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Enterprise Integration Patterns Designing Building and Deploying Messaging Solutions 1st Edition Hohpe
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- 6. Aggregator (268) How do we combine the results of individual but related messages so that they can be processed as a whole? Canonical Data Model (355) How can you minimize dependencies when integrating applications that use different data formats? Channel Adapter (127) How can you connect an application to the messaging system so that it can send and receive messages? Channel Purger (572) How can you keep left- over messages on a channel from disturbing tests or running systems? Claim Check (346) How can we reduce the data volume of message sent across the system without sacrificing information content? Command Message (145) How can messaging be used to invoke a procedure in another application? Competing Consumers (502) How can a messaging client process multiple messages concurrently? Composed Message Processor (294) How can you maintain the overall message flow when pro- cessing a message consisting of multiple elements, each of which may require different processing? Content Enricher (336) How do we communi- cate with another system if the message origina- tor does not have all the required data items available? Content Filter (342) How do you simplify dealing with a large message when you are interested only in a few data items? Content-Based Router (230) How do we han- dle a situation in which the implementation of a single logical function is spread across multiple physical systems? Control Bus (540) How can we effectively administer a messaging system that is distri- buted across multiple platforms and a wide geographic area? Correlation Identifier (163) How does a re- questor that has received a reply know which request this is the reply for? Datatype Channel (111) How can the applica- tion send a data item such that the receiver will know how to process it? Dead Letter Channel (119) What will the mes- saging system do with a message it cannot deliver? Detour (545) How can you route a message through intermediate steps to perform valida- tion, testing, or debugging functions? Document Message (147) How can messaging be used to transfer data between applications? Durable Subscriber (522) How can a subscriber avoid missing messages while it’s not listening for them? Dynamic Router (243) How can you avoid the dependency of the router on all possible destina- tions while maintaining its efficiency? Envelope Wrapper (330) How can existing sys- tems participate in a messaging exchange that plac- es specific requirements, such as message header fields or encryption, on the message format? Event Message (151) How can messaging be used to transmit events from one application to another? Event-Driven Consumer (498) How can an application automatically consume messages as they become available? File Transfer (43) How can I integrate multiple applications so that they work together and can exchange information? Format Indicator (180) How can a message’s data format be designed to allow for possible future changes? Guaranteed Delivery (122) How can the sender make sure that a message will be delivered even if the messaging system fails? Idempotent Receiver (528) How can a message receiver deal with duplicate messages? Invalid Message Channel (115) How can a mes- saging receiver gracefully handle receiving a mes- sage that makes no sense? Message Broker (322) How can you decouple the destination of a message from the sender and maintain central control over the flow of messages? Message Bus (137) What architecture enables separate applications to work together but in a de- coupled fashion such that applications can be eas- ily added or removed without affecting the others? Message Channel (60) How does one applica- tion communicate with another using messaging? Message Dispatcher (508) How can multiple consumers on a single channel coordinate their message processing? Message Endpoint (95) How does an applica- tion connect to a messaging channel to send and receive Messages? Message Expiration (176) How can a sender indicate when a message should be considered stale and thus shouldn’t be processed? C A B D E List of Patterns
- 7. Message Filter (237) How can a component avoid receiving uninteresting messages? Message History (551) How can we effectively analyze and debug the flow of messages in a loosely coupled system? Message Router (78) How can you decouple individual processing steps so that messages can be passed to different filters depending on a set of conditions? Message Sequence (170) How can messaging transmit an arbitrarily large amount of data? Message Store (555) How can we report against message information without disturbing the loosely coupled and transient nature of a messaging system? Message Translator (85) How can systems using different data formats communicate with each other using messaging? Message (66) How can two applications con- nected by a message channel exchange a piece of information? Messaging Bridge (133) How can multiple mes- saging systems be connected so that messages available on one are also available on the others? Messaging Gateway (468) How do you encap- sulate access to the messaging system from the rest of the application? Messaging Mapper (477) How do you move data between domain objects and the messaging infrastructure while keeping the two indepen- dent of each other? Messaging (53) How can I integrate multiple applications so that they work together and can exchange information? Normalizer (352) How do you process messag- es that are semantically equivalent but arrive in a different format? Pipes and Filters (70) How can we perform complex processing on a message while main- taining independence and flexibility? Point-to-Point Channel (103) How can the caller be sure that exactly one receiver will receive the document or perform the call? Polling Consumer (494) How can an applica- tion consume a message when the application is ready? Process Manager (312) How do we route a mes- sage through multiple processing steps when the required steps may not be known at design time and may not be sequential? Publish-Subscribe Channel (106) How can the sender broadcast an event to all interested receivers? Recipient List (249) How do we route a mes- sage to a dynamic list of recipients? Remote Procedure Invocation (50) How can I integrate multiple applications so that they work together and can exchange information? Request-Reply (154) When an application sends a message, how can it get a response from the receiver? Resequencer (283) How can we get a stream of related but out-of-sequence messages back into the correct order? Return Address (159) How does a replier know where to send the reply? Routing Slip (301) How do we route a message consecutively through a series of processing steps when the sequence of steps is not known at design time and may vary for each message? Scatter-Gather (297) How do you maintain the overall message flow when a message must be sent to multiple recipients, each of which may send a reply? Selective Consumer (515) How can a message consumer select which messages it wishes to receive? Service Activator (532) How can an application design a service to be invoked both via various messaging technologies and via non-messaging techniques? Shared Database (47) How can I integrate mul- tiple applications so that they work together and can exchange information? Smart Proxy (558) How can you track messages on a service that publishes reply messages to the Return Address specified by the requestor? Splitter (259) How can we process a message if it contains multiple elements, each of which may have to be processed in a different way? Test Message (569) What happens if a compo- nent is actively processing messages but garbles outgoing messages due to an internal fault? Transactional Client (484) How can a client control its transactions with the messaging system? Wire Tap (547) How do you inspect messages that travel on a Point-to-Point Channel? 1 2 3 ?
