Expenditure ed

Education
Expenditures
The State of Education Series
February 2013
A Global Report

Contents
This presentation includes analysis of:
 Share of GDP for education expenditures
 Share of total government expenditures for education
 Per student education expenditures for
primary, secondary and tertiary education as a share of
GDP per capita
 Recurrent expenditures as a share of total education
expenditures
 A Country Education Expenditure Profile of Benin

Acronyms
Acronym Name
EAP East Asia and the Pacific
ECA Europe and Central Asia
LAC Latin American and the Caribbean
MNA Middle East and North Africa
SAS South Asia
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa
GER Gross Enrollment Rate
NER Net Enrollment Rate
PCR Primary Completion Rate
GDP p.c. Gross Domestic Product per capita

Share of GDP
for Education
Expenditures

Which countries spend the least on
education as a share of GDP?
 These countries spend
less than 2.5% of GDP
on education.
 All income groups are
represented in this list
from Monaco and
Liechtenstein (high
income) to Myanmar,
CAR, Eritrea, and
Bangladesh (low
income).
 Low spending as a % of
GDP resulted in net
enrolment rates ranging
from 35.6% to 94.9%.
 Six of 8 countries (with
data) have primary net
enrolment rates higher
than 85%.
10 Countries with the Lowest
Share of GDP for Education
(2006-2012)
% of GDP
for Edu
GDP p.c.
Current $
Net Enrolment
Rate. Primary
1 Myanmar 0.78
2 Monaco 1.21 172,676
3 Central African Rep. 1.25 483 68.5
4 Zambia 1.35 1,425 91.4
5 Lebanon 1.56 9,904 94.9
6 Sri Lanka 2.06 2,835 94.0
7 Liechtenstein 2.11 134,915 93.5
8 Eritrea 2.13 482 35.6
9 Dominican Rep. 2.19 5,530 89.4
10 Bangladesh 2.23 735 86.3
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013
Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Black is
2011; Green in 2009; Blue is 2008; Red is 2007; Beige is 2006;
Data were not available for 55 of 214 countries.

Which countries spend the most on
education as a share of GDP?
10 Countries with the Highest
Share of GDP for Education
(2006-2012)
% of GDP
for Edu
GDP p.c.
Current $
Net Enrolment
Rate. Primary
1 Lesotho 13.0 1,106 73.4
2 Cuba 12.9 5,397 98.2
3 Timor-Leste 10.1 896 85.3
4 Denmark 8.7 59,684 95.4
5 Moldova 8.6 1,967 87.8
6 Djibouti 8.4 1,203 51.7
7 Namibia 8.3 5,293 85.1
8 Cyprus 7.9 30,670 98.7
9 Botswana 7.8 8,680 87.1
10 Iceland 7.8 44,072 99.0
2011; Blue is 2010; Green in 2009; Purple is 2008; Maroon is 2007;
 The highest spending
countries spent
between 8 and 13
percent of GDP on
education.
 Three countries –
Denmark, Iceland,
and Cyprus – have
high GDP and spend
a high percentage of
it on education.
 Primary net
enrolment rates for
the highest spending
countries range from
52% to 99%. Eight
countries have NERs
higher than 85% and
3 are higher than
98%.

Public Education Expenditure
as % of GDP
(2006-2012)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2013
Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any
other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any
judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The maps are for reference only.

