Ethics of computing in research methodology and computers in marketing analysis

1
AL-AMEEN COLLEGE OF
PHARMACY
• THE ETHICS OF COMPUTING IN
PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH
• COMPUTERS IN MARKET ANALYSIS
SUBMITTED TO,
Dr. R. SUMA MAM
PHARMACEUTICS
DEPARTMENT
AL-AMEEN COLLEGE OF
PHARMACY
PRESENTED BY,
NITHYAA SHRI S
PHARMACEUTICS
DEPARTMENT
AL-AMEEN COLLEGE
OF PHARMACY

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CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Ethics
• Privacy
• Liability
• Ownership
• Power
• Computers in marketing research

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INTRODUCTION
• The pervasive nature of computing technology in modern life means that ethical considerations are
increasingly integral to discussions about how these systems are designed, implemented, and
utilized.
• The challenges and conflicts have been presented not only to the practitioner facing new problems
but also to the professional philosopher dealing with computer use at a conceptual level.
• As well, the challenges and conflicts are not only individual, often arising from practical experience,
but also collective, involving judgments regarding policy and procedure.
• These broad observations are no less true for the use of computers generally as for the use of
computers in pharmaceutical research.

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ETHICS
• Ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the behaviour of a group or individual.
• Likewise, computer ethics is set of moral principles that regulate the use of
computers. Computer ethics are just knowing the difference between ethical and
unethical.
• For example, while it is easy to duplicate copyrighted electronic (or digital) content,
computer ethics would suggest that it is wrong to do so without the authors approval.
• To examine the ethics of computing in pharmaceutical research, philosophers have
shown most interest with regard to computer ethics, namely, the issues of privacy,
liability, ownership, and power.

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ETHICAL ISSUE
1. Privacy
2. Liability
3.Ownership
4. Power

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PRIVACY
• The right to privacy is thought of as the right of individuals to
determine the nature, scope, and manner of information revealed about
themselves.
• Pharmaceutical researchers need not and ought not contribute to the
supply of information available about an individual. Furthermore, given
the advent and techniques of data mining, researchers should take
precautions and build prohibitors into research.
• Example for privacy issue is a right to privacy that protects the sick
individual' medical
• record from public release and that’s the issue of privacy.

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LIABILITY
Among the topics related to liability and computer use in general are
legal liability, the duty of honesty, the nature of contracts,
misrepresentation, express and implied warranties, and negligence.
Several pharma companies, for example, Eli Lilly and Company, have
said that their research will be made public so people may view the
work and come to their own judgments about the efficacy of a drug.
• In the case of software written specifically for a certain research
purpose, the liability may not fall exclusively on the software provider.
• In those situations, it is the duty of the researcher to be very clear in
knowing and stating his or her purposes to the programmer.

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• In addition to the increased precision in the communication between the researcher
and the programmer, there will be an increase in the accuracy of the data involved in
the research.
If the right to privacy demands protection, then there may need to be strict limits on
who has access to programs, especially programs involving research.
• So, not only is there a need for technological "blockers" to protect against
intrusions into programs, po1icy ana procedure must strictly limit access to programs.

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OWNERSHIP
• Various devices have been used to encapsulate and resolve the question of
ownership of software. and, of course, the question of ownership is circumscribed
by the right to property.
• Devices such as copyrights, patents, encryption, trade secrets, and oaths of
confidentiality and standard virtues like trustworthiness and loyalty have been tried
to protect ownership and the right to property.
• In short, not only is there a need to communicate between the researcher and the
programmer for the sake of accuracy and liability, there is a need to resolve the
issue of property rights, too.

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POWER
• Power as a crucial matter in the development of computer ethics.
• "Power" may broadly be construed as any capacity.
• This power will impact human life especially in the area of politics, socialisation and
• law. Therefor limits must be placed on technology and its development. This debate surrounding
computer that they effect society demands the attention to be paid to this area.
• Although these are the four common issues in computer ethics: privacy, liability, ownership, and
power one can consider three ethical frameworks in examining ethical conflicts: rights (of
individuals), justice (fairness), and consequentialism (utility).
• Therefore, researchers who use computer technology in pharmaceutical research must be aware
of the issues of computer ethics in addition to other issues of conducting pharmaceutical research.

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COMPUTER IN MARKET ANALYSIS

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INTRODUCTION
• A market analysis is a quantitative and qualitative assessment of a market.
• It looks into the size of the market both in volume and in value, the various
customer segments and the economic buying patterns, environment in terms of
barriers to entry and regulation.
• Competition, and Computerized marketing facilitates the collection and
dissemination of current market information.
• Computer aided marketing was first used in Agriculture for trading cotton in Texas
and Oklahoma in 1975.

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HOW COMPUTERS ARE USED IN
MARKETING?
• Web based promotion
• Market research
• Creating advertisement on media
• Distribution

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Marketing Information Systems (Mis):
A planned, computational-based system designed to provide streamlined decision-
making information related to their area of responsibility. Continuously monitors the
marketing environment and provides immediate information.
Marketing Decision Support Systems (MDSS):
The Marketing Decision Support System (MDSS) is a decision maker affiliate
marketing information system component associated with the associated information
and analysis tools. To develop raw data is useful information for decision making
process.

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AIMS AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY
• (1) to assess the pros and cons of computer-assisted data Collections in possible
samples based on methodical studies published Date,
• (2) to collect information about the survey of drug use agents EMCDA country
using computer-assisted data collection system.

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• a) Cost reduction and increased time efficiency.
• b) Error reduction
• c) Representation, sample and recruitment mode
• d) Self sufficiency benefits and disadvantages:
• e) Ethical, legal and security issues
A. Online collect the data: Online data collections are easy to do because they are cheap and
quick, good online surveys are increasingly difficult to carry out due to over-surveying of the
Internet population, low response rates and sample biases (Couper, 2000).[5]
Use of a computer may
create an atmosphere that the respondent perceives as impersonal and nonjudgmental, fostering a
greater sense of privacy [6],
thereby reducing inhibitions and the tendency to respond in a socially
desirable manner.

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B) MIXED MODE SURVEY
‐
• Diverse Data Collection: Mixed-mode surveys combine various methods (e.g., online, mail,
phone) to effectively target specific subgroups and gather a wide range of responses, enhancing
data richness.
• Mitigating Limitations: This approach helps address challenges such as lower internet access
in certain demographics, ensuring more inclusive representation in research findings.
• Response Rate Optimization: A critical focus in mixed-mode design is understanding how
different factors affect overall response rates, which is essential for improving participation and
the quality of data collected.

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• Dellman (2007) distinguishes five types of mixed-mode surveys, each with distinct objectives and
methodologies:
• Same Data Collection, Different Modes: Utilizing various data collection methods (e.g., online, phone) for
the same set of respondents to enhance data richness.
• Same Panel Data Collection: Gathering data from a consistent panel to reduce costs and improve response
rates, though this may introduce measurement differences over time.
• Different Data from Same Respondent: Collecting varied data points from the same individual across
different periods to track changes and reduce research costs.
• Comparative Data from Different Populations: Gathering data from different groups to facilitate
comparisons, typically leading to cost efficiencies.
• Single Mode with Supplementary Support: Using one primary mode for data collection while leveraging
another mode to increase coverage and reduce non-response rates without significant negative consequences.

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REFERENCES
• Computer-Based Marketing Analysis: A Review Manohar D. Kengar*,
AshaM.Jagtap, Akshata S. Gavade, Ganesh B. Vambhurkar, Mangesh A. Bhutkar
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237049900_Computer-based_support_for_marketin
g_strategy_development
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280563995_Computer_Ethics

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