The document discusses the role of the anti-church in the late 19th century. Rationalism, liberalism, and materialism were gaining popularity but were condemned by the Catholic Church in 1864. In 1869, the First Vatican Council was held to define Catholic doctrine and establish papal authority in response to these ideas. The Council proclaimed the infallibility of the Pope and raised questions about the authority of bishops, though this was not finalized until the Second Vatican Council in the 1960s.