Which countries have increased
expenditures as a % of GDP the most?
 These countries
have increased their
education
expenditures as a %
of GDP by 2.2 to 5
percentage points
over time.
 Solomon Islands
and Ecuador have
both more than
doubled their
education spending.
Comoros was close
to doubling its
spending.
 35% of the 138
countries with data
decreased
education
expenditures over
time.
10 Countries with Large Increases in
Education Expenditure as a % of GDP
(2006-2012)
Percentage
Points
Increased
% of GDP
1999-
2002
Most
current %
of GDP
%
Increased
1 Solomon Islands 5.0 2.2 7.3 223.5
2 Ecuador 3.9 1.0 4.9 399.5
3 Comoros 3.8 3.8 7.6 99.6
4 Cuba 3.3 9.6 12.9 34.3
5 Moldova 3.1 5.5 8.6 56.0
6 Congo, Rep. 3.0 3.2 6.2 93.9
7 Burundi 2.9 3.2 6.1 91.0
8 Nicaragua 2.9 3.1 6.0 92.1
9 Swaziland 2.4 5.1 7.4 46.3
10 Ireland 2.2 4.3 6.5 52.9
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013;
Notes: Data were not available for 76 of 214 countries.

 Low levels of
education spending as
a % of GDP do not
necessarily lead to low
primary net enrolment
rates (NER).
 Cambodia spends
2.6% of GDP on
education and has a
98% primary NER
while Liberia spends
only slightly more
(2.7%) and has a
40.8% NER.
 High levels of
spending also do not
necessary lead to high
enrolment rates:
Djibouti spends 8.4%
of GDP on education
but has a 51.7% NER.
R² = 0.017
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
NetEnrollmentRate.Primary
Public expenditure on education as % of GDP
Djibouti
Eritrea
Liberia
Lesotho
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013; Notes: Data is for the
most recent year between 2006 and 2012. Data were not available for 71 countries.
Cuba
Do high levels of education spending
result in high primary enrolment rates?

Which countries have high enrollment
rates with lower spending?
10 Countries with Low Spending
for High Primary Enrolment Rates
(2006-2012)
% of GDP
for Edu
GDP p.c.
Current $
Net Enrolment
Rate. Primary
1 Cambodia 2.6 900 98.2
2 Georgia 2.7 3,203 98.1
3 Turkey 2.9 10,498 98.9
4 Uruguay 2.9 13,866 99.5
5 Japan 3.8 45,903 100.0
6 Iran, Islamic Rep. 4.7 4,526 99.8
7 Rwanda 4.8 583 98.7
8 Ecuador 4.9 4,569 98.6
9 Spain 5.0 32,244 99.7
10 Korea, Rep. 5.0 22,424 98.6
2011; Blue is 2010; Green in 2009; Purple is 2008;
 These countries have
primary net
enrolment rates
higher than 98% with
education spending
between 2.6 and 5%
of GDP.
 Rwanda and
Cambodia are low
income countries with
low spending and
high enrolment rates.
 Cuba also has a high
enrolment rate
98.2%, but uses
12.9% of GDP on
education.

 Most countries spend
between 2.5% and 7%
of GDP on
education, but results
from similar levels of
spending vary greatly.
 Zambia spends 1.3%
of GDP on education
and has a 103%
Primary Completion
Rate (PCR) while
CAR spends 1.2%
and has a 43% PCR.
 High levels of
primary completion
rates: Lesotho, the
highest
spender, spends 13%
of GDP on education
but has a 70% PCR.
result in high primary completion rates?
R² = 0.001
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0
PrimaryCompletionRate.Total
Public expenditure on education as % of GDP
Djibouti
Eritrea
CAR
Lesotho
Cuba
Chad
Timor-Leste

Which countries have high
completion rates with low spending?
and High Primary Completion
Rates
(2006-2012)
% of GDP
for Edu
GDP p.c.
Current $
Primary
Completion
Rate (%)
1 Myanmar 0.8 103.6
2 Monaco 1.2 172,676 132.2
3 Zambia 1.3 1,425 103.3
4 Sri Lanka 2.1 2,835 100.8
5 Liechtenstein 2.1 134,915 111.1
6 Georgia 2.7 3,203 116.2
7 Turkey 2.9 10,498 100.4
8 Uruguay 2.9 13,866 104.4
9 Indonesia 3.0 3,495 108.8
10 Kazakhstan 3.1 11,245 108.2
primary completion
rates higher than
98% with education
spending between
0.8 and 3.1% of
GDP.
 All countries have
PCRs higher than
100% likely because
of over/under-aged
students entering the
last grade of primary
for the first time.
 Myanmar is the only
low income country
on the list.

