies and even the mainstream media embrace blogging (see Table 2.1).

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TABLE 2.1: Examples of Prominent Blogs Type of Blog Example Description Technology
www.engadget.com Consumer electronics blog news.cnet.com/tech-blogs Various technology blogs
www.roughtype.com Blog of Nicholas Carr, author of the book IT Doesn’t Matter and former executive editor of the Harvard Business Review Financial blogs.wsj.com/marketbeat Wall Street Journal’s blog on stock market happenings
www.dvorak.org/blog John Dvorak from Market Watch reports on various news events Entertainment www.perezhilton.com A gossip and news blog run by TV personality Mario Armando Lavandeira Jr.
nymag.com/daily/fashion New York Magazine’s fashion blog Political corner.nationalreview.com A blog run by The National Review, a magazine started in 1955 by William F. Buckley
FIGURE 2.1: Blogging is the process of creating an online text diary (i.e., a blog, or Web log) made up of chronological entries.

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Engadget.com is one instance of a blogging business. Started in 2004 and later bought by America Online (AOL) in 2005, Engadget.com focuses on news and rumors from the customer electronics and gadgets areas. Engadget.com now employs several story editors and a multitude of reporters to cover the electronics industry. The influence of blogging has also hit the mainstream media. Many traditional media giants, such as CNN, now use blogs to paint a richer picture of the stories they produce. Anderson Cooper, one of CNN’s anchors, currently edits and writes for CNN’s flagship blog called Anderson Cooper 360.
Blogs are being used by small, medium-sized, and large organizations and have become important voices that can sway public opinion. One famous example of the power of blogging is the 2004 election scandal known as “Rathergate.” Dan Rather, appearing on 60 Minutes, reported on some suspect findings concerning President George W. Bush’s record of military service. Bloggers soon after (correctly) reported that the documents used in this news story were falsified. Without the bloggers’ visibility, this misrepresentation could have gone unnoticed. Because of the bloggers ‘reports, Dan Rather resigned from 60 Minutes, and some say that this eventually caused his dismissal from CBS News.
Blogs are not without controversy. Nicholas Carr, noted technology journalist (and active blogger himself), classifies blogging as the “amateurization” of journalism. Often the value of blogging is the ability to bring breaking news to the public in the fastest possible way. By doing so, some bloggers cut journalistic corners, rendering some of the posts on the blogs less than accurate. For example, in May 2007, Engadget.com reported that Apple’s iPhone and OSX operating system were going to be delayed. This news spurred a 4 percent downturn in Apple’s stock price in less than 20 minutes. Soon after the story was released, users questioned the validity of the story, and Engadget.com retracted the story. Further, blogs have been criticized for frequently providing the biased opinions of the writers, particularly because many of the authors’ sources cannot or have not been verified.
Nevertheless, blogs have massively influenced the way in which people gather and consume information. In fact, turning to free information from blogs and other online sources, many readers have cancelled newspaper subscriptions. In turn, diminishing readership in traditional newspapers has enticed advertisers to begin to withdraw from this traditional medium, leading to budget cuts and layoffs at reputable newspapers such as the San Francisco Chronicle, the New York Times, the Washington Times, and many others; in December 2008, newspaper giant Tribune Co., owner of the Los Angeles Times, the Chicago Tribune, and other newspapers, facing dwindling advertising revenues and a huge debt burden (as of 2010, Tribune was still under bankruptcy

