Environment energy & technology
- 1. Environment Energy and Technology
- 2. Concept of Technology Technology is the method of transforming input into output. It consists of skills, methods, systems, inventions and equipments results in modification in product and services Technology includes all the aspects of applied sciences for achieving particular purpose where the scientific knowledge put into practice becomes technology. Technology viewed as means of combining four factors of production- land, labor, capital and knowledge. It is an ability to create new things from blending of these resources.
- 3. Technology could be hard or soft It could be labour intensive or capital intensive Definition: G. Jones and C. Hill “Technology is combination of skill and equipment that manager use to design, production and distribution of goods and services.” R. W. Griffin “Technology is the set of processes and systems used by organizations to convert resources in to products or services.” Whether the business is manufacturing firms, advertising agencies, bank, hospital, educational institution or a trading house, it will use some sort of technology to transform its input
- 4. Business and Technology: Business and technology are closely interrelated and inseparable. Both are complementary to each other. One cannot exist without other. Society expects innovation and discoveries from business firms for better products and improved services. Business firms generally try to meet these changing needs of the society by applying new technology in the process of product development and product modification.
- 5. improvement in competitiveness, production process and management skill today depends on technology Improving and upgrading technologies are necessary to fulfilling the ever increasing requirement of business. Technology at present is major item of international trade. It is a major export item for many developed countries. Technology influences business by bringing about changes in job, skill, life style, product, production methods and process. Automation, computerization, informatics, new materials and artificial intelligence have all influenced business. Industries are getting hi-tech. Existing business has started entirely new system of business with the help o technology. Business that cannot cope with technology change doomed to
- 6. Following are the some of the areas of technology which are relevant to business. Method of manufacturing a product Improvement in product design and manufacturing process Reduction of waste Reduction of manufacturing cost Using new raw materials Using eco-friendly materials Improving product quality and reliability Introducing new products and services New methods of delivery and distribution New ways of management control and information E-business technology
- 7. Human factor and technology In the management and operation of technology the role of human factors is very crucial. It is the people who handle and manage the technology. The technology, capability of a nation revolves around its people. Technologies are only means for people to effectively utilize their knowledge. The skill level of people in a country decides the absorption and utilization of technology. Thus the quantity and quality of technical manpower available are crucial factors in determining the technological capability. There is the great demand for skilled technicians, managers, entrepreneurs and workforce who could handle and manage the technology employed. Technological changes have serious impact on total industrial sector and job market of a country.
- 8. Old industrial system replaced by new system because of technological development. Employees are sometime displaced due to introduction of new technology. They are required to acquire new skills because of change in technology. Their inability to acquire new skills as demanded by technology makes them outdated. Management and top level executive also require for acquisition of new technology to develop their professional skills and respective areas of specialization. Advanced technology know how gives ample opportunity to deserving and preserving professionals.
- 9. Present Status of Technology adopted by Nepalese Business Technology can be Manual technology Mechanized technology Automated technology Computerized technology Robotized technology
- 10. Present level of technology adopted by Nepalese business can be categorized mainly in traditional technologies. They still dominate the business and industrial sector of Nepal. Nepalese posses good technical knowhow of traditional technology in different fields like metallurgy, pottery, architecture, construction, textile, manufacturing, dyeing and printing, paper manufacturing, agriculture, medicine etc.
- 11. The industrial and business sector in Nepal is presently in the process of transition Because of liberalization, the private sector has enjoyed fairly free access to modern equipment and knowhow from outside The number of industry using modern technology in bakery, textiles, medicine, soap, vegetable oil, printing, plastics, metal and sugar are increasing Tele-communication and internet providers are using satellite based technology. Health related service industries are using highly sophisticated technology in Nepalese business and industrial sector, it still skill base for modern technology is low In highly skilled job mostly foreign laborers are used
- 12. Still labour intensive technology is used in Nepalese business sector Govt’s expenditure in research and development for technology is very less Nepalese export products are mainly in the form of raw material, it lacks competitiveness in different products which is sig of technological backwardness Despite of these significant changes most of Nepalese business firms and industries, companies a small and medium enterprises have not had reached even the level of efficient mastery. Nepalese business continue to use technologies at low levels of technical efficiency, lagging well behind international frontiers of productivity Nepalese business generally focuses on surveying local market with low price and low quality products, investing little in training in upgrading process or product technologies.
- 13. ISSUES Poor public understanding of Science and Technology. Lack of coordination and cooperation between science and technology organisations Less priority for R&D and state funding in S&T very low. Lack of integrated long term master plan for the development of science and technology Gaps between policies and practices and between planning and performances Technology development and transfer not institutionalised. Lack of economic development: No funding in R&D from the industrial and private sectors. Lack of minimum research facilities: Brain drain.
