![Static Pile Capacity
• P u = P pu+ Sigma P si (compression)
• Tu = Sigma Psi+ W (tension)
• Where Pu = Ultimate pile capacity in compression- usually defined as that load producing a
large increase of penetration
• Tu = Ultimate pullout capacity
• P pu =Ultimate point capacity, may neglect for “floating” piles
• Sigma P si = skin (shaft friction) resistance contribution from several strata penetrated, neglect
“end bearing “ piles.
• W = Weight of pile
• Total allowable pile capacity Pa is obtained from applying a suitable Safety
Factor
• Pa = [ Ppu+ Sigma Psi] / SF](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/enhancinggraduateattributesinfoundationengineering-201221072840/85/Enhancing-graduate-attributes-in-foundation-engineering-54-320.jpg)
Enhancing graduate attributes in foundation engineering
- 1. Enhancing Civil Engineering Graduate’s Attributes in Foundation Engineering Thanikachalam. V., B.E., M. Tech., Ph.D., M.S., FIE., FIGS., FFIUCEE
- 2. Needed Focus on Civil Engineering Graduates • India has to develop engineering graduates with attributes that are required for independent practice in which the graduates can work similar to competent senior engineers and managers. • This will provide skills to get jobs and needed skills to establish entrepreneurships.
- 3. Engineering Graduate’s Attributes • Form a set of individually assessable outcomes that are components indicative of the graduate’s capacity to acquire competencies to independently practice at the desired level of the industry.
- 4. Sample Practical Design Problems • Waste Water Treatment Plants for Leather Industry • Water treatment plants for swimming pools • Recycling of Treated Water for Industrial Applications • Drip Irrigation Project for a Teak Plantation • Sprinkler Irrigation System for Horticulture Plantation • Solar Power Plants for the Engineering College • Environmental Protection in and around a Cement Company • Safe Work Practices in a Manufacturing Company • Quality-based Manufacturing of Automobile Starter Motors • Designing Safe Compound Wall.
- 5. Practical Problems… • Construction of Check Dams in jungle rivers • Maintaining Centrifugal, Deep Borewell and Multistage Pumps • Design of Deep Foundation • Design of Well Foundation for Bridges in Backwaters near seashore • Design of Shell Roofs for an Auditorium • Design of Borewells for Irrigation • Improving Water use Efficiency in Paddy Cultivation • Water Harvesting in an Educational Campus • Hot Water Supply System in a Highrise Building
- 6. Attributes and Complex Engineering Problems (IAE, 2013) • Problems that can’t be solved without in-depth engineering higher-order cognitive abilities at various levels. • Problems involve wide-ranging or conflicting technical, engineering, legal, and other issues. • Problems that have no obvious solution and require abstract thinking, originality in analysis to formulate suitable design models. • Involve infrequently encountered issues. • Field problems encountered by global standards and codes of practice for professional engineering.
- 7. Attributes … • The extent of stakeholder involvement and conflicting requirements: Involve diverse groups of stakeholders with widely varying needs. • Interdependence: High-level complex problems including many parts or sub-problems.
- 8. Desired Abilities • In the knowledge-based global economy, the engineering graduates should possess the needed outstanding abilities to solve complex and real-life programs of fast–growing global industry. • A sizable percentage of Indian Engineering Graduates are found to be lacking industry-specific skills, competencies and rendered jobless.
- 9. Process of Improving the Graduate’s Attributes • Accredit the engineering degree programs under NBA • Establish an “Engineering Council” for registration of the engineering graduates. • Plan industry-focused complex development programs for all graduates. • Suggest the engineering students to prepare portfolios and plan to acquire desired competencies through industry-specific capstone projects. • Suggest self-planned practicum.
- 10. Range of Engineering Tasks (IAE, 2013) ATTRIBUTES COMPLEX TASKS Range of Resources Involve the use of diverse resources like human resources, funds, equipment, materials, information, communication, and technologies Level of Interactions Require resolution of significant problems from interactions between wide-ranging, or conflicting technical, engineering or other issues. Innovation Involve creative use of engineering higher-order skills and research-based knowledge in novel ways. Consequence to Society & the Environment Have a significant consequence in a range of contexts , characterized by difficulty of prediction and mitigation.