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- 10. Enterprise Integration Patterns Designing, Building, and Deploying Messaging Solutions Gregor Hohpe Bobby Woolf With Contributions by Kyle Brown Conrad F. D’Cruz Martin Fowler Sean Neville Michael J. Rettig Jonathan Simon Boston • San Francisco • New York • Toronto • Montreal London • Munich • Paris • Madrid Capetown • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore • Mexico City
- 11. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison- Wesley was aware of a trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals. The authors and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information or programs contained herein. The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases and special sales. For more information, please contact: U.S. Corporate and Government Sales (800) 382-3419 corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com For sales outside of the U.S., please contact: International Sales (317) 581-3793 international@pearsontechgroup.com Visit Addison-Wesley on the Web: www.awprofessional.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hohpe, Gregor. Enterprise integration patterns : designing, building, and deploying messaging solutions / Gregor Hohpe, Bobby Woolf. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-321-20068-3 1. Telecommunication—Message processing. 2. Management information systems. I. Woolf, Bobby. II. Title. TK5102.5.H5882 2003 005.7'136—dc22 2003017989 Copyright © 2004 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopy- ing, recording, or otherwise, without the prior consent of the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. For information on obtaining permission for use of material from this work, please sub- mit a written request to: Pearson Education, Inc. Rights and Contracts Department 75 Arlington Street, Suite 300 Boston, MA 02116 Fax: (617) 848-7047 ISBN: 0-321-20068-3 Text printed in the United States on recycled paper at Courier in Westford, Massachusetts. Fifteenth printing, May 2011
- 12. To my family and all my friends who still remember me after I emerged from book “crunch mode” —Gregor To Sharon, my new wife —Bobby
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- 14. vii Contents Foreword by John Crupi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Foreword by Martin Fowler. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix Chapter 1: Solving Integration Problems Using Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Need for Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Integration Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 How Integration Patterns Can Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 The Wide World of Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Loose Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 One-Minute EAI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11 A Loosely Coupled Integration Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Widgets & Gadgets ’R Us: An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17 Internal Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Taking Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Processing Orders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20 Checking Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 Change Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30 New Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32 Announcements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33 Testing and Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37 Chapter 2: Integration Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39 File Transfer (by Martin Fowler) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
- 15. viii CONTENTS Shared Database (by Martin Fowler). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47 Remote Procedure Invocation (by Martin Fowler). . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Chapter 3: Messaging Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Message Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Pipes and Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Message Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78 Message Translator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85 Message Endpoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .95 Chapter 4: Messaging Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Point-to-Point Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Publish-Subscribe Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106 Datatype Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111 Invalid Message Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 Dead Letter Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Guaranteed Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .122 Channel Adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127 Messaging Bridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133 Message Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Chapter 5: Message Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143 Command Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145 Document Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Event Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151 Request-Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154 Return Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159 Correlation Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163 Message Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170 Message Expiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .176 Format Indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180
- 16. CONTENTS ix Chapter 6: Interlude: Simple Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Request-Reply Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183 Publish-Subscribe Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 JMS Request-Reply Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Request-Reply Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187 Request-Reply Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .189 Invalid Message Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .197 .NET Request-Reply Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Request-Reply Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198 Request-Reply Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200 Invalid Message Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .205 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 JMS Publish-Subscribe Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207 The Observer Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .207 Distributed Observer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .208 Publish-Subscribe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209 Comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212 Push and Pull Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 Channel Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222 Chapter 7: Message Routing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 Content-Based Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 Message Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Dynamic Router . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 Recipient List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Splitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 Aggregator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .268 Resequencer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283 Composed Message Processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Scatter-Gather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .297 Routing Slip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301
- 17. x CONTENTS Process Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312 Message Broker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Chapter 8: Message Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327 Envelope Wrapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .330 Content Enricher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336 Content Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342 Claim Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346 Normalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .352 Canonical Data Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .355 Chapter 9: Interlude: Composed Messaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 Loan Broker Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361 Obtaining a Loan Quote . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .361 Designing the Message Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .362 Sequencing: Synchronous versus Asynchronous . . . . . . . . . . . . .364 Addressing: Distribution versus Auction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .366 Aggregating Strategies: Multiple Channels versus Single Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368 Managing Concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368 Three Implementations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369 Synchronous Implementation Using Web Services (by Conrad F. D’Cruz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371 Solution Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371 Web Services Design Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372 Apache Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376 Service Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379 The Loan Broker Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .379 Components of the Loan Broker Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .381 Client Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .396 Running the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .397 Performance Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .399 Limitations of This Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400 Asynchronous Implementation with MSMQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401 Loan Broker Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401 Laying the Groundwork: A Messaging Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . .402
- 18. CONTENTS xi Base Classes for Common Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405 Designing the Bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .410 Designing the Credit Bureau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412 Designing the Loan Broker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .413 Refactoring the Loan Broker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .431 Putting it All Together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435 Improving Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .435 A Few Words on Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440 Limitations of This Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444 Asynchronous Implementation with TIBCO ActiveEnterprise (by Michael J. Rettig) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445 Solution Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .445 The Implementation Toolset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448 The Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .451 Implementing the Synchronous Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452 The Loan Broker Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455 Managing Concurrent Auctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459 Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462 Chapter 10: Messaging Endpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463 Messaging Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468 Messaging Mapper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .477 Transactional Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484 Polling Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494 Event-Driven Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498 Competing Consumers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 Message Dispatcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508 Selective Consumer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515 Durable Subscriber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522 Idempotent Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528 Service Activator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532 Chapter 11: System Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .537 Control Bus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .540
- 19. xii CONTENTS Detour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545 Wire Tap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547 Message History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .551 Message Store . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .555 Smart Proxy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558 Test Message . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569 Channel Purger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .572 Chapter 12: Interlude: System Management Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Loan Broker System Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .577 Instrumenting the Loan Broker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .578 Management Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579 Loan Broker Quality of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579 Verify the Credit Bureau Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .587 Credit Bureau Failover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .592 Enhancing the Management Console . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595 Limitations of This Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .602 Chapter 13: Integration Patterns in Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603 Case Study: Bond Pricing System (by Jonathan Simon) . . . . . . . . .603 Building a System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .603 Architecture with Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .604 Structuring Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .610 Selecting a Message Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .614 Problem Solving with Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .618 Flashing Market Data Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .618 Major Production Crash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .620 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623 Chapter 14: Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 625 Emerging Standards and Futures in Enterprise Integration (by Sean Neville) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .625 The Relationship between Standards and Design Patterns . . . . . 626 Survey of Standards Processes and Organizations . . . . . . . . . . .627 Business Process Components and Intra-Web Service Messaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .629 ebXML and the Electronic Business Messaging Service (ebMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .631
- 20. CONTENTS xiii Business Process Execution Language for Web Services (BEPL4WS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634 Web Service Choreography Interface (WSCI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .636 Java Business Process Component Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637 WS-* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .639 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .647 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .659
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- 22. xv Foreword by John Crupi What do you do when a new technology arrives? You learn the technology. This is exactly what I did. I studied J2EE (being from Sun Microsystems, it seemed to be the logical choice). Specifically, I focused on the EJB technology by reading the specifications (since there were no books yet). Learning the technology, how- ever, is just the first step—the real goal is to learn how to effectively apply the technology. The nice thing about platform technologies is that they constrain you to performing certain tasks. But, as far as the technology is concerned, you can do whatever you want and quite often get into trouble if you don’t do things appropriately. One thing I’ve seen in the past 15 years is that there seem to be two areas that software developers obsess over: programming and designing—or more specifi- cally, programming and designing effectively. There are great books out there that tell you the most efficient way to program certain things in Java and C#, but far fewer tell you how to design effectively. That’s where this book comes in. When Deepak Alur, Dan Malks, and I wrote Core J2EE Patterns, we wanted to help J2EE developers “design” better code. The best decision we made was to use patterns as the artifact of choice. As James Baty, a Sun Distinguished Engi- neer, puts it, “Patterns seem to be the sweet spot of design.” I couldn’t agree more, and luckily for us, Gregor and Bobby feel the same way. This book focuses on a hot and growing topic: integration using messaging. Not only is messaging key to integration, but it will most likely be the predomi- nant focus in Web services for years to come. There is so much noise today in the Web services world, it’s a delicate and complex endeavor just to identify the spec- ifications and technologies to focus on. The goal remains the same, however— software helps you solve a problem. Just as in the early days of J2EE and .NET, there is not a lot of design help out there yet for Web services. Many people say
- 23. xvi FOREWORD Web services is just a new and open way to solve our existing integration prob- lems—and I agree. But, that doesn’t mean we know how to design Web services. And that brings us to the gem of this book. I believe this book has many of the patterns we need to design Web services and other integration systems. Because the Web service specifications are still battling it out, it wouldn’t have made sense for Bobby and Gregor to provide examples of many of the Web service specifica- tions. But, that’s okay. The real payoff will result when the specifications become standards and we use the patterns in this book to design for those solutions that are realized by these standards. Then maybe we can realize our next integration goal of designing for service-oriented architectures. Read this book and keep it by your side. It will enhance your software career to no end. John Crupi Bethesda, MD August 2003
- 24. xvii Foreword by Martin Fowler While I was working on my book Patterns of Enterprise Application Architec- ture, I was lucky to get some in-depth review from Kyle Brown and Rachel Reinitz at some informal workshops at Kyle’s office in Raleigh-Durham. During these sessions, we realized that a big gap in my work was asynchronous messag- ing systems. There are many gaps in my book, and I never intended it to be a complete collection of patterns for enterprise development. But the gap on asynchronous messaging is particularly important because we believe that asynchronous mes- saging will play an increasingly important role in enterprise software develop- ment, particularly in integration. Integration is important because applications cannot live isolated from each other. We need techniques that allow us to take applications that were never designed to interoperate and break down the stovepipes so we can gain a greater benefit than the individual applications can offer us. Various technologies have been around that promise to solve the integration puzzle. We all concluded that messaging is the technology that carries the greatest promise. The challenge we faced was to convey how to do messaging effectively. The biggest challenge in this is that messages are by their nature asynchronous, and there are significant differences in the design approaches that you use in an asynchronous world. I didn’t have space, energy, or frankly the knowledge to cover this topic properly in Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture. But we came up with a better solution to this gap: find someone else who could. We hunted down Gregor and Bobby, and they took up the challenge. The result is the book you’re about to read.