Share of Total
Government
Expenditures
for Education

education as a share of total
expenditures?
 These countries spend
less than 10% of total
public expenditures on
the education sector.
The average spending
of all countries with
data is 15.4%.
 All these countries
(with data) have
enrolment rates higher
than 85%.
 Low spending as a
share of total
expenditures resulted
in primary completion
rates ranging from 47%
(Angola) to 132%
(Monaco).
10 Countries with the Lowest Share
of Total Expenditures for Education
(2006-2012)
% of Total
Exp. for
Education
Net Enrolment
Rate. Primary
Primary
Completion
Rate (%)
1 Lebanon 7.1 94.9 87.0
2 Qatar 7.1 94.0 95.8
3 Georgia 7.7 98.1 116.2
4 Monaco 8.1 132.2
5 Sri Lanka 8.1 94.0 100.8
6 Timor-Leste 8.1 85.3 65.5
7 Zimbabwe 8.3
8 Angola 8.5 85.7 46.6
9 Congo, Dem. Rep. 8.9 58.7
10 Italy 9.1 97.4 103.2
Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available:
Black is 2011; Blue is 2010; Green in 2009; Red is 2008;

10 Countries with the Highest Share
of Total Expenditures for Education
(2006-2012)
% of Total
Exp. for
Education
Net Enrolment
Rate. Primary
Primary
Completion
Rate (%)
1 Solomon Islands 34.0 86.8
2 Oman 31.1 96.6 107.0
3 Benin 27.8 89.1 75.3
4 Nicaragua 26.4 92.5 80.9
5 Morocco 25.7 95.7 89.3
6 Ethiopia 25.4 86.5 64.0
7 Cote d'Ivoire 24.6 61.5 58.6
8 Ghana 24.4 82.1 99.1
9 Burundi 24.1 89.7 62.1
10 Senegal 24.0 75.7 62.8
2011; Blue is 2010; Green in 2009; Red is 2008; Beige is 2006;
 The highest spending
countries spend more
than 24% of total
expenditures on
education.
 Primary enrolment rates
for the highest spending
countries range from
61% (Cote d’Ivoire) to
97% (Oman).
 Only Ghana and Oman
have primary
completion rates higher
than 90%.
 Despite high spending,
at least 1/4 of students
in five of these countries
are not completing
primary school.
education as a share of total
expenditures?

Public Education Expenditure as %
of Total Government Expenditure
(2006-2012)

Which countries have increased
education expenditures the most?
 These countries
have increased their
share of total
expenditures for the
education sector by
6 to 12 percentage
points over time.
 The Gambia has
more than doubled
its spending as a %
of total expenditures
 Over half (55.8%) of
the countries with
data decreased
spending on
education over time.
10 Countries with Large Increases in
Education Expenditure as a % of Total
Expenditures
Percentage
Points
Increased
% of Total
Exp in
1999-2002
Most
current % of
Total Exp
%
Increased
1 Ethiopia 11.6 13.8 25.4 84.5
2 Nicaragua 11.2 15.2 26.4 73.6
3 Benin 11.1 16.6 27.8 66.8
4 Burundi 11.1 13.0 24.1 85.3
5 Gambia, The 10.8 9.0 19.7 120.6
6 Oman 8.5 22.7 31.1 37.4
7 Brunei Darussalam 7.8 9.1 16.9 84.8
8 Panama 7.0 7.7 14.8 91.0
9 Nepal 6.3 14.0 20.2 44.9
10 Tunisia 6.2 16.5 22.7 37.7