- 11. Field Relevant Courses • Introduce relevant Indian Standards. • Introduce the current advances in the technology. • Introduce a course on field failures. • Include case studies. • Invite guest lectures from the industry experts. • Suggest lectures on the current design, prototype development, testing, improving and mass production. • Introduce courses on the preventive and breakdown maintenance.
- 12. Case-1 Failure of a Water Tank • A postgraduate structural engineer assumed the bearing capacity of the subsoil, designed the water tank of 100000 liters capacity and constructed it on shallow foundation. • The connecting water lines started leaking at the joints. • These water lines started breaking. • The tank started tilting like the Pisa tower. • Later the water tank was demolished and another tank was constructed on a pile foundation. • Needed attribute: Conduct the tests on the subsoil: Physical & chemical properties, bearing capacity, coefficient of settlement, etc. • Design the foundation suitably.
- 13. Case -2: Machine Foundation • A factory was designed and constructed for manufacturing heavy forging components required by an industry. • Once the manufacturing was stated, the forging section started commission. • When they operate one forging machine, all the machines started vibrating in that shop floor. • Other machines in the forging shop couldn’t be operated. • Problem: The design engineer did not estimate the soil vibrations, dynamic characteristics, etc. • He never studied machine foundation design!
- 14. Machine Foundation Forging Machine Laying the foundation
- 15. Machine Foundation Forging Machine has be fitted on the foundation Foundation is embedded in the Isolation. Bearing Cork has to absorb vibrations.
- 16. Typical Machine Foundations • Foundations supporting reciprocating engines, compressors, punch pressors, forging machines, turbines, large electric motors, generators, etc. • They are subjected to vibrations caused by unbalanced machine forces as well as the static weight of the machine. • If these vibrations are excessive, they may damage the machine, or cause it not be not able to function properly. • Further the vibrations may adversely affect the building or persons working near the machinery unless their frequency and amplitude are controlled (Joseph E Bowles, 1988).
- 17. Case -3: A Postgraduate Engineer Carried out a Faulty Residential Layout Plan • It is for a two acre plot in a metropolitan city. • Later local people approached court and stopped the building construction. • The PG Engineer never studied the Development Control Rules (DCR), Town and Country Planning Act but he is an expert on GIS. • This is a proof of incomplete attributes. • Needed attributes: Knowledge of Town and Country Planning, Development Control Rules (DCR), Planning residential sites under the authority of local bodies.
- 18. Case-4: An Irrigation Engineer Could not Design a Drip Irrigation System • It is for 10 acre land. • He could not develop the design, plan the drip irrigation system, estimate the cost, etc. • He is not aware of manufacturers, drip pipes, valves, cost of the components. • It is a proof for incomplete attributes. • The civil engineering students have to learn about the planning, estimating and implementation of drip and sprinkler systems.
- 19. Case- 5: An Automobile Engineering Graduate could not Diagnose… • Starting trouble of SUV. • Overheating of a radiator. • Problem in the radiator fan. • It is again a case of lack of desired attributes. • The mechanical and automobile engineering students should learn about preventive and breakdown maintenance of automobiles.
- 20. Key Considerations and Interventions (Cilliers and Ara Teklan, 2015) Focus interventions Considerations Relate faculty development to job requirements and balance the institutional need and individual aspiration. Relate to the context of industrial practice Provide opportunities to practice with peers in a safe environment. Make the path to change clear and feasible. Anticipate challenges in transferring learning to practice Reward participants for implementing what has been learned.
- 21. Key Considerations… Focus Interventions Participants Consider the participants’ personal capacity to implement what is learned. Provide resources for goal setting, follow-up and feedback on performance. Implementation Allow participants to apply learning in the workplace Anticipate how the context can influence implementation. Design the program to enhance accountability for implementation.
- 22. Suggestions to Inculcate Attributes • Developing desired field specific diagnostic skills, • Introduce Design Problems based on the Rules and Acts, • Focus on the competencies to undertake field projects, • Case studies, • Capstone projects, • Improving the curriculum through tracer studies, • Short-term industry exposure, • Counseling, coaching and mentoring, • Realistic Practical Training.
- 23. Industry Relevant Faculty Training • Induction training to the newly recruited faculty. • Professional training to the middle level faculty (associate professors) and training them in industry specific curriculum planning, preparing modular instructional packages, testing and industry exposures. • Advanced training to the senior faculty members (Professors). • Planning consultancy projects. • Developing Multidisciplinary Research Projects. • Offering mini action research projects. • Collaboration with MSMEs in planning the manufacturing works. • Formative and summative evaluation.