- 25. xviii FOREWORD I’m delighted with the job that they have done. If you’ve already worked with messaging systems, this book will systematize much of the knowledge that you and others have already learned the hard way. If you are about to work with messaging systems, this book will provide a foundation that will be invalu- able no matter which messaging technology you have to work with. Martin Fowler Melrose, MA August 2003
- 26. xix Preface This is a book about enterprise integration using messaging. It does not docu- ment any particular technology or product. Rather, it is designed for developers and integrators using a variety of messaging products and technologies, such as • Message-oriented middleware (MOM) and EAI suites offered by vendors such as IBM (WebSphere MQ Family), Microsoft (BizTalk), TIBCO, Web- Methods, SeeBeyond, Vitria, and others. • Java Message Service (JMS) implementations incorporated into commercial and open source J2EE application servers as well as standalone products. • Microsoft’s Message Queuing (MSMQ), accessible through several APIs, including the System.Messaging libraries in Microsoft .NET. • Emerging Web services standards that support asynchronous Web services (for example, WS-ReliableMessaging) and the associated APIs such as Sun Microsystems’ Java API for XML Messaging (JAXM) or Microsoft’s Web Services Extensions (WSE). Enterprise integration goes beyond creating a single application with a dis- tributed n-tier architecture, which enables a single application to be distributed across several computers. Whereas one tier in a distributed application cannot run by itself, integrated applications are independent programs that can each run by themselves, yet that function by coordinating with each other in a loosely coupled way. Messaging enables multiple applications to exchange data or com- mands across the network using a “send and forget” approach. This allows the caller to send the information and immediately go on to other work while the information is transmitted by the messaging system. Optionally, the caller can later be notified of the result through a callback. Asynchronous calls and call- backs can make a design more complex than a synchronous approach, but an asynchronous call can be retried until it succeeds, which makes the communica-
- 27. xx PREFACE tion much more reliable. Asynchronous messaging also enables several other advantages, such as throttling of requests and load balancing. Who Should Read This Book This book is designed to help application developers and system integrators connect applications using message-oriented integration tools: • Application architects and developers who design and build complex enterprise applications that need to integrate with other applications. We assume that you’re developing your applications using a modern enterprise application platform such as the Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), or the Microsoft .NET Framework. This book will help you con- nect the application to a messaging layer and exchange information with other applications. This book focuses on the integration of applications, not on building applications; for that, we refer you to Patterns of Enter- prise Application Architecture by Martin Fowler. • Integration architects and developers who design and build integration solutions connecting packaged or custom applications. Most readers in this group will have experience with one of the many commercial integra- tion tools like IBM WebSphere MQ, TIBCO, WebMethods, SeeBeyond, or Vitria, which incorporate many of the patterns presented in this book. This book helps you understand the underlying concepts and make confi- dent design decisions using a vendor-independent vocabulary. • Enterprise architects who have to maintain the “big picture” view of the software and hardware assets in an enterprise. This book presents a consis- tent vocabulary and graphical notation to describe large-scale integration solutions that may span many technologies or point solutions. This lan- guage is also a key enabler for efficient communication between the enter- prise architect and the integration and application architects and developers. What You Will Learn This book does not attempt to make a business case for enterprise application integration; the focus is on how to make it work. You will learn how to inte- grate enterprise applications by understanding the following:
- 28. PREFACE xxi • The advantages and limitations of asynchronous messaging as compared to other integration techniques. • How to determine the message channels your applications will need, how to control whether multiple consumers can receive the same message, and how to handle invalid messages. • When to send a message, what it should contain, and how to use special message properties. • How to route a message to its ultimate destination even when the sender does not know where that is. • How to convert messages when the sender and receiver do not agree on a common format. • How to design the code that connects an application to the messaging system. • How to manage and monitor a messaging system once it’s in use as part of the enterprise. What This Book Does Not Cover We believe that any book sporting the word “enterprise” in the title is likely to fall into one of three categories. First, the book might attempt to cover the whole breadth of the subject matter but is forced to stop short of detailed guid- ance on how to implement actual solutions. Second, the book might provide specific hands-on guidance on the development of actual solutions but is forced to constrain the scope of the subject area it addresses. Third, the book might attempt to do both but is likely never to be finished or else to be published so late as to be irrelevant. We opted for the second choice and hopefully created a book that helps people create better integration solutions even though we had to limit the scope of the book. Topics that we would have loved to discuss but had to exclude in order not to fall into the category-three trap include security, complex data mapping, workflow, rule engines, scalability and robustness, and distributed transaction processing (XA, Tuxedo, and the like). We chose asyn- chronous messaging as the emphasis for this book because it is full of interest- ing design issues and trade-offs, and provides a clean abstraction from the many implementations provided by various integration vendors. This book is also not a tutorial on a specific messaging or middleware tech- nology. To highlight the wide applicability of the concepts presented in this
- 29. xxii PREFACE book, we included examples based on a number of different technologies, such as JMS, MSMQ, TIBCO, BizTalk, and XSL. However, we focus on the design decisions and trade-offs as opposed to the specifics of the tool. If you are inter- ested in learning more about any of these specific technologies, please refer to one of the books referenced in the bibliography or to one of the many online resources. How This Book Is Organized As the title suggests, the majority of this book consists of a collection of pat- terns. Patterns are a proven way to capture experts’ knowledge in fields where there are no simple “one size fits all” answers, such as application architecture, object-oriented design, or integration solutions based on asynchronous messag- ing architectures. Each pattern poses a specific design problem, discusses the considerations surrounding the problem, and presents an elegant solution that balances the various forces or drivers. In most cases, the solution is not the first approach that comes to mind, but one that has evolved through actual use over time. As a result, each pattern incorporates the experience base that senior integration developers and architects have gained by repeatedly building solutions and learning from their mistakes. This implies that we did not “invent” the patterns