Erikson’s development theory
- 2. Erik Erikson: The Father of Psychosocial Development “Children love and want to be loved and they very much prefer the joy of accomplishment to the triumph of hateful failure. Do not mistake a child for his symptom” -Erik Erikson
- 3. Erik Erikson has made a contribution to the field of psychology with his developmental theory. He can be compared to Sigmund Freud in that he claimed that humans develop in stages. Erikson developed eight psychosocial stages in which humans develop through throughout their entire life span.Erik Homberger Erikson was born in 1902 near Frankfort, Germany to Danish parents. Erik studied art and a variety of languages during his school years, rather than science courses such as biology and chemistry. He did not prefer the atmosphere that formal schooling produced, so instead of going to college he traveled around Europe, keeping a diary of his experiences. After a year of doing this, he returned to Germany and enrolled in art school. After several years, Erikson began to teach art and other subjects to children of Americans who had come to Vienna for Freudian training. He was then admitted into the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute. In 1933 he came to the U.S. and became Boston's first child analyst and obtained a position at the Harvard Medical School. Later on, he also held positions at institutions including Yale, Berkeley, and the Menninger Foundation. Erikson then returned to California to the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Palo Alto and later the Mount Zion Hospital in San Francisco, where he was a clinician and psychiatric consultant. Erikson's interests were spread over a wide area. He studied combat crises in troubled American soldiers in World War II, child-rearing practices among the Sioux in South Dakota and the Yurok along the Pacific Coast, the play of disturbed and normal children, the conversations of troubled adolescents suffering identity crises, and social behavior in India. Erikson was also constantly concerned with the rapid social changes in America and wrote about issues such as the generation gap, racial tensions, juvenile delinquency, changing sexual roles, and the dangers of nuclear war.
- 4. Objectives: •Describe the eight stages of Erikson’s Theory of Development, •Differentiate the psychosocial crisis in different life stages and; •Value the importance of the virtue and maladaptation/malignancy in every stages of psycho- social development.
- 5. Life stages •Psychosocial crisis •Relationships/issues •Basic virtue •Maladaoptation/malignancy
- 6. Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Age (Years) Stage Psychosocial Crisis Psychosocial Strength Environmental Influence 1 Infancy Trust vs. Mistrust Hope Maternal 2-3 Early childhood Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Willpower Both parents or adult substitutes 3-6 Preschool Initiative vs. Guilt Purpose Parents, family and friends 6-11 Middle Childhood Industry vs. Inferiority Competence School 12-18 Adolescence Identity vs. Role confusion Fidelity Peers 18-40 Young adulthood Intimacy vs. Isolation Love Spouse, lover, friends 35-65 Middle adulthood Generativity vs. Stagnation Care Family, society Over 65 Old age Integrity vs. Despair Wisdom All humans
- 7. Stage 1. Infancy Birth to 18 months
- 8. Psychosocial crisis: Trust Vs. Mistrust Relationships: Mother Issues: Feeding and being comforted teething,sleeping Basic virtue: Hope and Drive Maladaptation: Sensory maladjustment Malignancy: Withdrawal
- 10. Stage 2. Early chilhood 18 months to 3 year
- 11. Psychosocial crisis: Autonomy Vs.shame and Doubt Relationships: Parents Issues: Bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking, toilet training Basic virtue: Willpower and self-control Maladaptation: Impulsivity Malignancy: Compulsion
- 13. Stage 3 . preschool 3 to 6 years
- 14. Psychosocial crisis: Initiative Vs. guilt Relationships: Family Issues: Exploration and discovery, adventure and play Basic virtue: Purpose and Direction Maladaptation: ruthlessness Malignancy: inhibition
- 16. Stages 4. School Age 6 to 11 years
- 17. Psychosocial crisis: Industry Vs. inferiority Relationships: School,teachers,friends,neighbourhood Issues: Achievement and accomplishment Basic virtue: Competence and method Maladaptation: Narrow Virtuosity Malignancy: Inertia
- 19. Stages 5. Adolescence 12 to 18 years
- 20. Psychosocial crisis: Industry Vs. Role confusion Relationships: Peers, group,influences Issues: Resolving identity and direction,becoming a grown-up Basic virtue: Fidelity and Devotion Maladaptation: Fanaticism Malignancy: Repudiation
- 22. 19 to 40 years Stages 6.Young Adulthood
- 23. Psychosocial crisis: Intimacy Vs.isolation Relationships: Lovers,Friends,Work connections Issues: Intimate relationshios, work and social life Basic virtue: Lover and Affiliation Maladaptation: Promiscuity Malignancy: Exclusivitty
- 25. Stages 7.Middle Adulthood 40 to 65years
- 26. Psychosocial crisis: Generativity Vs.Stagnation Relationships: Children, Community Issues: ‘Giving back’ helping contributing Basic virtue: Care and Production Maladaptation: Overextension Malignancy: Rejectivity
- 28. Stages 8. Old age Over 65years
- 29. Psychosocial crisis: Ego integrity Vs.Despair Relationships: Society, The world Issues: Meaning and purpose,life achivements Basic virtue: Wisdom and Renunciation Maladaptation: Presumption Malignancy: Disdain
- 31. Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Human Development 1 - Trust vs. mistrust 2 - Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3 - Initiative vs. guilt 4 - Industry vs. inferiority 5 - Identity vs. identity confusion 6 - Intimacy vs. isolation 7 - Generativity vs. stagnation 8 - Integrity vs. despair