- 24. Accomplishments are to be Field Specific • Consider the Context, Input, Process and Product (CIPP) oriented planning and design of learning experience. • Implement Continuous Learning Process (CLP) focused on the field. • Improve the curriculum based on the feedback of the alumni and employers (Tracer Study) • Focus on the independent performance of the graduates in the field (Professional Engineer) • Inculcate lifelong learning (Acquiring needed advanced knowledge based on the new developments in science, technology, rules, and regulations).
- 25. Foundation • All building/ bridge/tower/ tanks/highway construction resting on the earth must be carried by a foundation. • The foundation transmits to, and into the underlying soil or rock the loads supported by the foundation and its self weight. • The resulting soil stresses are in addition to those presently existing in the earth mass from the material self-weight and geological history.
- 26. Super Structure • Part of the system bringing load to the foundation, or substructure.
- 27. Foundation Engineering • Foundation engineer is a person who by reason of training and experience is sufficiently versed in scientific principles and engineering judgement to design foundation.
- 28. Courses Needed for a Foundation Engineer • Geotechnical engineering (soil mechanics, geology, foundation engineering) and structural engineering (analysis, design in reinforced concrete and steel) • Continued self-study via short-term courses, distance education (MOOCs), professional conferences, journals, etc.
- 29. Heterogeneous Nature of Soil and Rock Masses • Amalgamation of experience, study of what others have designed in somewhat similar situations, and site geotechnical information, to develop economical, strong and safe substructure design is application of engineering judgement.
- 30. Designing a Foundation • Visit the project site and prepare a layout of the building. • Verify the soundness of the existing buildings, water tanks, roads, towers, etc. • Plan field exploration and Collect undisturbed soil samples • Conduct tests and determine the soil properties, strength characters, chemical composition, shear strength, bearing capacity, coefficient of consolidation, possible settlements etc. • Conduct SPT, • Design and check with literature.
- 31. Shallow Foundations • Shallow foundation: bases, footings, spread foundation or mats. • Depth of the footing / breadth of the footing < or = 1. • Spreads the load latterly • Footing supports a single column. • Mat foundation is designed to support several rows of parallel columns • May be designed to carry the entire building
- 33. Shallow Foundation Walls are resting on the shallow foundation Trench and single column on the shallow foundation
- 34. Deep Foundations • Piles (precast, cast in situ), drilled caissons, well- foundations, • Depth of the pile/ width of the pile > 4 • Distribute the load vertically rather than horizontally
- 35. Precast Pile Foundation: Shell Driver Precast pile: Outer shell Pile driving auger
- 36. Pile Drivers Precast Pile Driver Precast Pile Driving
- 37. Pile Driving and Cast In Situ Piling
- 38. Subsoil Conditions • Natural cementation and aging • Over consolidated soils • Transported soil deposits by glacier and rivers • Expansive soil deposits • Marine clay • Loose silty deposits (cohesionless soils) • Cohesive clay soils with fissures • Reclaimed lakes
- 39. Soils Properties • Grain size • Specific gravity • Liquid limit • Plastic limit • Shrinkage limit • Bearing capacity of foundations • Shear strength • Unconfined compression strength • Permeability
- 40. Soil Strength • Coefficient of consolidation (C v) • Compression index (Cc) • Secondary consolidation • Triaxial compression test
- 41. Soil Exploration • Auger boring • Rotary drilling • Wash boring • Percussion drilling • Test pits and open cuts • Soil boring using hand tools • Mounted power drills • Rotary drills • Continuous-flight augers
- 42. Soil Sampling • Sand pump sampler • Spiral-slot sampler • Parallel slot sampler • Standard split barrel sampler • Thin –wall sampler • Piston sampler
- 43. In-Situ Soils Tests • Standard Penetration Test (SPT) • Cone Penetration Test (CPT) • Field Vane Test (FVT) • Swedish Weight Sounding Equipment • Dynamic Cone Penetration Test • Hand Held Penetrometer • Field Vane Test(DMT) • Bore Hole Shear Test (BST) • Pile Load Test
- 44. Regional Soil Deposits • Unconsolidated silty soil • Clay • Marine clay • Soft rocky soil • Expansive clay/ black cotton soil • Sandy soil