 Low levels of
education spending as
a % of total
expenditures do not
rates (NER). The four
lowest spenders have
NERs higher than
94%.
 Georgia spends 7.7%
on education and has
a 98% primary NER
while Cote d’Ivoire
spends 24.6% and
has a 61.5% NER.
result in higher primary enrolment rates?
R² = 0.035
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
NetEnrollmentRate.Primary
Public expenditure on education as % of total
government expenditure
Djibouti
Cote d'Ivoire
Liberia
Solomon
Islands
Oman
CAR

Which countries have high enrollment
rates with low spending?
for High Primary Enrolment Rates
(2006-2012)
% of Total
Exp. For
Education
Net Enrolment
Rate. Primary
1 Georgia 7.7 98.1
2 Japan 9.4 100.0
3 France 10.4 98.5
4 Spain 10.8 99.7
5 United Kingdom 11.3 99.5
6 Netherlands 11.5 99.8
7 Uruguay 11.6 99.5
8 Portugal 11.6 99.2
9 Mongolia 11.9 98.6
10 Belgium 12.2 98.9
primary net
enrolment rates
higher than 98% with
education spending
between 7.7 and 12%
of total expenditures.
 Japan and Georgia
spend less than 10%
of total expenditures
on education and
have achieved
universal primary
education.
 Tunisia also has a
high enrolment rate
(98.5%), but uses
22.7% of total
expenditures on
education.

 Seven countries
spend less than 9%
on education; Those
countries have
primary completion
rates (PCRs) ranging
from 47% (Angola) to
132% (Monaco). Low
spending does not
completion rates.
 High levels of
completion rates:
Benin, the 2nd highest
spender, spends 28%
of govn’t expenditure
on education but has
a 75% PCR.
result in higher primary completion rates?
R² = 0.056
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0
PrimaryCompletionRate.Total
Public expenditure on education as % of total
government expenditure
Djibouti
CARAngola
Benin
Monaco
Chad
Ethiopia
Georgia
Oman

Which countries have high
completion rates with low spending?
10 Countries with Low Spending for
High Primary Completion Rates
(2006-2012)
% of Total
Exp. For
Education
Primary
Completion Rate
(%)
1 Georgia 7.7 116.2
2 Sri Lanka 8.1 100.8
3 Monaco 8.1 132.2
4 Italy 9.1 103.2
5 Japan 9.4 101.9
6 Serbia 9.5 99.3
7 Czech Republic 9.8 104.6
8 Slovak Republic 9.9 98.5
9 Germany 10.5 100.6
10 Spain 10.8 103.4
primary completion
rates higher than
98% with education
spending between
7.7 and 10.8% of
total government
expenditures.
 Countries have PCRs
higher than 100%
likely because of
over/under-aged
students entering the
last grade of primary
for the first time.

Expenditures
on Primary
Education

Which countries spend the least per
student on primary education?
 The average
spending per primary
school student is
16.7% of per capita
GDP. These countries
spend between 3.5 and
7 percent of GDP per
capita on each primary
school student.
 Five of the 10 lowest
spending countries are
in SSA. Two are
classified as high
income countries.
 5 countries have net
enrollment rates higher
than 90%.
 DRC is the only country
with low primary
spending and very high
private enrollment
share (82.5%).
of p.c. GDP per Primary Student
(2006-2012)
Share of pc
GDP (%)
per student
Primary Net
Enrolment
Rate (%)
Private
Enrollment
Share (%)
1 Monaco 3.5 21.8
2 Central African Rep. 4.4 68.5 13.8
3 Brunei Darussalam 5.1 91.6 36.6
4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 5.2 82.5
5 Liberia 5.4 40.8 32.6
6 Madagascar 6.4 17.8
7 Cameroon 6.6 93.8 20.9
8 Cambodia 6.8 98.2 1.5
9 Panama 6.8 96.9 12.0
10 Rwanda 6.9 98.7 2.2
Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available between 2006
and 2012: Blue figures are for 2010; Green for 2009; Black for 2011; Maroon
for 2007; Data were not available for 82 countries.