- 14. Science and Technology Policy 2005 Objectives To enhance national capability by developing and utilizing knowledge, skill and competence in the field of Science and Technology To contribute in the reduction of poverty by improving economic and social condition of the people at large through sustainable use of natural resources and means and conservation of the environment To take the nation in competitive advantage by utmost development of Science and Technology It focuses on: Infrastructure development Human resource development R & D
- 15. Vision: To build the country as a developed, To build the country as a developed, dynamic and prosperous state by dynamic and prosperous state by raising the living standards through raising the living standards through the appropriate development and use the appropriate development and use of science and technology.
- 16. Strategies To institutionalize the participation of stakeholders in the development o f s&T To mobilize available resources in maximum extent in S & T sector To encourage Universities, science institutes and individuals involved in research works and produce high level scientists by giving priority to S&T subjects To enhance the quality of hydrology and meteorology through the use of modern technology To integrate R&D works with competitive capacity development in the S&T sector.
- 17. Policies To use science and technology as a powerful means to increase production and productivity of the country. To create an environment for the maximum utilization of knowledge and skill of science and technology available in regional and international arena by promoting mutual cooperation with the bilateral, multilateral, regional and international organizations. To promote participation of private sector in the development of science and technology. To develop and mobilize skilled human resources . To extend the development of technology to the rural levels. To create a conducive environment to maintain high morale of the scientist and technologists and minimize the brain drain. To strengthen the organization’s capacity involved in research
- 18. IT Policy 2010 Vision "To place Nepal on the global map of information technology within the next five years.“ Objectives The information technology policy shall be formulated to achieve the following objectives: To make information technology accessible to the general public and increase employment through this means To establish knowledge-based industries To establish knowledge-based society
- 19. Strategies The govt shall act as a promoter, facilitator and regulator Priorty to R&D and extension of IT with private participation Develop competent manpower with public private participation Encourage foreign investment for IT development It shall be used to assist e- governance It industries shall be promoted Healty and competitive atmosphere among It service providers IT Education shall be incorporated in academic curriculum from school level
- 20. policy To declare IT sector as priority sector To adopt one window system for the development of IT To prioritize R&D in the field of IT To encourage private investment in IT sector To spread internet facilities in villages To computerize the system in all govt offices To use IT to promote e-commerce, e-education, e-health to transfer technology in rural areas
- 21. Impact of technological environment on the efficiency and competitiveness of Nepalese business Technological environment has revolutionized the ways Nepalese companies and business firm Even small business firms can implement technology and level the playing field with larger organization. Business organization use computers, servers, websites and personal digital product to develop competitive advantage in economic market place, which is the great impact of technological environment. Technological environment guides the business owners in implementing technology in their planning process and this allows owners to create operations using best technology available. Technology is able to constantly improving products and adding new features on it. Technological environments also informs the business firms regarding the technology adopted by rival companies. This may force the companies to upgrade their business to keep up with them
- 22. Technological environment has immense impact on research and development activities of business firms that may impose or enhance the features effectiveness of product or services. Technological environment helps the business firm to understand the changing attitudes and the expectation of customers. Nepalese business firms are able to engage in efficient production which lowered the unit cost of production and introduce new and better features or new innovation with the help of technology. Technology has created secure environment for maintaining sensitive business or consumer information in Nepalese business.
- 23. Common methods allow companies to saturate the economic market with their message. Business firms and industries increase their employee’s productivity through the use of technology. Technological environment allow Nepalese business to reach new economic market rather than just selling consumer goods and services in local market. Nepalese business can reach in international or globalized market. Speed of production in Nepalese business notice after the application of modern technology. Technology even brought accuracy in the production process. Because of modern technology, business is able to meet the requirement of WTO, BIMSTEC and other regional and world trade organization
- 24. Technology Transfer Issues Introduction Technology transfer is the use of knowledge and transfer of knowledge Transfer does not merely mean movement or delivery transfer can only happen if technology is used. it is application of technology and considered as process by which technology developed for one purpose is used either in a different application or by a new user. Technology transfer is usually considered as dissemination of information, matching technology with needs and creative adaptation of items for new uses. In many LDCs, the concept of technology has to be made clear among concerned stakeholders through organizing workshops and seminars.