- 45. Expansive Soils (Black Cotton Soil) • Soils which undergo volume changes upon wetting and drying are termed as expansive soils • Montmorillonite clay minerals cause this. • Alter the behavior by adding lime and cement • Use under reamed piles
- 46. India
- 48. General Requirements of Foundations • Interface with the subsoil at a safe stress level • Evaluate subsoil condition before and after pile driving • Limit the settlements to an acceptable level • Never overstress the underlying soil • Should withstand earthquakes • Follow the Indian standards • Ensure proper testing of soils • Conduct in-situ test
- 49. Improving Subsoil for Foundation • Soil compaction: Economical • Preloading : To reduce the future settlement and increase shear strength • Drainage: To speed up the settlement under preloading & increase the shear strength • Densification using vibratory equipment: In sand and silty soil • Grouting: To reduce voids & to stiffen soil • Chemical stabilization: To stiffen soil • Use of geotextiles: To reinforce soil
- 50. Subsoil Improvements • Vibratory compaction • Drainage using sand blankets and drains • Wick drains • Stone column • Foundation grouting and chemical stabilizing
- 51. Need for Pile Foundation • Severe shortage of urban land space in many metropolitan cities • Weak subsoil deposit is available at a depth of 10 to 20 meters • Mat foundation is not best suited. • Pile foundation is preferred • Many local companies are specializing in pile foundation • Long-term stability
- 52. High Rise Buildings In Chennai
- 53. Pile Foundations • Single piles • Timber piles • Concrete piles • Precast concrete piles • Steel piles: Corrosive • Concrete-filled steel pipe piles • Composite piles • Cast in situ piles • Auger placed pressure-injected concrete (grout) piles
- 54. Static Pile Capacity • P u = P pu+ Sigma P si (compression) • Tu = Sigma Psi+ W (tension) • Where Pu = Ultimate pile capacity in compression- usually defined as that load producing a large increase of penetration • Tu = Ultimate pullout capacity • P pu =Ultimate point capacity, may neglect for “floating” piles • Sigma P si = skin (shaft friction) resistance contribution from several strata penetrated, neglect “end bearing “ piles. • W = Weight of pile • Total allowable pile capacity Pa is obtained from applying a suitable Safety Factor • Pa = [ Ppu+ Sigma Psi] / SF
- 55. Pile Load Test Using concrete blocks Using steel beams
- 56. Engineers Employed by Foundation Companies • Site engineer • Assistant engineer • Design engineer • Executive engineer • Project manager
- 57. Internship in Pile Foundation • Subsoil Investigation • In-situ Test • Design of various foundations • Bearing Capacity • Making for Pile Foundation • Pile Driving • Pile Load Test • Quality Control • Safety
- 58. Project Management • Health • Financial Management • Safety • Quality Control • Stores Management • Environment Protection • Costing and Bidding • Maintenance of Plants and Machinery • Human Resource Management
- 59. Environment Consideration • Soil borings through sanitary landfills can pollute the ground water via seepage through the boreholes. • Site excavation may cause pollution in runoff, odor problems, dust, and noise. • Salvage of topsoil for landscaping. • Pile-driver noise and vibration. • Alternative to cutting trees either for site work or where trees cause seasonal volume change from soil desiccation during the growth season and wetting during the dormant season. • Effect of soil borings on perched water tables.
- 60. Advantages to the Institutes • Collaborative Dissertation and Consultancy Programs • Narrowing the Gap between Engineering Education and Construction Industry • Faculty Performance Improvements in the Field Oriented Geotechnical Engineering • Radical and Virtual Innovation Center in Geotechnical Engineering • Desired Ecosystem in the Fast Growing Educational Institutes in India • Research Cluster in Foundation Engineering • Leadership Development
- 61. Advantages to the Graduate Students in Civil Engineering • Industry specific skills and competencies • Management skills in planning, design, estimation, implementation, and safety. • Problem solving • Critical thinking • Training of the field crew • Maintenance of pile driving equipment • Cost control, and human resource management. • Testing of completed pile
- 62. Advantages on Internship in Deep Foundation Projects • Period : Three months to six months • Combing dissertation work with internship • Earn stipend while learning • Bidding skills and consultancy expertise • Costing and value engineering • Risk analysis • Innovation and site management • Confidence in getting jobs in pile driving companies
- 63. Thank you •Your questions please