in this book; patterns are not invented, but rather discovered and observed from actual practice in the field. Because patterns are harvested from practitioners’ actual use, chances are that if you have been working with enterprise integration tools and asynchro- nous messaging architectures for some time, many of the patterns in this book will seem familiar to you. Yet, even if you already recognize most of these pat- terns, there is still value in reviewing this book. This book should validate your hard-earned understanding of how to use messaging while documenting details of the solutions and relationships between them of which you might not have been aware. It also gives you a consolidated reference to help you pass your knowledge effectively to less-experienced colleagues. Finally, the pattern names give you a common vocabulary to efficiently discuss integration design alterna- tives with your peers. The patterns in this book apply to a variety of programming languages and platforms. This means that a pattern is not a cut-and-paste snippet of code, but you have to realize a pattern to your specific environment. To make this transla- tion easier, we added a variety of examples that show different ways of imple-
- 30. PREFACE xxiii menting patterns using popular technologies such as JMS, MSMQ, TIBCO, BizTalk, XSL, and others. We also included a few larger examples to demon- strate how multiple patterns play together to form a cohesive solution. Integrating multiple applications using an asynchronous messaging architec- ture is a challenging and interesting field. We hope you enjoy reading this book as much as we did writing it. About the Cover Picture The common theme for books in the Martin Fowler Signature Series is a picture of a bridge. In some sense we lucked out, because what theme would make a better match for a book on integration? For thousands of years, bridges have helped connect people from different shores, mountains, and sides of the road. We selected a picture of the Taiko-bashi Bridge at the Sumiyoshi-taisha Shrine in Osaka, Japan, for its simple elegance and beauty. As a Shinto shrine dedicated to the guardian deity for sailors, it was originally erected next to the water. Interestingly, land reclamation has pushed the water away so that the shrine today stands almost three miles inland. Some three million people visit this shrine at the beginning of a new year. Gregor Hohpe San Francisco, California Bobby Woolf Raleigh, North Carolina September 2003 www.enterpriseintegrationpatterns.com
- 31. The Pioneer Plaque by Dr. Carl Sagan A message to extraterrestrial life forms.
- 32. xxv Acknowledgments Like most books, Enterprise Integration Patterns has been a long time in the making. The idea of writing about message-based integration patterns dates back to the summer of 2001 when Martin Fowler was working on Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture (P of EAA). At that time, it struck Kyle Brown that while P of EAA talked a lot about how to create applications, it touches only briefly on how to integrate them. This idea was the starting point for a series of meetings between Martin and Kyle that also included Rachel Rein- itz, John Crupi, and Mark Weitzel. Bobby joined these discussions in the fall of 2001, followed by Gregor in early 2002. The following summer the group sub- mitted two papers for review at the Pattern Languages of Programs (PLoP) con- ference, one authored jointly by Bobby and Kyle and the other by Gregor. After the conference, Kyle and Martin refocused on their own book projects while Gregor and Bobby merged their papers to form the basis for the book. At the same time, the www.enterpriseintegrationpatterns.com site went live to allow integration architects and developers around the world to participate in the rapid evolution of the content. As they worked on the book, Gregor and Bobby invited contributors to participate in the creation of the book. About two years after Kyle’s original idea, the final manuscript arrived at the publisher. This book is the result of a community effort involving a great number of people. Many colleagues and friends (many of whom we met through the book effort) provided ideas for examples, ensured the correctness of the technical content, and gave us much needed feedback and criticism. Their input has greatly influenced the final form and content of the book. It is a pleasure for us to acknowledge their contributions and express our appreciation for their efforts. Kyle Brown and Martin Fowler deserve special mention for laying the foun- dation for this book. This book might have never been written were it not for Martin’s writing P of EAA and Kyle’s forming a group to discuss messaging patterns to complement Martin’s book.
- 33. xxvi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We were fortunate to have several contributors who authored significant portions of the book: Conrad F. D’Cruz, Sean Neville, Michael J. Rettig, and Jonathan Simon. Their chapters round out the book with additional perspec- tives on how the patterns work in practice. Our writers’ workshop participants at the PLoP 2002 conference were the first people to provide substantial feedback on the material, helping to get us going in the right direction: Ali Arsanjani, Kyle Brown, John Crupi, Eric Evans, Martin Fowler, Brian Marick, Toby Sarver, Jonathan Simon, Bill Trudell, and Marek Vokac. We would like to thank our team of reviewers who took the time to read through the draft material and provided us with invaluable feedback and sug- gestions: Richard Helm Luke Hohmann Dragos Manolescu David Rice Russ Rufer and the Silicon Valley Patterns Group Matthew Short Special thanks go to Russ for workshopping the book draft in the Silicon Valley Patterns Group. We would like to thank the following members for their efforts: Robert Benson, Tracy Bialik, Jeffrey Blake, Azad Bolour, John Brewer, Bob Evans, Andy Farlie, Jeff Glaza, Phil Goodwin, Alan Harriman, Ken Hej- manowski, Deborah Kaddah, Rituraj Kirti, Jan Looney, Chris Lopez, Jerry Louis, Tao-hung Ma, Jeff Miller, Stilian Pandev, John Parello, Hema Pillay, Russ Rufer, Rich Smith, Carol Thistlethwaite, Debbie Utley, Walter Vannini, David Vydra, and Ted Young. Our public e-mail discussion list allowed people who discovered the material on www.enterpriseintegrationpatterns.com to chime in and share their thoughts and ideas. Special honors go to Bill Trudell as the most active contributor to the mailing list. Other active posters included Venkateshwar Bommineni, Duncan Cragg, John Crupi, Fokko Degenaar, Shailesh Gosavi, Christian Hall, Ralph Johnson, Paul Julius, Orjan Lundberg, Dragos Manolescu, Rob Mee, Srikanth Narasimhan, Sean Neville, Rob Patton, Kirk Pepperdine, Matthew Pryor, Somik Raha, Michael Rettig, Frank Sauer, Jonathan Simon, Federico Spinazzi, Randy Stafford, Marek Vokac, Joe Walnes, and Mark Weitzel.
- 34. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii We thank Martin Fowler for hosting us in his signature series. Martin’s endorsement gave us confidence and the energy required to complete this work. We thank John Crupi for writing the foreword for our book. He has observed the book’s formation from the beginning and has been a patient guide all along without ever losing his sense of humor. Finally, we owe a great deal to the editing and production team at Addison- Wesley, led by our chief editor, Mike Hendrickson, and including our production coordinator, Amy Fleischer; our project manager, Kim Arney Mulcahy; our copy- editor, Carol J. Lallier; our proofreader, Rebecca Rider; our indexer, Sharon Hilgenberg; as well as Jacquelyn Doucette, John Fuller, and Bernard Gaffney. We’ve likely missed some names and not given everyone the credit they deserve, and we apologize. But to everyone listed and not listed who helped make this book better, thank you for all your help. We hope you can be as proud of this book as we are.