- 25. As part of the modernization drive the country has opened to direct foreign investment and other types of technology transfer from abroad. Legally speaking the only law that governs technology transfer (from foreign countries) in Nepal is the Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act 1992, which has laid down the regulations and rules governing foreign investment and technology transfer. This Act defines technology transfer as any transfer of technology to be made under an agreement between an industry and a foreign investor on the following matters: a. Use of any technological right, specialization, formula, process, patent or technical know-how of foreign origin; b. Use of any trademark of foreign ownership; c. Acquiring any foreign technical, consultancy, management and marketing service
- 26. Most of the technology transferred to Nepalese industries in the past were in the form of turnkey plants to the state sector, financed through international aid and/or loans In the latter years, many large and medium-scale industries have been established with foreign collaboration in the private sector as well. This has taken place through a variety of mechanisms such as direct foreign investment via joint ventures, technical collaboration, import of machinery and equipment, technical assistance through human resources, etc. While these are more formal modes of technology transfer, a lot of technology gets transferred informally through books, journals, promotional literature and personal contacts. As many Nepalese industries, particularly in the small and cottage industry sector, use Indian machinery and equipment, the informal mode of technology transfer is more prevalent in such industrial units. It is difficult to find out, thus, not only the level and extent of informal technology transfer, but even the numbers of such units, as the details regarding technology transfer are not found in the government records. The only data available relating to technology transfer agreements are of the companies for which permission is sought under Foreign Investment and Technology Transfer Act.
- 27. Organizations involved in technology transfer and development Ministry of Science and Technology Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) Research Centre for Applied Science and Technology (RECAST) Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC) Technology Transfer and Development Project (TTDP), Ministry of Industry, Commerce and Supplies
- 28. Problems and issues of technology transfer in Nepalese Context There are a number of problems that hinder technology transfer and development in Nepal. Particularly important in this context is the information about the requirements for foreign technology in Nepalese industry and the problems associated with the transfer process, such as options, conditions, absorption and diffusion. 1. Lack of technology assessment mechanism: there is a lack of appropriate mechanism as well as human resources required for technology assessment and about the trend of technological change 2. Lack of technological infrastructure: Adaptation of imported technology and innovation of new technology is not happening in Nepalese industrial sector due to lack of R&D facilities 3. Lack of technical manpower : lack of adequately trained manpower for operation and maintenance of imported machinery
- 29. 4. Unavailability of spare parts 5. Policies and plans: FITTA seems to promote foreign investment rather than technology transfer. Except for the definition, the Act does not spell out about technology transfer process and facilities which could be instrumental in transferring and developing technology in the country. 6. Financial: Technology transfer and development is an area where lot of investment is needed because it requires adequate infrastructure and long duration to develop and test the technology
- 30. Natural environment in Nepal: Business activities are closely linked with the natural forces. In Nepal the natural environment is the source of many inputs needed by business to produce output. Natural environment also affect need and life style of people. Nepal is a mountainous country. It cover an area of 147181 square k.m. Major portion of area consisting of mountain and hill and remaining is occupied by flat land or tarai. In general the altitude of land is increase form south to north. The altitude is rise form 55 meter above sea level in tarai to 8848 m in the Himalayas.
- 31. Nepal extended about 885 km from east to west and it has average north to south width is 193 km. Nepal is land locked country between china and India. Nepal has access to sea via India. The rugged nature and terrain has constrained the development of transport facilities. This has increase the cost for business operation. Nepal has almost all climatic condition in the world. The biodiversity differs form region to region. Natural environment is the source of food supply, energy, recreation, medicine and industrial input.
- 32. Components of Natural environment of Nepal are: Forest: it is source of all wood based industries like paper, furniture. Medicinal herbs get obtained from forest. Forest provides food and shelter to birds and animals. Water: Minerals:
- 33. Energy situation in Nepal Energy is important for business operation. The sources of energy are traditional and commercial. The traditional sources consist fuel, wood, agricultural wastage and animal dung. They fulfill house hold energy needs. Commercial sources consist electricity, petroleum, coil etc. they derive the engine of modern economy. The structure of energy consumption in Nepal is heavily oriented towards the traditional resources.
- 34. Nepal has a critical shortage of energy. Demand of energy in Nepal is continuously increasing in a rapid rate as a result of rapid population growth and industrial expansion but energy production is still lagging behind. For economic growth and all-round development of a country more electricity plants are needed. Nepal is 100% depend on imports for petroleum product. Under an agreement India provide rapidly petroleum product. The consumption of petroleum products is continuously increasing. The demand for diesel, kerosene and L.P. Gas has increased significantly increased in Nepal.
- 35. To solve this critical shortage of energy some potential sources of energy are there in Nepal. A part form hydro-power. Coal : Dang Geothermal energy: It can be seen in the from hot spring found in different places. Mugs district, sindupalchok, dolakha, jumla Wind power: jumla, dolpa, mustang Solar energy: all the area of Nepal. Bio-gas energy: The wastage material are utilized in bio-gas plant to produce energy.
- 36. Energy Management Issues in Nepal Dominance of forestry sector Far below exploitation of energy sources High dependency on Petroleum products Poor access of the rural people Expensive energy