Evolved not engineered: a systems neurobiology
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The document discusses how biological systems evolve complex gene interactions and networks in response to environmental pressures, rather than being engineered like machines, using examples from neuroscience research on fruit flies, squid, and fish to illustrate how neural systems respond to stimuli in variable and adaptive ways. It also examines theories of how biological systems achieve robustness through degeneracy and maintain behavioral variability through multiple learning systems that balance exploitation and exploration.
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Evolved not engineered: a systems neurobiology
- 1. Evolved not engineered: a systemsneurobiologyBjörn Brembshttp://brembs.netFreie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie – NeurobiologieKönigin-Luise Str. 28/30, 14195 Berlin, Germany. Email: bjoern@brembs.net, phone: +49 (0)30 838 55050, fax: +49 (0)30 838 55455
- 2. Systems BiologyBjörn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin, http://brembs.net2Lee Hood‘s Automobile Paradigm
- 3. Gene NetworksEngineeredsystemsentailstablenetworkinteractionsBjörn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin, http://brembs.net3 M. Costanzo et al., Science 327, 425-431 (2010)
- 5. How Stable Are Gene Interactions?Phenotypeofthetemperature sensitive Syntaxin-1A (Syx1A) mutant:Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin, http://brembs.net5% standingtime39°C25°Cvan Swinderen & Greenspan (2005)
- 6. Screening forsyxSuppressorsIsolating mutants extending the time standing at 39°C over Syx1ABjörn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie - Neurobiologie. http://brembs.net6Syx-+% standingSyx-Sup+ +time at 39°Cvan Swinderen & Greenspan (2005)
- 7. Quantifying Gene InteractionsIn thewildtypebackground…Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Biologie - Neurobiologie. http://brembs.net7expectedobservedSup1Sup2+ +Sup1Sup2+ +…and in theSyx-backgroundSyx-+% standingSyx- +time at 39°Cvan Swinderen & Greenspan (2005)
- 8. A Gene Interaction Matrix The genematrix in WT background8The genematrix in Syx-backgroundprevious interactionpositive interactionmissing interactionnegative interactionreversed signnew interaction
- 10. Octopamine and Insect FlightOA isthe relevant amineFlies without OA fly wellFlies withblocked TA receptorsfly wellFlies without OA and TA do notfly wellBjörn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin, http://brembs.net10Brembs et al. (2007)
- 11. Robustness by Degeneracy30% ofmurineandupto 50% ofyeastgene knock-outsarewithoutphenotype.redundantdegenerate
- 21. PredictabilityBeing predictable is not evolutionary stable
- 22. DegreesofPredictabilityEvokedFixed stimulus/responseatfixedlatencye.g. reflexMixedComplexstimuli/variable actionsBehavioralsetEndogenousevokedresponsesClosedloopPredictabilitySpontaneousActivityindependentofsensoryinpute.g. explorationStimulus-responsecoupling
- 23. Degreesof EfficiencyEvokedFixed stimulus/responseatfixedlatencye.g. reflex/ EfficiencyMixedComplexstimuli/variable actionsBehavioralsetEndogenousevokedresponsesClosedloopPredictabilitySpontaneousActivityindependentofsensoryinpute.g. explorationStimulus-responsecoupling
- 24. Psychological ChallengeResponseAction13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin24
- 25. Ecological ChallengeExploitationExploration13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin25
- 26. Evolutionary ChallengeOptimalityFlexibility13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin26
- 27. Reafferent Feedback13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin27
- 28. General brainfunctionAction – Outcome Evaluation
- 29. Drosophila Turning13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin29Behavioralvariability in a constantstimulussituation:Actions, not responses
- 30. Drosophila Turning13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin30Behavioralvariability in a constantstimulussituation:Actions, not responses
- 31. Choice or Noise?Decisionsor just noise in complexstimulus-responsesystems?