- 35. Exploring the Variety of Random Documents with Different Content
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- 45. The text on this page is estimated to be only 29.34% accurate 22 BOOKS. STANFORD'S COMPENDIUM of GEOGRAPHY and TKAVEL, for GENERAL READING. Based on Hellwald's ' Die Erde und Ihre Volker.' Translated by A. H. Keane, B.A. A Series of Volumes descriptive of the Great Divisions of the Globe. Large post 8vo, cloth, with Maps, Ethnological Appendices, and several hundred Illustrations. AFRICA. — Edited and Extended by Keith Johnston, F.R.G.S. ; with Ethnological Appendix by A. H. Keane, B.A. Cloth, gilt, 21s. CENTRAL AMERICA, WEST INDIES, and SOUTH AMERICA.— Edited and Extended by H. W. Bates, AssistantSecretary of the Royal Geographical Society, Author of ' The Naturalist on the River Amazons.' Cloth, gilt, 21s. AUSTRALASIA.— Edited and Extended by Alfred R. Wallace, F.R.G.S., Author of 'The Malay Archipelago.' Cloth, gilt, 21s. The following Volumes are also iu Preparation, viz. : EUROPE.— Edited and Extended by Professor A. C. Ramsay, LL.D., F.R.S., Director-General of the Geological Surveys of the United Kingdom ; Author of ' Physical Geology and Geography of Great Britain.' ASIA. — Edited and Extended by Colonel Henry Yule, C.B., F.R.G.S., Author of < Travels of Marco Polo.' NORTH AMERICA.— Edited and Extended by Professor F. V. Hayden, of the United States Geological Survey. SULLIVAN.-THE PRINCES OF INDIA. An Historical Narrative of the Principal Events from the Invasion of Mahmoud of Ghizni to that of Nadir Shah. By Sir Edwakd Sullivan, Bart., Author of ' Letters on India,' ' Trip to the Trenches,' ' Rambles in North and South America,' &c. Secon 1 Edition, crown 8vo, cloth, with Map, 8s. 6d. TEN CHAPTERS on SOCIAL REFORM. By Sir Edward Sullivan, Author of ' The Princes of India,' &c, &c. Demy 8vo, cloth, price 5s. PROTECTION to NATIVE INDUSTRY. By Sir Edward Sullivan, Bart., Author of ' Ten Chapters on Social Reform,' &c, &c. Demy 8vo, cloth, Is. SYMONS.-BRITISH RAINFALL, 1877. The DISTRIBUTION of RAIN over the BRITISH ISLES during the YEAR 1877, as observed at about 2000 Stations in Great Britain and Ireland. With MAP and ILLUSTRATIONS. Compiled by G. J. Symons, F.R.S., Secretary to the Meteorological Society, &c. Demy 8vo, cloth' 5s. [Published Annually
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- 47. SYMONS.-REGISTRATION FORMS.— Forms for One Year, with Instructions, in stiff cover, 2s. Forms for Five Years, with Instructions, half-bound, 7s. Qd. BAROMETER DIAGRAMS.— Set of 12 for One Year. Is. REGISTER of RAINFALL for ONE YEAR. Fcap. folio, 3c?. POCKET ALTITUDE TABLES-SHORT AND SIMPLE RULES FOR ACCURATELY DETERMINING ALTITUDES BAROMETRICALLY. Limp cloth, 2s. 6d. TAYLER.-The NATIONAL TAXES. The History, Progress, and Present State of the Revenues of England derived from Taxation, and their- Expenditure. By Wm. Tayler, Esq., F.S.S., Author of ' History of Taxation in England.' Second Edition, with Additions. Crown"8vo, 2s. 6d. TAYLOR- BOYS OF OTHER COUNTRIES. By Bayard Taylor. The Little Post-Boy — The Pasha's Son — Jon of Iceland — The Two Herd Boys — The Young Serf. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4s. 6d. THEAL.— COMPENDIUM of the HISTORY and GEOGRAPHY of SOUTH AFRICA. By George McCall Theal, Lovedale, South Africa. Third Edition. Revised and Enlarged. Large Demy 8vo, cloth, 10s. 6d. T00G00D (Mrs.). -SIMPLE SKETCHES from CHURCH HISTORY, for YOUNG PERSONS. New Edition. 18mo, Is. 6d. TRADE MARKS.-RULES UNDER THE TRADE MARKS REGISTRATION ACT, 1875. Printed for Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Is. TYRRELL (Lieut.-Col.).-WATERWAYS or RAILWAYS; or, The FUTURE of INDIA. With Map. Crown 8vo, cloth, 5s. VERDAD.-FROM VINEYARD to DECANTER. A Book about Sherry. By Don Pedro Verdad. With a Map of the Jerez District. Sixth Thousand, revised and enlarged. Fcap. 8vo, cloth, Is. VICTORIA, The BRITISH " EL DORADO." Showing the advantages of that Colony as a field for Emigration. By a Colonist of Twenty Years' Standing, and late Member of a Colonial Legislature, With Two Coloured Views and a Map. Super-royal 16mo, cloth, 5s. Gd. VIVIAN-NOTES of a TOUR in AMERICA. From August 7th to November 17th, 1877. By H. Hussey Vivian, M.P., F.G.S. Demy 8vo, with Map, 9s. WALLACES (W.) MINERAL DEPOSITS.— The Laws which Regulate the Deposition of Lead Ore in Mineral Lodes. Illustrated by an Examination of the Geological Structure of the Mining Districts of Alston Moor. With Map
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- 49. 24 BOOKS. WALLACE. - AUSTRALASIA. — ST ANFORD'S COMPENDIUM OF GEOGRAPHY AND TRAVEL. Based on Hellwald's ' Die Erde und Ihre Volker.' Edited and Extended by A. R. Wallace, F.R.G.S., Author of ' TheMalay Archipelago,' 'Geographical Distribution of Animals,' &c. With Ethnological Appendix by A. H. Keane, B.A. Large post 8vo, cloth, with Maps and numerous Illustrations, 21s. WEBBER.-THE KAIETEUR FALLS, BRITISH GUIANA. THE ESSEQUIBO and POTARO RIVERS. With an Account of a Visit to the Kaieteur Falls. By Lieut.-Colonel Webber, 2nd West India Regiment. With Map and Frontispiece, and Descriptive Notes on the Geology of Guiana. Crown 8vo, cloth, 4s. Qd. WELD. -HINTS to INTENDING SHEEP FARMERS in NEW ZEALAND. By Frederick A. Weld, New Zealand, Member of the House of Representatives, &c. With an Appendix on the Laud Regulations. Fcap. 8vo, 8d. WHITELANDS SERIES of STANDARD READING-BOOKS for GIRLS. Edited by the Rev. J. P. Faunthorpe, M.A., Principal cf Whitelands Training College. With original Illustrations. Post 8vo. Standard 1. — Illustrated Short Stories, &c. 4c?. „ 2. — Illustrated Easy Lessons. Is. 3d. „ 3. — Instructive Lessons. Illustrated. Is. Qd. „ 4.— Original Stories and Selected Poems. Is. 9d. „ 5. — Economical and Scientific Reader. 2s. Qd. „ 6. — Literary Reader. (In the Press). WILKINS.-The GEOLOGY and ANTIQUITIES of the ISLE of WIGHT. By Dr. E. P. Wilkins, F.G.S., &c. With Relief Map of the Island, coloured geologically. Super-royal 8vo, cloth, 7s. Qd. WILLIAMS. -THROUGH NORWAY with LADIES. By W. Mattieu Williams, F.R.A.S., F.C.S., Author of ' Through Norway with a Knapsack.' With Illustrations and Map. Crown 8vo, cloth, 12*. V THROUGH NORWAY WITH A KNAPSACK. By the same Author. See page 12. YOUNG. - READABLE SHORT-HAND - SELF - TAUGHT : Being a System by which people can teacli themselves, write the longest word without lifting the pen, read what they write, and correspond with friends at home or abroad on pleasure or business. It embraces a double set of vowels, with Liquid Consonants grafted on the other letters ; with a Combination of Words in most familiar use into ready sentences. The whole forming a System of Readable ShortHand, Shortened. By