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protection). Unfortunately—and ironically—this may erode the very sources that many bloggers base their information on. To show just how severe this problem is today, a Google Maps Web service has been created to visually show where layoffs are occurring at newspapers across the United States (http://papercuts.graphicdesignr.net). These examples show both the power of the blogs and some of the problems associated with them. The influence of blogs has also been called the power of the blogosphere (i.e., the community of all blogs).
In addition to blogs created by and/or for individual readers, companies increasingly use blogs for connecting with their employees or customers. For example, IBM’s business- oriented social software suite Lotus Connection includes blogs, helping people to voice ideas and obtain feedback from others. Similarly, companies such as Google maintain official company blogs to inform their stakeholders about news, rumors, or current thoughts.
2.2 Social Presence
Social presence tools (sometimes called microblogging tools), similar to blogging, enable people to voice their thoughts; however, in contrast to blogs, which often contain lengthy posts, social presence tools are designed for relatively short “status updates.” A popular social presence tool is Twitter, which allows users to post short (up to 140 characters of text) “tweets” that are delivered to the author’s followers or subscribers via mobile phone or Twitter applications (see Figure 2.2). The recipient can “retweet” (i.e., re-broadcast) interesting tweets to his or her followers. Whereas Twitter’s initial focus was on personal status updates, the focus has now shifted to users tweeting “what’s happening.” Hence, Twitter has become a source for breaking news; for example, messages about US Airways Flight 1549 crashing in the Hudson River were spreading on Twitter 15 minutes before traditional media outlets started to broadcast news about the incident. Many social networking sites (discussed later in this chapter) also have social presence functionality built in; for example, users can update their status on Facebook, letting their friends know about their current thoughts and allowing them to post replies.
Many organizations have used this trend and created accounts on Twitter. For example, Coca-Cola has an official Twitter account with over 36,000 followers and uses it to post news or interact with its followers; Coca-Cola follows 26,000 Twitter accounts and actively replies to and retweets Twitter messages. This way, Coca-Cola signals that it cares about its followers, and can increase its customers’ brand loyalty.

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2.3 Instant Messaging
In contrast to asynchronous discussion forums, blogs, and status updates, instant messaging (or online chat) emulates real-time written conversations. Using instant messaging, multiple participants can have conversations and enjoy immediate feedback from their conversation partners. Some social networking sites such as Facebook have integrated instant messaging functionality; however, instant messaging is often regarded as somewhat artificial, although most instant messaging environments also support both video and voice communication.
Many organizations have adopted instant messaging for internal communications and also use live chat for sales and customer support functions. For example, the Chinese business-to-business marketplace Alibaba.com includes a chat interface so that interested buyers can immediately contact potential sellers.
2.4 Virtual Worlds
Virtual worlds take the concept of real-time communication a step further by allowing people to communicate using avatars. Popular virtual worlds such as Second Life, Meez, or IMVU consist of 3D environments where people can interact and build, buy, or sell virtual items, all using their personalized avatar (see Figure 2.3). However, while many individuals run successful small businesses in consumer-oriented virtual worlds, large companies have not been able to realize the potential of those environments beyond providing virtual showcases for their products.
FIGURE 2.2: Twitter allows posting short “tweets” that are delivered to the author’s followers or subscribers via mobile phone or Twitter applications.

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However, dedicated virtual worlds are increasingly used for rich communication, as is the case with the Cisco Live conference, which simultaneously takes place both in Las Vegas, Nevada, and in a virtual environment, allowing participants to attend sessions or interact with other attendees.
FIGURE 2.3: Virtual worlds consist of 3D environments where people can interact and build, buy, or sell virtual items, all using their personalized avatar.

