Expectorant and Emetics
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This document discusses expectorants and emetics. It describes expectorants as agents that enhance sputum secretion from the respiratory tract and are used to treat cough. Expectorants are classified as sedative or stimulant based on their mechanism of action. Sedative expectorants irritate the stomach to stimulate gastric reflux, while stimulant expectorants directly or indirectly stimulate respiratory secretory cells. Potassium iodide and ammonium chloride are discussed as examples of expectorant drugs. Emetics induce vomiting and act by stimulating the chemoreceptor trigger zone or irritating the GI tract. Copper sulfate is provided as an example of an emetic drug and its properties and uses are summarized.
Expectorant and Emetics
- 2. EXPECTORANT These are the agents which enhance the secretion of sputum from trachea, bronchi or lungs and hence they are used in treatment of cough. OR They are also defined as agent that facilitates the removal of broncho-pulmonary mucus secretion membrane.
- 3. CLASSIFICATION OF EXPECTORANTS Based on MOA they are categorized into two types: 1. Sedative expectorants 2. Stimulant expectorants
- 4. 1. SEDATIVE EXPECTORANTS These are stomach irritants which are able to produce their effect through stimulation of gastric reflux. E.g. bitter drugs as Ipecac, senega, and compounds such as antimony potassium tartarate, ammonium chloride, potassium iodide.
- 5. 2. STIMULANT EXPECTORANTS Expectorants which bring about stimulation of secretory cells of the respiratory tract directly or indirectly since these drugs stimulates secretion , more fluid gets produced in respiratory tract and hence sputum is diluted. E.g. Eucalyptus oil, Lemon, Anise and Terpine oil.
- 6. POTASSIUM IODIDE Mol. Formula_ KI Mol. Weight_ 166 gm Synonyms_ Potide, Kalli Iodidum Standard_ It contain not less than 99% KI with reference to a dried basis MOP_ a) Laboratory Method b) Industrial Method
- 7. A)LABORATORY METHOD Prepared by treating slight excess of iodine with a hot aqueous solution of Potassium hydroxide. The pale yellow solution is evaporated to dryness and residue is heated with charcoal to reduce iodate to iodide. 6KOH + 3I2 KIO3 + 5KI + 3H2O KIO3 + 3C KI+ 3CO
- 8. B) INDUSTRIAL METHOD It can be prepared by using potassium carbonate and iron fillings. Iron filling are agitated in the iodine solution to form ferro ferric iodide which on further boiling with conc. solution of potassium carbonate gives potassium iodide. 4Fe + 5I2 2FeI2.FeI3 FeI2.FeI3 + 4K2CO3 8KI + FeO.FeO3 + 4CO2
- 9. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES White granular powder Slightly hygroscopic in nature Taste is saline and slight bitter Soluble in water, glycerin and alcohol On exposure to air, it become yellow
- 10. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 1. With silver nitrate it gives yellow ppt of silver iodide KI + AgNO3 AgI (yellow) + KNO3 2. Iodine ion gets oxidised to iodine when treated with oxidising agents 2I I + 2e-
- 11. Storage condition- It should be stored in well closed container Incompatibillity- It is incompatible with salt of iron, bismuth, mercury, potassium chlorate and alkaloidal salts. Uses- 1. As an expectorant 2. Act as source of iodine and potassium 3. In treatment of goiter 4. Use as saline diuretics 5. As anti-fungal agent in veterinary practices
- 12. AMMONIUM CHLORIDE Molecular Formula-NH4CI Molecular weight- 53.49g Synonyms- Salmiac, Amchlor Standard- contains NLT 99.5% of ammonium chloride calculated with reference to dried substance Method of Preparation- 1. By neutralizing hydrochloric acid with ammonia NH3+ HCI NH4CI 2. By ammonium sulphate with sodium chloride 2NaCl + (NH4)2SO4 2NH3+2HCl+Na2SO4 2NH3+ 2HCl 2NH4CI
- 13. Physical Properties- 1. White, fine crystalline powder 2. Odourless and cooling saline taste 3. Hygroscopic in nature 4. Freely soluble in water but slightly soluble in alcohol Chemical properties- In its vapour form, it dissociate in ammonia and hydrochloric acid NH4CI NH3+ HCI
- 14. Storage condition- It should be stored in well closed container Uses- 1. As Expectorant 2. As Diuretics 3. As systemic Acidifier
- 15. EMETICS Emetics are the agents which when administered orally or by injection induce induce the vomiting Mechanism of action- 1. By stimulation of chemoreceptor trigger zone 2. By refluxly producing irritation on g.i.t. tract
- 16. COPPER SULPHATE Molecular formula- CuSO4.H2O Molecular weight- 249.7 g Synonym- Blue vitriol, Cupric sulphate Standard- contains NLT 98.5% and NMT 100.5% calculated with reference to the dried substance Physical properties- 1. Deep blue crystals of pentahydratein granules or powder form 2. soluble in water insoluble in alcohol 3. Acidic in nature
- 17. METHOD OF PREPARATION Two step reaction- 1. Copper granules are heated with sulphur, a mixture of copper sulphate and cupric oxide is obtained. Solution is filtered to separate copper sulphate crystals. 2. in second step residue CuO is again treated with dil. Sulphuric acid to convert into copper sulphate. 3Cu + S CuSO4+2CuO dil.HCI 2CuSO4.H2O
- 18. STORAGE CONDITION- It must be protected from air, heat and moisture Incompatibility- It has been incompatible with alkalis, phosphates, propylene glycol sulphathiaole
- 19. USES- used as an emetic Use as chemical antidote in phosphorus poisoning Externally used as astringents and fungicidal As an ingredient in Benedicts and Fehling's reagents Use in preparation of absolute alcohol
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