Which countries spend the most per
student on primary education?
 Serbia spends over
half of per capita
GDP on each primary
student, and all other
countries in the list
spend more than a
quarter.
 Eight of the listed
countries have
rates (NER) higher
than 90%.
low private enrolment
shares ranging from
0.1 to 14%.
of p.c. GDP per Primary Student
(2006-2012)
Share of pc
GDP (%) per
student
Primary Net
Enrolment
Rate (%)
Private
Enrollment
Share (%)
1 Serbia 55.6 93.2 0.1
2 Cuba 49.3 98.2
3 Moldova 41.4 87.8 0.9
4 Cyprus 31.5 98.7 7.6
5 Latvia 31.4 95.1 1.1
6 Comoros 29.5 77.8 14.1
7 Denmark 28.9 95.4 13.7
8 Sweden 28.3 99.4 9.5
9 Estonia 27.8 95.0 4.1
10 Iceland 27.2 99.0 2.0
Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available between
2006 and 2012: Blue figures are for 2010; Green for 2009;
Maroon for 2008; Data were not available for 82 countries.

Public Expenditure per Pupil as a
% of GDP per capita. Primary
(2006-2012)

Expenditures
on Secondary
Education

student on secondary education?
 On average, countries
spend 24.4% of per
capita GDP per
secondary education
student. These countries
spend between 5.5 and
9.4%.
 5 of the 10 countries are
in LAC and 3 are in EAP.
 Brunei Darussalam is the
only country on the list
with a net enrollment rate
in the top half of
countries.
 More than half of
secondary enrollments
are in private schools in
Guatemala and more
than ¼ are in private
schools in Venezuela
and Peru.
of p.c. GDP per Secondary Student
(2006-2012)
Share of pc
GDP (%) per
student
Secondary
Enrolment
Rate (NER)
Private
Enrollment
Share (%)
1 Guatemala 5.5 46.1 62.5
2 Monaco 5.5 - 22.3
3 Cambodia 6.8 35.1 2.0
4 Dominican Rep. 7.0 62.1 20.8
5 Brunei Darussalam 7.8 99.0 13.5
6 Venezuela, RB 8.0 72.8 28.4
7 Indonesia 8.8 67.3 41.8
8 Peru 9.1 77.6 26.0
9 Philippines 9.1 61.6 19.8
10 El Salvador 9.4 60.0 16.3
Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Blue
figures are for 2010; Green for 2009; Black for 2011; Maroon for 2008;
Purple for 2007; Data were not available for 86 countries.

student on secondary education?
 5 of the 10 countries
are in SSA.
 Niger, Angola, and
Mozambique have
high per student
sending and three of
the lowest secondary
net enrolment rates of
all countries.
 Honduras spends the
most as a share of pc
GDP by far, but also
has the highest share
of students enrolled in
private schools (27%).
of p.c. GDP per Secondary Student
(2006-2012)
Share of pc
GDP (%) per
student
Secondary
Enrolment
Rate (NER)
Private
Enrollment
Share (%)
1 Honduras 279.7 - 26.9
2 Mozambique 84.8 17.3 12.7
3 Lesotho 55.1 29.8 1.0
4 Cuba 52.1 86.6 -
5 Niger 51.1 9.4 18.1
6 Angola 45.0 13.5 10.6
7 Cyprus 40.7 96.0 17.5
8 Moldova 39.4 77.7 1.3
9 Rwanda 39.3 - 20.6
10 Morocco 39.1 - 5.2
Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Blue figures
are for 2010; Green for 2009; Black for 2011; Maroon for 2008; Purple for
2007; Beige for 2006; Data were not available for 86 countries.