- 32. Choice or Noise?13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin32Maye et al. (2007) PLoSOneGeometric Random Inner Products: GRIP
- 33. Choice or Noise?13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin33correlationnonlinearityMaye et al. (2007) PLoSOneNonlinear (choice)Linear/stochastic (noise)
- 34. Choice or Noise?Maye et al. (2007) PLoSOne13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin34
- 35. Choice or Noise?Nonlineardecision-makingsystem underlies spontaneity in flies
- 37. Pursuit-evasioncontests& competition (courtship, predator-prey, territoriality, chess, sports etc.)
- 39. Detectionofre-afferent signals in thesensorystream (trytotickleyourself!) -> operant behavior/learning
- 40. Reafferent Feedback13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin40
- 41. BehavioralVariability13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin41
- 42. BehavioralOutcomesoperantselfclassicalworld13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin42
- 43. Operant conditioning13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin43
- 44. Action - Outcome EvaluationBrembs & Plendl (2008) CurrentBiologyrut-AC dependentSynapticPlasticityProtein Kinase Cworldself13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin44
- 45. ConservationPKC but not rut-AC involved in Aplysiaself-learningAplysiacalifornicaF. Lorenzetti, D. Baxter, J. Byrne (2008): Neuron 59, 815-828
- 46. Action – Outcome EvaluationFoxP2Language learning
- 47. 13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin47FoxPisNecessaryforSelf-Learning
- 48. PKC/FoxPrequiredforSelf-LearningFoxPPKCNot requiredNot requiredRequiredRequired13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin48
- 49. Two Components13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin49
- 51. Evolutionary DilemmaExploitationExploration13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin51
- 52. Multiple Learning Systems13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin52
- 53. From Exploration toExploitationBrembs (2009)
- 54. Reciprocal, Hierarchical InteractionsFacilitation:Learning-by-doingInhibition:Regulateshabitformation/generalization :ExploitationExploration13.07.2010Björn Brembs, Freie Universität Berlin54
- 55. General FLY brainfunctionAction – Outcome Evaluation
- 56. Gáspár JékelyAncestral: Stimulus-Response?Max Planck Institute for Developmental BiologyPhototaxisPolychaete: Platynereisdumerilii
- 57. Ancestral: Stimulus-Response?PhototaxisStimulus – ResponseSensoryneurons – CiliatedcellsPolychaete: Platynereisdumerilii
- 58. Phototaxis: Stimulus-Response?Behavior (action)Stimuli inhibitormodulateactionResult: PhototaxisG Jékelyet al.Nature456, 395-399 (2008) doi:10.1038/nature07590
- 60. The Default Mode NetworkThe limitingfactor in theevolutionofbrainsize was energysupply60
- 61. The Default Mode NetworkThe limitingfactor in theevolutionofbrainsize was energysupply61The additional energyburdenassociatedwith […] theenvironmentmaybeaslittleas .5-1.0% ofthe total energybudget.Marcus Raichle (2006): Science314, p1249
- 63. The Engineering Approach toBiologyCan beseenasanalogoustoNewtonianMechanics in physics
- 64. Standing on the shoulder of giants…Teachers & CollaboratorsFlight performance:Carsten DuchFrauke ChristiansenJochen PflügerFly learning:Wolfgang PlendlJan WienerNatalie Hempel de IbarraTroy ZarsReinhard WolfMartin HeisenbergTeachers:Martin Heisenberg
- 65. Jack Byrne
- 66. Randolf Menzel
- 67. Bernard Balleine
- 68. Ralph Greenspan
- 69. George Sugihara
- 70. Bill Kristan
- 71. David Glanzman
- 72. Eric Kandel
- 73. Jochen Pflüger
- 74. Ed Kravitz
- 75. Richard Morris
- 76. Hans-Peter Lipp
- 77. David Wolfer
- 78. Barry Keverne
- 79. KlaudeWeiss
- 80. Cathy RankinAplysiaconditioning:Fred LorenzettiRiccardo MozzachiodiVuHyunElizabeth WilkinsonFredy ReyesJack ByrneAplysiaimaging:Quentin GaudryWilliam KristanFly spontaneity:Alexander MayeZacHsiehGeorge SugiharaFly aggression:Britta WittekAndrea BaierEd KravitzFly attention:Bruno van Swinderen