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Chapter 3
3. Enhancing Cooperation with Web 2.0
In addition to communication, companies and individuals can benefit from Web 2.0 applications that enable cooperation. Cooperation between individuals or organizations creates win-win situations such that one participant’s success improves the chances of success of other participants. Web 2.0 applications facilitating such cooperation rely on the network effect to provide the greatest benefits for users. The network effect refers to the notion that the value of a network (or tool or application based on a network) is dependent on the number of other users. In other words, if a network has few users, it has little or no value (e.g., how useful would e-mail be if none of your friends or family members had access to it?). For example, eBay would not be an effective auction Web site if only a few bidders were present. In order for eBay auctions to be valued, there must be a large number of users who are involved in the auctions. As more users hear about eBay and then become active buyers and sellers, the value of eBay continues to grow. These network effects also occur in various other applications, such as social networks or instant messaging applications.
3.1 Media Sharing
One example of cooperative Web 2.0 applications making use of the network effect is media sharing. The sharing of pictures, videos, audio, and even presentations has become immensely popular on the Web, using sites such as Flickr (images), YouTube (videos), or SlideShare (presentations). Typically, the shared content is hosted on media sharing sites; however, the content can also be embedded into other sites, creating a win- win situation for the content creator and the site embedding the content. For example, embedding an interesting and relevant YouTube video into a blog post helps to increase the attractiveness of the blog while at the same time increasing the viewership of the video, thus creating positive returns for both parties.
Similarly, netcasting is increasingly used for media sharing. Netcasting (or podcasting) is the distribution of digital media, such as audio or video files via syndication feeds for playback on digital media players. The term “podcasting,” derived from combining the terms “broadcasting” and “iPod,” is a misnomer, as netcasts (or podcasts) can be played on a variety of devices in addition to Apple’s iPods. As with blogging, netcasting has grown substantially, with traditional media organizations now netcasting everything from shows on National Public Radio to Fox’s Family Guy to the Oprah Winfrey Show. All of this is made possible using syndication feeds that allow netcast publishers (called netcasters) to publish and push current shows to the watchers/listeners. In addition to

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media organizations and independent netcasters, the educational sector uses netcasts for providing students access to lectures, lab demonstrations, or sports events; this allows students to review lectures or prepare for class during their morning and evening commutes. In 2007, Apple launched iTunes U, which offers free content provided by major U.S. universities, such as Stanford, Berkeley, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (see Figure 3.1).
3.2 Social Bookmarking
Another category of Web 2.0 applications relying on the network effect is social bookmarking. For many Web surfers, key challenges are finding information and finding it again at a later time; hence, people often keep long lists of bookmarks to sites they find interesting or visit frequently.
Although this is useful for an individual, he or she may miss a plethora of other, related, and potentially interesting Web sites. Social bookmarking helps to address this by allowing users to share Internet bookmarks and to create categorization systems (referred to as folksonomies). As more people participate in social bookmarking, the value for each user grows as the bookmarks become more complete and more relevant to each user. Widely used public social bookmarking tools include Digg.com and delicious (see Figure 3.2). For organizations, social bookmarking can be extremely valuable for knowledge management and harnessing the collective intelligence of
FIGURE 3.1: A student listens to a podcast on iTunes U.

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employees. Using enterprise-oriented social bookmarking tools, it is easy to map “islands” of knowledge within an organization, thus helping to easily find experts on a given topic.
3.3 Social Cataloging
Similar to social bookmarking, social cataloging is the creation of a categorization system by users. Contributors build up catalogs regarding specific topics such as academic citations, wireless networks, books and music, and so on. For example, users can create virtual bookshelves with Google Books, organize their collections, and write reviews and then share this bookshelf with others on the Web. Similarly, students and researchers can use free tools such as Zotero (see Figure 3.3) to manage their citations, thus facilitating the creation of reference lists for research papers. Organizations are typically dealing with tremendous amounts of information, ranging from supplier information to frequent customer complaints, and can use social cataloging for structuring this information and making it more accessible and useful.
3.4 Tagging
Closely related to social cataloging is tagging, or manually adding metadata to media or other content. Metadata can be simply thought of as data about data. In essence, metadata describes data in terms of who, where, when, why, and so on. For example, metadata about a Word document includes the author, the time the document was
FIGURE 3.2: Delicious is a popular social bookmarking tool.

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FIGURE 3.3: Zotero helps in organizing citations
and research resources.
created, and when it was last saved; metadata about a picture includes date and time, focal length, shutter speed, aperture value, and so on (see Figure 3.4).
FIGURE 3.4: Metadata about a photo.

