Erikson's theory
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Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory proposes that social and emotional development occurs through eight stages across the lifespan. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis that focuses on finding a balance between two opposing forces. For example, the first stage focuses on trust vs mistrust in infancy. Successful completion of each stage results in healthy development and a foundation for future stages. Erikson's theory covers development from infancy to late adulthood.
Erikson's theory
- 1. Presented by: 1. Bijay Biswa 2. Dema Lhamo 3. Ganga Maya Rai Paro College of Education, Bhutan
- 3. Erikson‟s „psychosocial’ term is derived from the two source words – namely psychological or the root, „psycho’ relating to the mind, brain, personality etc. and „social’ or external relationships and environment, both at the heart of Erikson‟s theory.
- 4. Development proceeds in stages Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial challenge or crisis Stages reflect the motivation of the individual Erikson’s Psychosocial Development Theory
- 5. Erikson‟s Theory Erikson‟s view was that the social environment combined with biological maturation provides each individual with a set of “crises” that must be resolved. The individual is provided with a "sensitive period" in which to successfully resolve each crisis before a new crisis is presented. The results of the resolution, whether successful or not, are carried forward to the next crisis and provide the foundation for its resolution. His developmental theory of the "Eight Stages of Man" was unique in that it covered the entire lifespan rather than childhood and adolescent development.
- 6. Erik Erikson’s Eight Stages of Human Development 1 - Trust vs. mistrust 2 - Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 3 - Initiative vs. guilt 4 - Industry vs. inferiority 5 - Identity vs. identity confusion 6 - Intimacy vs. isolation 7 - Generativity vs. stagnation 8 - Integrity vs. despair
- 7. Erikson‟s Human Development Stages 1 - Trust vs. Mistrust 0–1 years 2 - Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt 1–3 years 3 - Initiative vs. Guilt 3–5 years Developed through consistent love and support Independence fostered by support and encouragement Developed by exploring and accepting challenges
- 8. Erikson‟s Human Development Stages 4 - Industry vs. Inferiority 6 years–puberty 5 - Identity vs. Role Confusion Adolescence Mastery comes from success and recognition Exploration of different paths to attain a healthy identity
- 9. Erikson‟s Human Development Stages 6 - Intimacy vs. Isolation Early adult years 7 - Generativity vs. Stagnation Middle Adulthood 8 - Integrity vs. Despair Late Adulthood Life review and retrospective evaluation of one’s past Form positive, close relationships with others Transmitting something positive to the next generation
- 10. Erikson‟s Human Development Stages • According to Erikson‟s life-span/psychosocial development theory, if a toddler is punished harshly or restrained severely, he or she will likely develop which trait? • During which of Erikson‟s stages is a person expected to focus his or her efforts on transmitting something positive to the next generation?
- 11. References • Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. New York: Norton. • Erikson, E. H. (1958). Young Man Luther. New York: Norton. • Erikson, E. H., Paul, I. H., Heider, F., & Gardner, R. W. (1959). Psychological issues (Vol. 1). International Universities Press. • Erikson, E. H. (Ed.). (1963). Youth: Change and challenge. Basic books. • Erikson, E. H. (1964). Insight and Responsibility. New York: Norton. • Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton.
- 12. The End