Public Expenditure per Pupil as a % of
GDP per capita. Secondary
(2006-2012)

Expenditures
on Tertiary
Education

student on tertiary education?
 On average, countries
spend 91% of per
capita GDP per tertiary
student. The median
spending is 30%.
These countries spend
between 3.5 and 12%.
 Three countries are in
ECA and 3 are in EAP.
 Korea, Rep. has the
12th lowest spending
level, but has a 103%
gross enrollment rate.
 Six of 9 countries have
private enrollment
shares higher than
50%.
of p.c. GDP per Tertiary Student
(2006-2012)
Share of pc
GDP (%) per
student
Tertiary
Enrolment
Rate (GER)
Private
Enrollment
Share (%)
1 Mongolia 3.5 57.2 38.7
2 Armenia 7.5 48.9 22.8
3 Lebanon 8.1 57.7 60.8
4 Liechtenstein 9.2 36.0 100.0
5 Peru 9.2 43.0 54.3
6 Philippines 9.6 28.2 65.9
7 Kazakhstan 10.2 43.2 50.6
8 Myanmar 10.8 14.8
9 El Salvador 11.6 23.4 66.6
10 Georgia 12.3 30.0 20.9
Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Black
figures are for 2011; Blue are for 2010; Green for 2009; Maroon for 2008;
Purple for 2007; Data were not available for 96 countries.

student on tertiary education?
 All the listed countries
are in Sub-Saharan
Africa.
 These countries
spend from 2 to 18
times GDP per capita
on each tertiary
student.
 Despite high
spending, all the
countries in the list
have gross enrollment
rates less than 8%.
These countries are
all within the bottom
20 countries in tertiary
enrolment rates.
of p.c. GDP per Tertiary Student
(2006-2012)
Share of pc
GDP (%) per
student
Tertiary
Enrolment
Rate (GER)
Private
Enrollment
Share (%)
1 Malawi 1859.4 0.8 10.3
2 Lesotho 1331.1 3.5
3 Tanzania 868.2 2.1
4 Niger 564.6 1.5 25.0
5 Burundi 350.8 3.2 57.7
6 Swaziland 296.4 4.4
7 Botswana 256.3 7.4 100.0
8 Chad 247.9 2.3 28.2
9 Burkina Faso 243.1 3.9 22.0
10 Mauritania 193.5 4.4
Notes: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Black
figures are for 2011; Blue are for 2010; Green for 2009; Maroon for 2008;
Purple for 2007; Beige for 2006; Data were not available for 96 countries.

Public Expenditure per Pupil as a %
of GDP per capita. Tertiary
(2006-2012)

Salaries and
Recurrent
Education
Expenditures

recurrent expenditures?
10 Countries with the Highest
Recurrent Share of Total Education
Expenditures on Pre-Tertiary Education
(2006-2012)
% for Recurrent % for Salaries
1 Zimbabwe 100.0 100.0
2 Jordan 100.0 100.0
3 Cayman Islands 100.0 97.6
4 San Marino 100.0 96.5
5 Aruba 100.0 95.2
6
St. Vincent and the
Grenadines
100.0 94.3
7 Jamaica 100.0 93.8
8 Costa Rica 100.0 86.8
9 Liechtenstein 100.0 71.8
10 Guatemala 99.9 73.9
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Feb. 2013; Note: Figures are for
the most recent year with data available; Blue for 2010; Green for 2009; Red for
2008; Beige for 2006; Data were not available for 112 countries.
 9 of 10 countries spend
100% of public
expenditures on pre-
tertiary education on
recurrent expenditures
like salaries, textbooks,
and teaching/learning
supplies.
 100% of pre-tertiary
expenditures in Jordan
and Zimbabwe go to
paying salaries. Five
other countries spend
more than 90% of total
expenditures on
salaries.
 High recurrent
expenditures leave little
or no room in public
spending for school
construction and other
capital programs.

