ESP materials development
- 2. A clarification of terms: curriculum and syllabus The terms curriculum and syllabus are sometimes used interchangeably, sometimes differentiated, and sometimes misused and misunderstood.
- 3. Stern (1983) Two senses of ‘curriculum’ • the substance of a programme of studies of an educational institution or system, such as the school curriculum, the university curriculum; • the course of study or content in a particular subject, such as the mathematics curriculum or the history curriculum, similar to the ‘syllabus’ for a given subject or course of studies.
- 4. Nunan (1988:3) • A curriculum is concerned with making general statements about language learning, learning purpose, and experience, and the relationship between teachers and learners. • A syllabus is more localized and is based on the accounts and records of what actually happens at the classroom level as teachers and students apply a curriculum to their situation.
- 5. Curriculum Society The State and the educational professionals Learners’ educational Experiences Contract With regard to
- 7. Brown’s view of curriculum development (Brown, 1995, p. 20) NeedsAnalysis E Objectives V A Testing L U Materials A T I Teaching O N
- 8. • Richards 2001describes curriculum development as: the range of planning and implementation processes involved in developing or renewing a curriculum Richards’ view of curriculum development can be summarised in the following Figure :
- 10. Curriculum Development Category Scope 1. Needs and situation analysis Primarily based on the learning needs of students, but also any factors in the environment that should be considered. 2. Setting of objectives Selection of appropriate objectives and the rationale for their selection 3. Assessment and testing Selection and development of suitable means of assessment 4. Planning and organization of the course/syllabus design Decisions about how best to deliver the course 5. Selection and/or development of materials Decisions about the most appropriate materials and/or creation of materials. 6. Planning for effective teaching Ensuring that appropriate conditions and support systems that promote effective teaching are in place. 7. Evaluation Evaluation of the above processes in terms of effectiveness and efficiency
- 11. • Syllabus design concerns the selection of the items to be learnt and the garding of these items into appropriate sequence • It is different from curriculum design since in the latter the designer is concerrned not just with lits of what will be taught and in what order but also the pla&nning the implementation evaluation and management and administartion of education programmes
- 12. • The syllabus designer has to balance the competing claims in any design process when making decisions about selecting and grading: learnability, frequency, coverage usefulness
- 13. • Learnability: Some structural or lexical items are easier for students to learn than others. • Frequency: especially at beginning levels it would make sense to include items which are more frequent in the language
- 14. • Coverage: some words and structures have greater coverage (scope for use) than others. • Usefulness: it is necessary to introduce items that are useful in given situations
- 15. In this paper • A syllabus is a specification of what takes place in the classroom, which usually contains the aims and contents of teaching and sometimes contains suggestions of methodology. • A curriculum, however, provides (1) general statements about the rationale about language, language learning and language teaching, (2) detailed specification of aims, objectives and targets learning purpose, and (3) implementation of a program.
- 16. The relationship between syllabus and materials In many parts of the world, language education programs are designed following a syllabus-driven approach, that is, the syllabus determines what kind of materials will be adopted and in what ways they will be exploited for the classroom teaching. In certain educational contexts, the syllabus even determines how materials should be designed in the first place.
- 17. An overview of types of syllabuses Grammatical syllabuses: The syllabus input is selected and graded according to grammatical notions of simplicity and complexity. These syllabuses introduce one item at a time and require mastery of that item before moving on to the next. Current trends in syllabus design
- 18. Lexical syllabuses: Lexical syllabuses identify a target vocabulary to be taught normally arranged according to levels such as the first 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 words.
- 19. Skills syllabuses: Skills syllabuses are organized around the different underlying abilities that are involved in using a language for purposes such as reading, writing, listening, or speaking.
- 20. Functional-notional syllabuses: In functional- notional syllabuses, the input is selected and graded according to the communicative functions (such as requesting, complaining, suggesting, agreeing) that language learners need to perform at the end of the language programme.
- 21. Content syllabuses: In content syllabuses, the content of language learning might be defined in terms of situations, topics, themes, or other academic or school subjects.
- 22. Task-based syllabuses: Task-based syllabuses are more concerned with the classroom processes which stimulate learning. These syllabuses consist of a list of specification of the tasks and activities that the learners will engage in in class in the target language.
- 23. Current trends in syllabus design • The co-existence of the old and the new • The emphasis on learning process • The inclusion of non-linguistic objectives in syllabus • The emergence of the multi-syllabus
- 24. Current trends in materials development • Materials themselves have evolved into much more complex objects. • Materials development has become a profession, a wider role division between materials producers and materials users.
- 25. • Commercial materials are designed in such a way so that they remove much of the teacher’s burden • Materials are not just tools, they represent the aims, values, and methods in teaching a foreign language.
- 26. • British and American publishers have too much power, and project cultural attitudes which may be inappropriate to the needs of the vast majority learners of English as a foreign language.
- 27. • Coursebook publishers expend a great deal of time, money and effort in promoting and securing the adoption of their commercial materials, which may otherwise disappear from the market. • Current materials tend to overburden the user with an embarrassment of riches (abundance of data).
- 28. Instructional Design & Course Planning: A Systemic Approach A systemic approach to course design and planning includes five (5) steps): 1. Analyzing: – The situational context of your course: • The conditions of your teaching situation • The characteristics of the students (both student organization and grouping) • The resources at your disposal
- 29. 2. Planning: – The course content – The course syllabus • The course objectives (Formulating your course and what your students will learn) • The student learning outcomes
- 30. 3. Conducting: – Selecting appropriate and effective teaching methods – Ongoing classroom assessment of your students’ learning 4. Assessing: 1. The course at mid-term 2. The course at the end of term
- 31. 5. Reflecting on your teaching Course design includes the following “Instructional Commonplaces” – Learner – Teacher – Subject matter – Social milieu (learning context) – Evaluation