- 50. Murdo Young. Demy 12mo, boards, 2s. Qd. EDWARD STANFORD, 55, CHARING CROSS, S.W.,
- 51. NAVAL AND MILITARY BOOKS. 25 %M anbr military Jwb, PUBLISHED ON ACCOUNT OF HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE. ABYSSINIA -EXPEDITION to ABYSSINIA. By Holland and Hozier. 2 vols. 4to, and Maps. Cloth, 41. 4s. ; half mor., 51. 5s. AMMUNITION —TREATISE. By Major Barlow. Cloth, 6s. NOTES on AMMUNITION. By Major Barlow, K.A. Fourth Edition. With Illustrations. Royal 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6c?. ARMY SIGNALLING. -MANUAL of INSTRUCTION in ARMY SIGNALLING. Pocket Edition, Qd. HOSPITAL CORPS- REGULATIONS. Royal 8vo, 6d. LIST. Published Monthly, 2s. and NAVY SIGNAL-BOOK. Crown 8vo, with clasp, 4s. ARTILLERY CARBINE.— Snider Breech-loading. Manual and Platoon Exercises. Revised, 1869. 2d. DRESS REGULATIONS and STANDING ORDERS. Demy 8vo, cloth, 5s. [Out of print. EXERCISES-MANUAL of ARTILLERY EXERCISES, 1873. Royal 8vo, cloth, 5s. Pocket Edition. Is. 6d. Revision of Part II. Section I., Heavy Ordnance, 8vo. 6c?. Revision of Part II. Section IV., Mortars, Id. MANUAL of FIELD ARTILLERY EXERCISES, 1877. Demy 8vo, cloth, 3s. AUSTRIA-The ARMED STRENGTH of AUSTRIA. Royal 8vo. Part I., 10s, Qd. Part II., lis. 6d. CAVALRY-MOVEMENTS of CAVALRY. Royal 8vo, cloth, 4s. Qd. Pocket Edition, red leather, 3s. 3c?. INSTRUCTIONS in the DUTIES of CAVALRY RECONNOITRING AN ENEMY ; Marches ; Outposts ; and Reconnaissance of a Country ; for the Use of Auxiliary Cavalry. Pocket Edition, Is. Qd. INSTRUCTIONS for CAVALRY ADVANCED and REAR GUARDS, OUTPOSTS, &c. Pocket Edition, Qd. DENMARK. -The ARMED STRENGTH of DENMARK. Royal 8vo, 3s. DRESS BEGULATIONS for OFFICERS of the ARMYNov., 1874. Royal 8vo, Is. 6c7. ENCAMPMENTS.— REGULATIONS and INSTRUCTIONS for ENCAMPMENTS. Pocket Edition, Qd. WHOLESALE AND RETAIL BOOK AND MAP SELLER.
- 52. The text on this page is estimated to be only 29.58% accurate 26 NAVAL AND MILITARY BOOKS. ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT— REGULATIONS for the KOYAL ENGINEERS' DEPARTMENT. 3s. FIELD ENGINEERING-MANUAL OF ELEMENTARY FIELD ENGINEERING. Published by Authority. Pocket edition, Is. 6c?. FIELD EXERCISE and EVOLUTIONS of INFANTRY, as Eevised by Her Majesty's Command, 1877. Pocket Edition. Is. FIELD MESSAGE BOOK. Approved by the War Office Authorities. A Pocket Memorandum Book for the use of Commanding Officers; so arranged that by writing the message or order in the usual way, an exact copy of each message is made, and retained in the book for subsequent reference if required. Envelopes, printed with the hour of despatch, &c, are included; the book has also a pocket, and place for pencil. Limp roan, elastic band, 3s. FIELD RANGE -FINDER. -HANDBOOK for. Mark I. Koyal 8vo, paper cover. 6d. FORTIFICATION AND MILITARY ENGINEERING.TEXT-BOOK of FORTIFICATION and MILITARY ENGINEERING for use at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Part I. Royal 8vo, 13s. Gd. FRANCO-GERMAN WAR, 1870- 71. Authorized Translation. First Part: History of the War to the Downfall of the Empire. Translated from the German Official Account by Capt. F. C. H. Clarke, R.A. Vol. I. Sections 1 to 5. From the Outbreak of Hostilities to the Battle of Gravelotte. With case of Maps and Plans. Royal 8vo, cloth, 26s. Vol. II. Sections 6 to 9. With Maps and Plans. Royal 8vo, cloth, 22s. This work may also be had in separate sections if required. Second Part:— HISTORY OF THE WAR AGAINST THE REPUBLIC. Tenth Section : Investment of Paris ; Capture of Toul and Strassburg. Royal 8vo, paper cover, 6s. Eleventh Section : Events before Paris, and in Western France, until October. Royal 8vo, 5s. 3d. THE SIEGE OPERATIONS IN THE CAMPAIGN AGAINST FRANCE, 1870-71. Royal 8vo, 4s. 6d. GERMAN EMPIRE.- THE ARMED STRENGTH OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE. Part I. Organization and Administration. With Map. Royal 8vo, paper cover, 8s. 6c?. GUN-HANDBOOK for the 64-POUNDER R.M.L. Converted Guns of 58 and 71 cwts. L. S. 1877. Royal 8vo, Gd. HANDBOOK for
- 53. the 40-POUNDER R.B.L. Gun. 6d. HANDBOOK for 16-POUNDER R.M.L. Gun of 12 cwt. 6d. HANDBOOK for 9-POUNDER R.M.L. Guns. Gd. HANDBOOK for the 10-Inch R.M.L. Gun of 18 tons. Gd. HANDBOOK for the 9-Inch R.M.L. Gun of 12 tons. 6d. EDWARD STANFORD, 55, CHARING CROSS, S.W.,
- 54. NAVAL AND MILITARY BOOKS. 27 GUN COTTON. -SHORT NOTES ON GUN COTTON AND ITS MANUFACTURE. Prepared for the Use of the Gentlemen Cadets at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. And SHORT NOTES ON GUNPOWDER AND ITS MANUFACTURE. Crown 8vo, paper cover, Is. GUNNERY-MANUAL of GUNNERY for HER MAJESTY'S FLEET. 1877. Pocket Edition. 2s. GUNPOWDER -HANDBOOK of the MANUFACTURE and PROOF of GUNPOWDER. Royal 8vo, 5s. GYMNASTIC EXERCISES. - MILITARY SYSTEM of GYMNASTIC EXERCISES, with Fencing and Club Exercises. 2s. HISTORICAL RECORDS of the BRITISH ARMY, viz. :Horse Guards. 5s. Dragoon Guards, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, and 7th. Each 4s. Dragoons, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 7th, 14th, 15th, and 16th. Each 4s. „ 9th, 12th, and 13th. Each 3s. „ 10th. 6s. 17th Lancers. 5s. Foot, 1st and 3rd. Each 6s. „ 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th, 13th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22nd, 23rd, 31st (including the Marine Corps), 34th, 36th, 39th, 46th, 53rd, 67th, 71st, 72nd, 73rd, 74th, 86th, 87th, and 92nd (Highlanders). Each 4s. „ 14th, 56th, 61st, 70th, and 88th. Each 3s. „ 42nd (Highlanders). 8s. Cape Mounted Riflemen. 2s. All the above Historical Records in sheets at a reduction of 6d. per copy. INFANTRY ETJGLE SOUNDS. 6>d. SWORD EXERCISE. 6d. MARTINI - HENRY RIFLE. - MANUAL and FIRING EXERCISES, December, 1874. 3d. MILITARY ARTIFICERS-HANDBOOK for MILITARY ARTIFICERS, prepared in the Instruction Branch of the Royal Carriage Department. Pocket Edition, red leather, 3s. MILITARY CARRIAGES and other Manufactures of the Royal Carriage Department. Second edition. Royal 8vo, 5s. MILITARY ENGINEERING-INSTRUCTIONS in MILITARY ENGINEERING. Compiled at the School of Military Engineering, Chatham. Vol. I. Part I. FIELD DEFENCES. Demy 8vo, 3s. 6d. Part III. MILITARY P>RIDGES. Demy 8vo, 3s. Part IV. MILITARY MINING. Demy 8vo, Is. 6d. MILITARY EXAMINATIONS.- WOOLWICH.-EXAMINATION PAPERS bet at the open Competition for Admission to the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, held under the Directions of the Civil Service Commissioners in March, 1878.