recurrent expenditures?
 5 of 10 countries are in
SSA and 2 are high
income countries.
 Low recurrent
expenditures can leave
room in public
expenditures for capital
projects like school
construction, but can
leave less fiscal space
for teachers’
salaries, textbooks, tea
ching and learning
materials, etc.
 The majority of
recurrent expenditures
in many of these
countries is dedicated
to salaries (which
includes both teachers
and administrative
salaries).
10 Countries with the Lowest Recurrent
Share of Total Education Expenditures on
Pre-Tertiary Education
(2006-2012)
% for
Recurrent
% for
Salaries
% for
Capital
1 Monaco 63.0 61.3 37.0
2 Timor-Leste 66.4 54.8 33.6
3 Chad 68.6 52.6 31.4
4 Mozambique 71.4 59.2 28.6
5 Angola 71.7 28.3
6 Bangladesh 77.9 54.3 22.1
7 Peru 79.0 67.0 21.0
8 Mauritius 80.2 62.3 19.8
9 Rwanda 80.3 48.3 19.7
10 Korea, Rep. 83.2 58.8 16.8
Note: Figures are for the most recent year with data available: Black for
2011; Blue for 2010; Green for 2009; Red for 2007; Beige for 2006; Data
were not available for 112 countries.

Recurrent education expenditures as a % of total
education expenditures on public institutions.
Primary, Secondary, and Post-Sec./Non-Tertiary (ISCED 1-4)
(2006-2012)

Country
Education
Expenditure
Profile:
Benin
Data extracted from the World Bank
Education Expenditure Database

Data Source and Notes
The Benin Country Education Expenditure Profile highlights a few of
the hundreds of indicators available in the World Bank Education
Expenditure Database. The database allows users to search for
education expenditure data published in World Bank expenditure
documents. The data for the Benin Country Expenditure Profile was
extracted from Benin’s 2004 Public Expenditure Review.
The Benin Country Expenditure Profile is an example of the types of
analysis that can be completed using the World Bank Education
Expenditure Database.
Note: The data in the World Bank Education Expenditure Database
are not internationally comparable because there is no standard
method of calculation for most of the indicators. Users should not
compare the data across countries.

Education Expenditure Summary:
Benin
 Benin spends around
1/5 of all government
expenditures on the
education sector.
 Of the education
spending, Benin
prioritizes primary
education, but the
share for primary
decreased from almost
50% in 1998 to less
than 40% in 2003. The
tertiary share has been
rising.
 Half of all of Benin’s
expenditures go to
salaries and around
20% go toward capital
expenditures.
Benin: Education Expenditure Summary
(1998-2003)
1998 2000 2001 2002 2003
Total Education
Expenditures (in CFAF
Billions)
39.90 50.00 66.30 69.50 75.00
Share of Total Public
Expenditures for
Education Sector (%)
20.4 19.7 19.6 20.5 22.1
Share of Total Education
Expenditures for:
 Primary (%) 49.1 47 51.6 49.3 38.1
 Secondary (%) 15.9 16.7 16.8 16.2 17.2
 Tertiary (%) 16.7 14.7 17.2 18.9 24.1
 Technical/Vocational (%) 3.1 4.9 5.8 7.4 9.2
 Administration (%) 15.2 16.7 8.6 8.3 11.4
 Recurrent Expenditures
(%)
88.4 79.6 73.9 83.9 80.6
 Salary Expenditures (%) 63.8 62 48 50.9 50.8
 Capital Expenditures (%) 11.6 20.4 26.1 16.1 19.4
Source: World Bank Public Education Expenditure Database, Sept 2009

Total Education Expenditures
in Benin
 Total expenditures on
education in Benin
almost doubled
between 1998 and
2003 from 40 to 75
billion CFAF.
 The share of total public
expenditures for the
education sector initially
dropped from 20.4% in
1998 to 19.7% in 2000
and 2001 before rising
to 22.1% in 2003.
20.4 19.7 19.6 20.5
22.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1998 2000 2001 2002 2003
Benin:
Total Education Expenditures
Total Expenditure in CFAF billions
Total public education expenditure, % of government spending
Source: World Bank EdStats, Education Expenditure Database, Sept, 2009