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Whereas certain metadata about documents or media files is captured automatically (e.g., when saving a document in a word processor, or when taking a picture with a digital camera), there are various other important pieces of information that are not automatically captured, such as the topic of a document or the names of people in a picture. Tagging is the process of adding such metadata to pieces of information. Tags are commonly added to pictures and videos in Web sites such as Flickr, a picture and video hosting Web site that allows users to upload their content. As of October 2009, Flickr, owned by Yahoo!, boasted millions of active users and over 4 billion pieces of media, making it all but impossible to find images related to a certain topic. However, because many of the images have been tagged by users, they can be easily searched by various descriptive tags. For example, by adding the key words “Washington State Basketball” to a picture on Flickr, we are adding metadata about the context of the picture. This metadata will help return this picture as one of the results whenever a user searches Flickr for basketball pictures.
Away to visualize user generated tags or content on a site is through tag clouds (see Figure 3.5). The size of a word in a tag cloud represents its importance or frequency so that it is easy to spot the most important or frequent words or tags.
FIGURE 3.5: A tag cloud related to words and concepts that are key to Web 2.0 technologies.

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3.4.1 Geotagging
Another type of metadata about media such as photos, videos, or even blogs or tweets is of geospatial nature; knowing where exactly a photo was taken and in what direction the camera was pointing, or knowing the location of a person sending out a breaking news update on Twitter, can be extremely valuable. Adding geospatial metadata (such as latitude, longitude, or altitude) to media is referred to as geotagging. Once the location of an item is known, it can easily be visualized on a map. For example, Google maps can display various types of geotagged information, such as Wikipedia articles about places or landmarks, photos, webcams, or even Twitter posts. Thus, Google can offer a map experience containing pictures of attractions, reviews, and things to do without having to take a single picture or write a single review themselves.
Chapter 4

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4. Conclusion
4.1 Summary
4.1.1 Describe Web 2.0 and the key enablers of Enterprise 2.0.
Web 2.0 refers to dynamic Web applications that allow people to collaborate and share information online. One of the basic concepts associated with Web 2.0 is a shift in the users’ role from passive consumer of content to creator. Web 2.0 applications have spawned the emergence of social software that people widely used for communicating and socializing. Increasingly, organizations are using social software to connect with customers and internal or external stakeholders in order to become more innovative or productive. Social software can help to harness the wisdom of the crowd by leveraging the collective intelligence of large groups of people. For organizations, using Web 2.0 applications can be an important factor in being able to attract or retain employees as younger generations (who grew up using social software) are joining the workforce.
4.1.2 Explain how organizations can enhance communication using Web 2.0 applications.
Social software can enhance communication within organizations as well as between an organization and its stakeholders. Blogs, made up of chronological entries that comment on virtually any topic of interest to the author, are widely used by individuals and organizations to communicate with internal and external stakeholders. Social presence (or microblogging) tools allow sending relatively short status updates to one’s followers. Instant messaging (or online chat) is used mainly for synchronous internal communication as well as for sales and customer support functions. Virtual worlds can be used to showcase products or hold rich interactive communication.
4.1.3 Explain how organizations can enhance cooperation using Web 2.0 applications. Web 2.0 applications facilitating cooperation depend on the network effect to provide the greatest benefit to users. Media sharing applications allow people and organizations to share images, videos, slide shows, or podcasts with others. Social bookmarking allows users to share and categorize Internet bookmarks, which can be helpful in organizational knowledge management efforts.
Similarly, social cataloging helps to categorize and share academic citations, information about books, music, and so on. Tagging refers to manually adding metadata to a piece of information such as a map, picture, or Web page, thus describing the piece of information for others and making it searchable.

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IX. References
[1] PrincySugathan S, (2010) DNA Computing. Master Degree, COCHIN Universityof Scienceand Technology.
[2] University of Alaska - Trevor and Devin lecture, available at:
[3] http://www.cs.uaf.edu/2010/fall/cs441/proj1/dna/DNAComputingHTMLNotes.html(Accessed 25/04/2012).
[4] University of Rochester - Blog by Steve Bradt available at:
http://www.rochester.edu/pr/releases/bio/ray2.htm(Accessed 27/04/2012).
[5] ORACLE ThinkQuest Education Foundation – "Projects by Students for Students" available at: http://library.thinkquest.org/TQ0312650/examplesDNA.htm(Accessed 20/04/2012).
[6] Wikipedia: DNA computing
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_computing(Accessed 20/04/2012).

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