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- 56. 28 NAVAL AND MILITARY BOOKS. MILITARY EXAMINATIONS. - SANDHURST.- EXAMINATION PAPERS set at the Open Competition for Admission to the Royal Military College, and for First Appointments to the Royal Marine Light Infantry, held under the directions of the Civil Service Commissioners in November and December, 1877. With Regulations and Table of Marks. Royal 8vo, 9d. STAFF COLLEGE — EEPOET on the FINAL EXAMINATION at the STAFF COLLEGE, held in December, 1877. With Copies of the Examination Papers. Demy 8vo, Is. MILITIA ORDERS, 1878. Royal 8vo, 6d. MUSKETRY INSTRUCTION-REGULATIONS for CONDUCTING the MUSKETRY INSTRUCTION of the ARMY. Crown 8vo, cloth, Is. THE ANNUAL REPORT, 1877. Royal 8vo, 2s. NAVAL GUNS. -NOTES ON NAVAL GUNS, THEIR STORES AND FITTINGS.— Demy 8vo, cloth, 2s. 6d. NETHERLANDS. -THE ARMED STRENGTH OF THE NETHERLANDS. By Captain F. C. H. Claeke, R.A., D.A.Q.M.G. "With Map. Royal 8vo, paper cover, 4s. ORDNANCE MANUFACTURE. — TREATISE ON THE CONSTRUCTION AND MANUFACTURE OF ORDNANCE IN THE BRITISH SERVICE. Prepared in the Royal Gun Factory. Printed by Order of the Secretary of State for War. With Illustrations and Diagrams. Royal 8vo, cloth, 18s. Abridged Edition, Royal 8vo, cloth, 6s. PRUSSIAN INFANTRY.-ELEMENTARY TACTICS. 2s. QUEEN'S REGULATIONS and ADMIRALTY INSTRUCTIONS. Crown 8vo, cloth, Is. 9d. (The Addenda is out of print.) QUEEN'S REGULATIONS and ORDERS for the ARMY. (January, 1874.) Royal 8vo, 3s. 6d. Pocket Edition. Is. REVISED ARMY REGULATIONS. - Vol. III. ROYAL WARRANT AND REGULATIONS FOR THE EQUIPMENT OF HER MAJESTY'S ARMY (serving elsewhere than in the Indian Empire), including the Armaments of Works; to which is added an Appendix. War Office, September 1, 1876. Royal 8vo, cloth, 5s. 6d REVISED ARMY REGULATIONS -Vol. IV. REGULATIONS FOR THE COMMISSARIAT AND ORDNANCE STORE DEPARTMENTS. Duties of the Departments. Royal 8vo, cloth, 2s. ; or separate, I. Commissariat, Is. 6d. II. Ordnance Store Department, Is. Gd. EDWARD STANFORD, 55, CHARING CROSS, S.W.,
- 57. NAVAL AND MILITARY BOOKS. 29 RIFLE EXERCISES for LONG and SHORT SNIDER EIFLE, and MUSKETRY INSTRUCTIONS. Pocket Edition. Is. RIFLE and FIELD EXERCISES and MUSKETRY INSTRUCTION for HER MAJESTY'S FLEET. Pocket Edition, blue leather, Is. Gd. RUSSIA.-ARMED STRENGTH of RUSSIA. Royal 8vo, 7s. SAPPERS' MANUAL for ENGINEER VOLUNTEER CORPS. Pocket Edition. 2s. SNIDER RIFLE -LONG and SHORT. REVISED FIRING EXERCISES. December, 1873. Id STATUTE LAW RELATING TO THE ARMY. Arranged by Charles M. Clode, Legal Secretary to the War Department. Royal 8vo, paper cover, Is. 3d. STEPPE CAMPAIGNS. A Series of Lectures. Royal 8vo, 2s. SWEDEN AND NORWAY. The ARMED STRENGTH of SWEDEN and NORWAY. Royal 8vo, 3s. Gd. TACTICAL STUDIES OF THE BATTLES OF COLUMBEYNOUILLY AND VIONVILLE. Compiled and arranged from the Official Accounts by Major Lonsdale A. Hale, R.E., Instructor in Military Law and History, School of Military Engineering, Chatham. With Maps. Royal 8vo, paper cover, 4s. Gd. TEXTBOOK ON THE THEORY OF THE MOTION OF PROJECTILES. By Authority. Revised March 1877. With Illustrations. Crown 8vo, cloth, Is. 6d. TRAINING of TROOPS for SERVICE in the FIELD, &c. Regulations (Translated from the German). Royal 8vo, 2s. TRUMPET and BUGLE SOUNDS for MOUNTED SERVICE and GARRISON ARTILLERY. Is. Gd. USEFUL TABLES. Compiled by Capt. W. H. Noble, R.A. 6d. VOCABULARY of STORES used in H.M. Service. 4s. VOLUNTEER REGULATIONS, 1878- REVISED ARMY REGULATIONS, Vol. IX., being Regulations for the Volunteer Force. Royal 8vo, cloth, 2s. Gd. WAR GAME. -RULES for the CONDUCT of the WAR GAME. Royal 8vo, 2s. The Set of 15 Maps, mounted and coloured, price 6/. The Set of Men, &c, in Box, 6/. Gs. WHOLESALE AND RETAIL BOOK AND MAP SELLER.