Expenditures for Educational Levels
 Primary receives the
highest share of
expenditures, but the
share declined over time
by 11 percentage points.
 Secondary has received
a consistent share of
around 16% over time.
 The shares for tertiary
and technical/vocational
education have risen by
7.5 and 6 percentage
points respectively.
 Administration received
equal funding to
secondary and tertiary in
1999, but dropped by
25% in 2003.
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1998 2000 2001 2002 2003
Benin: Share of Total Expenditures
for Educational Levels (%)
Administration Technical/Vocational Ed.
Tertiary Secondary
Primary

Expenditures by Type
 Recurrent expenditures
accounted for almost
90% of total
expenditures in
1999, but dropped to
80.6 in 2003.
 The salary share of total
expenditures has also
dropped from 64% to
51%, leaving more
space for non-salary
expenditures like
textbooks and
teaching/learning
materials.
 Capital expenditures
rose from 12% in 1999
to 26% in 2001 before
dropping to 19.4% in
2003.
63.8
62
48
50.9 50.8
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1998 2000 2001 2002 2003
Share of Total Expenditures for
Recurrent and Capital (%)
Capital Recurrent Non-Salary Recurrent Salary

Per Student Education Expenditures
in Benin
Per Student Recurrent Education
Expenditures in Benin
(1998-2002)
Recurrent expenditures
per student in USD:
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
• Primary 40 38 31 33 37
• Secondary 56 49.4 49.6 59.4 59.2
• Technical/Vocational 224 182 171 198 ..
• Tertiary 684 676 360 479 522
• Administration 8 7.6 3.1 6.6 7.4
Ratio of recurrent
expenditures per student:
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
• Secondary to Primary 1.4 1.3 1.6 1.8 1.6
• Technical/vocational to
Primary
5.6 4.8 5.5 6 ..
• Tertiary to Primary 17.1 17.8 11.6 14.5 14.1
 Recurrent per student
expenditures are highest
on tertiary education in
Benin. Tertiary students
cost 17 times more than
primary students in 1998
and 14 times more in
2002.
 Students in
Technical/Vocational
education also cost 5.5
to 6 times more than
primary students.
 Per student recurrent
spending on primary,
technical/vocational and
tertiary education
decreased between
1998 and 2002.

Education Budget Execution Rates
in Benin
Execution Rates for Education
Budgets in Benin
(1998-2002)
1997 1999 2001 2003
Total Education Budget 74.9 89.7 91.7 86.3
Recurrent Budget 92.2 95.5 94.4 94.2
Salary Budget 98.3 93.7 94.9 102.9
Capital Budget 36.4 66.4 84.8 63.8
Domestically-financed
Capital Budget
34.9 77.6 96.4 72.8
Internationally-financed
Capital Budget
36.6 62.1 74.6 54.1
 Total budget execution
rates have varied
greatly over time in
Benin from 75% to 92%,
but have never reached
100%.
 Salaries and recurrent
expenditures generally
have higher execution
rates. The only budget
that was fully executed
was salaries in 2003.
 Both domestically- and
internationally-financed
capital have low
execution rates over
time, but rates have
improved from around
35% in 1997 to 73 and
54% in 2003
respectively.

This presentation utilizes the following data sources:
1) UNESCO Institute for Statistics data in the EdStats Query
 The presentation was created with the most recent UIS data release that included
2011 data for most indicators and 2012 data for Singapore and Brunei only.
 Indicators were calculated by UIS according to definitions available in the EdStats
Query metadata.
2) The Benin Country Profile was created in August 2009 with data extracted
from the 2004 Benin Public Expenditure Review. The data was accessed
via the World Bank Education Expenditure Database.
Data Sources

The State of Education Series
The following State of Education presentations
are available on the EdStats website:
Educational Levels:
 Pre-Primary Education
 Primary Education
 Secondary Education
 Tertiary Education
Topics:
 Access
 Quality
 Expenditures
 Gender
 Literacy
 Equity

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