Language and its components
- 2. Introduction Universal grammar Gennerative grammar Properties of generative grammar Generative defined Transformatinal rules defined Grammar Deep and surface stucture Structual ambiguity Labeled Tree diagrams Phrase structure rules Recursion Transformational rules conclusion
- 3. In the 1957 Avram Noam Chomsky published syntactic stuctures which turned out to be a landmark in the 20th centuries linguistics Chomsky put forward a grammar of language called `generative transformatinal grammar which differ fundamentally from behaviourism and structualism of the first-half of the 20th century He regards language faculty as a language organ He wants linguistics to be a real science
- 4. All human languages are structured in a remarkably similar ways Another remarkable fact about language is the apparent ease and speed with which children acquire it Chomsky believes that grammar is hard-wired in our brains
- 5. It has a very explicit system of rules specifying what combinations of basic elements would result in a well-formed sentences This explicit system of rules resembles the type of rules found in mathematics
- 6. it generates all the well-formed syntactic structures of language and it fails to generate any ill-formed structures (this is the all and the only criterion) The grammar will have a finite number of rules,but will be capable of generating an infinite number of well-formed structures the rules need the crusial property of recursion it should be able of revealing the basis of tow other phenomena,first how some superficially distinct sentences are closely related and second how some superficially similar sentences are in fact distinct
- 7. It is defined as model of scientific representation of such linguistic knowledge.i,e. it`s a formal and explicit characterization of what a native speaker know
- 8. Oxford dictionary defines generative as able to produce or productive Technically generative is used to mean a rule acting as base for element for a given set,linguistic rules are generative because it represents the knowledge of native speakers to produce sentences It is a process by which one constituent,such as a word or a phrase is adjoined or attached to another to form an extended constituent
- 9. It emphasized the reletionships among sentences that can be seen as transforms or transformations of each other for example among simple active declarative and negative … ect sentences It allows the speaker to convert basic kernel sentences into more elaborated dirived sentences as well as to arrange the element of the sentence into an acceptable form (well-formed sentences) It serves to link deep stucture to the surface structure It aims to to offer a logical,complete and self-consistent explanation of competence
- 10. Transformational grammar have tow kind of rules: those which specify how words should be combined to form sentences or phrases (phrase-structure rules)and those which specify how a sentence of one type can be converted into sentences of different type For example : phrase structure rules would construct the sentence Teresa hit the ball Chomsky showed that a transformational grammar was more efficient,since many sentences could be formed from other sentences using transformational rules .This not only made the phrase-structure rules more simple,but captured the fact that certain sentences (active/passive) seem to be related to each other
- 11. Tow superficially distinct sentences stuctures would for example Charlie broke the window and the window was broken by Charlie( traditionally: active/passive) this difference in superficial form disguises the fact that the tow sentences are closely related. The deep structure is an abstract level of structual interpretation in other words the absract inderlying interpretation of a sentence
- 12. A sentence has tow underlying interpretation which could be expressed in the deep structure ( sentences) Phrases can also be stuctually ambigious Grammar will have to be capable of showing the structural distinction between these underlying representations
- 13. Abbrivations for the grammatical categories involeved which are commomly used N= noun Art =article S = sentences Adv =adverb Pro =pronoun Prep = preposition Pp =prepositional phrase Vp =verbal phrase
- 14. .This structure it could be presented in a form of tree diagram which is also known as (tree structure,or phrase marker). .We consider ways of describing the structure of the sentence that basically constructed on the linear sequence of the constituent it is ,of course possible to show the same sequence in a more explicit way,hierarchically organized. .For example: the structure of the sentence John like ripe mangoes
- 15. Traditionally the tree diagram was treated as a static representation of the structure of the sentence however alternative is to treat the diagram as a dynamic format in a sense that it represents a way of genereting not only that one sentence,but a very large number of sentences with similar structure with only a small number of rules.
- 16. The phrase structure rules (as presented),have no recursive elements.Each time we remote a symbole from the left.we did not include it on the right side of any arrow We have to be able to repeat some symbols on the right side of the arrow,this is the essence of recursion
- 17. See these sentences: 1- George helped Mary yesterday 2-yesteray George helped Mary And: 1- Doobie picked up the magazine 2-Doobie picked the magazine up
- 18. Chomsky`s revolution came against the short comings of structualism because it concentrated too much on data and failed to proceed from the known and unknown and it feared theoretical intangibles TG model recognized the value of theory and the significance of what was going on the beneath the surface As any theory TG model was not free from limitations since it focused on idealize competence and it ignored performance
- 19. Thank you
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