- 58. 30 ORDNANCE SURVEY PUBLICATIONS. drtmanw Buxhq ^nhlhutism. ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS made with Bamsden's Zenith Sector; together with a Catalogue of the Stars which have heen observed, and the Amplitude of the Celestial Arcs, deduced from the Observations at the different Stations. 4to, sewed, 7s. 6d. ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATIONS made with Airey's Zenith Sector, 1842 to 1850. Completed by Captain W. Yolland, K.E. 20s. DOMESDAY BOOK; or, The Great Survey of England by William the Conqueror, a.d. 1086. Facsimile of Domesday Book, reproduced by the Photozincographic Process, under the direction of Major-Genera] Sir H. James, K.E., F.K.S., by Her Majesty's Command. The following parts are already published, in imperial 4to, cloth, viz. : — In Great Domesday Book. Bedfordshire .. .. price Berkshire ,, Buckingham .. .. „ Cambridge .. .. ,, Cheshire and Lancashire „ Cornwall ,, Derbyshire .. .. „ Devonshire .. .. „ Dorsetshire .. .. „ Gloucestershire . . „ Hampshire .. .. „ Herefordshire .. .. „ Hertfordshire .. .. „ Huntingdon .. .. „ Kent „ Lancashire (see Cheshire and Lancashire) .. ,, s. d. 8 0 8 0 8 0 10 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 10 0 8 0 8 0 10 0 8 0 10 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 Leicestershire and Kutland price Lincolnshire .. .. „ Middlesex „ Nottinghamshire . . „ Northamptonshire . . „ Oxfordshire .. .. „ Kutlandshire (bound with Leicestershire) . . „ Shropshire .. .. „ Somersetshire .. .. „ Staffordshire .. .. „ Surrey „ Sussex ,, Warwickshire .. .. „ Wiltshire „ Worcestershire . . . . „ Yorkshire „ s. d. 8 0 21 0 8 0 10 0 •8 0 8 0 8 0 8 0 10 0 8- 0 8 0 10 0 8 0 10 0 8 0 21 0 In Little Domesday Book. Essex, price 16s.— Norfolk, 23s.— Suffolk, 22s. Price of an entire Set (as above), 171. 3s. Domesday Book complete, bound in 2 volumes, price 20/. GEODETICAL TABLES. 1 vol. thin 4to, price 2s. EDWARD STANFORD, 55, CHARING CROSS, S.W.,
- 59. ORDNANCE SURVEY PUBLICATIONS. 31 JERUSALEM. - ORDNANCE SURVEY of JERUSALEM, With Notes by Captain Wilson, R.E. Produced at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, under the superintendence of Major-General Sir Henry James, R.E., F.R.S., Director. The Survey is sold complete for Twelve Guineas, or in Divisions, as follows : — £ s. d. The Plans Mounted, and in a Portfolio .. .. 2 18 0 Vol. I. Containing Captain Wilson's Notes on Jerusalem, and Illustrative Diagrams .. .. .. 2 0 0 Vol. II. Containing the Photographs taken in and about the City 7 14 0 Total £12 12 0 The Plans, Diagrams, and Photographs are sold separately. Detailed List, with Prices, post free for two Penny Stamps. LENGTH - COMPARISONS of the STANDARDS of LENGTH of England, France, Belgium, Prussia, Russia, India, Australia, made at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, by Captain A. E. Clarke, E.E., F.R.S., under the direction of Major-General Sir Henry James, R.E., F.R.S., &c, Cor. Mem. of the Royal Geographical Society of Berlin, Director of the Ordnance Survey. Published by Order of the Secretary of State for War. 1 vol. 4to, 287 pp. and plates. Price 15s. LOUGH FOYLE BASE.-An ACCOUNT of the MEASUREMENTS of the LOUGH FOYLE BASE. By Captain W. Yolland, R.E. 4to, cloth, 20s. MAGNA CARTA.— King John, a.d. 1215. Facsimile of Magna Carta ; Photozincographed at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, under the superintendence of Captain Parsons, R.E., F.R.A.S. Price Is. 6d., with the Translation. MARGINAL LINES.-On the CONSTRUCTION and USE of the SIX SHEETS of MARGINAL LINES for MAPS of any part of the WORLD. Price Is. *,,* The Six Sheets of Marginal Lines are published, price 6s. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, TABLES for. Published separately, in 1 vol. royal 8vo, price 2s. 6d. DITTO taken at the Stations of the Royal Engineers in the Years 1853 to 1859. 1 vol. 4 to, price 10s. 6d. METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS, taken at the Stations of the Royal Engineers, 1853-4. 1 vol. 4to, price 2s. 6*7. DITTO taken at Dublin. 1 vol. 4to, price 5s. DITTO taken at the Royal Engineers' Office, New Westminster, British Columbia, in 18G0-1. Price Is. WHOLESALE AND RETAIL BOOK AND MAP SELLER.
- 60. 32 ORDNANCE SURVEY PUBLICATIONS. NATIONAL MANUSCRIPTS of ENGLAND. A Series of PHOTOZINCOGKAPHIC FACSIMILES of some of the most interesting of our National MSS., copied by order of Her Majesty's Government, by Major-General Sir Henry James, R.E., F.R.S., Director of the Ordnance Survey ; with Translations and Introductory Notes by "W. Basevi Sanders, Esq., Assistant Keeper of Her Majesty's Records. This series, consisting of Royal Charters and Grants, and the Letters of Royal and Eminent or Remarkable Persons, has been selected under the direction of the Right Hon. Sir John Romilly, Master of the Rolls, by Thomas Dtjffus Hardy, Esq., Deputy Keeper of Her Majesty's Records ; and includes some of the most remarkable Original Documents deposited in Her Majesty's Record Office, together with a few from other repositories, including the most perfect Original Copy of Magna Carta now extant. In Four Parts, price 16s. each. SCOTLAND. — Photozincographic Facsimiles of National Manuscripts of Scotland. Part III. Price 21s. Parts I. and II. are out of print. IRELAND. — Photozincographic Facsimiles of National Manuscripts of Ireland. Part I. 21. 2s. NETLEY abbey, photozincographed views of. Sixteen Photographic Views, &c, of Netley Abbey, including illustrated Title Page and Plan of the Abbey. Photozincographed at the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton. Major-General Sir Henry James, R.E., F.R.S. (Director). In a neat portfolio, 25s. ORDNANCE SURVEY— Account of the Methods and Processes adopted for the production of the Maps of the Ordnance Survey of the United Kingdom ; drawn up by Officers of Royal Engineers employed under Lieut.-General Sir Henry James, R.E., F.R.S. , &c, Director-General. Royal 4to, cloth, illustrated, 14s. ORDNANCE TRIGONOMETRICAL SURVEY of the UNITED KINGDOM. In Four Volumes, royal 4to, illustrated with numerous Plates, bound in cloth, 3/. 5s. The Account of this Survey is now complete, and may be had as above, or in separate volumes as under : — I. THE PRINCIPAL TRIANGULATION of the UNITED KINGDOM, with the Figure, Dimensions, and Mean Specific Gravity of the Earth as derived therefrom. With Plates, 1/. 15s. APPENDIX TO DITTO.— Determination of the Positions of Feaghmain and Haverfordwest,
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