Access ed

Access to
Education
The State of Education Series
November 2012
A Global Report

Access to Education: Indicators
This presentation includes data on:
 Total enrollments by region
 Out of School Children (OOS) of primary
school age
 Net Enrollment Rates (NER)/Gross
Enrollment Rates (GER)
 Correlations between GDP per capita and
enrollment rates for each educational level
 Education equality: Income/gender/location
disparities in education access

Acronym Guide
Acronym Name
EAP East Asia and Pacific
ECA Europe and Central Asia
LAC Latin American and the Caribbean
MNA Middle East and North Africa
SAS South Asia
SSA Sub-Saharan Africa
WLD World (Global Aggregate)
GER Gross Enrollment Rate
NER Net Enrollment Rate
OOS Out of School
GNI p.c. Gross National Income per capita
NAR Net Attendance Rate
GAR Gross Attendance Ratio
GPI
Gender Parity Index (female value/male
value)

Summary
 Less than half of the world’s pre-primary age
students were enrolled in pre-primary education in
2010 (48.3%), but enrolment rates have been rising
over time. SSA and MNA’s enrolment rates lag far
behind other regions with less than ¼ of pre-primary
age children enrolled.
 In 2010, 90.7% of primary age students worldwide
were enrolled in school. The rate has improved
since 2000 (84.5%), but little progress has been
made since 2008.
 60.7 million primary school age children were out of
school (OOS) in 2010. Over half of the world's out
of school children live in SSA and over 1/5 live in
South Asia.
 Since 2008, the global rate of children out of school
has remained the same at 9.3%.

Summary
(continued)
 62.5% of secondary school age students were
enrolled in 2010, which was an 9.4 percentage point
improvement over 2000. SSA lags far behind other
regions in secondary enrollments with just over ¼ of
students enrolled in 2010.
 The global tertiary gross enrollment rate (GER) has
gradually improved from 19% in 2000 to 29.2% in
2010 but GERs vary greatly across regions. More
than half of youth are enrolled in ECA (55.6%)
compared to 6.8% of youth in SSA.
 On the global level, gender parity in pre-primary
and primary enrolment rates has been achieved.
There is a small male bias in secondary enrolment
rates (GPI = 0.96) and a female bias in tertiary
enrolments (GPI = 1.08).

How many children are enrolled in
pre-primary education?
 Around 164 million
children were enrolled in
pre-primary education in
2010. This is up from
134 million in 2005 and
112 million in 1999.
 Over half of enrolled
students were in either
SAS or EAP (48 and 40
million respectively).
 25% of total pre-primary
enrollments were in India
and 16% were in China.
 79 million (48.2%) were
girls.
EAP
24.3%
ECA
6.4%
HIC
18.1%
LAC
12.5%MNA
2.0%
SAS
29.1%
SSA
7.6%
Share of Total Pre-Primary
Enrollments by Region (%)
2010
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012;
Notes: Regional aggregates are World Bank regions;
HIC = high income countries in all geographic regions.

How many children are enrolled?
Pre-Primary – Gross Enrolment Rates (GER)
 Globally, less than half of
pre-primary age students
were enrolled in pre-
primary education in
2010, but all regions
increased pre-primary
enrolments between
2000 and 2010.
 SAS almost doubled its
pre-primary GER
between 2000 (25.4%)
and 2010 (48.3%).
 LAC’s GERs are
consistently the highest
among regions ranging
from 56.8% to 70.1%.
 SSA and MNA lag
behind other regions with
17.7% and 23.8% GERs
respectively in 2010.
Pre-Primary Gross Enrolment Rates have
increased in all regions since 2000
34.1 34.7
37.1
40.9
45.6
48.3
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
GrossEnrolmentRate.Pre-Primary.Total(%)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA WLD

Which countries have the lowest
pre-primary enrollment rates?
 8 of the 10 countries
with the lowest pre-
primary net enrolment
rates (NER) are in SSA.
 Of the 130 countries
with data, 18 countries
had less than 10% of
their children enrolled in
pre-primary education.
 36 countries had less
than 25% of their
children enrolled in pre-
primary.
 19 countries had pre-
primary enrollments
higher than 90%.
10 Countries with the Lowest Pre-
Primary Net Enrollment Rates
(2009-2011)
1 Yemen, Rep. 0.35
2 Chad 1.77
3 Burkina Faso 2.75
4 Mali 3.37
5 Djibouti 3.41
6 Cote d'Ivoire 3.54
7 Ethiopia 3.92
8 Guinea-Bissau 4.68
9 Niger 4.76
10 Central African Republic 5.64
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012
Notes: Purple data is for 2011; Black is 2010; Blue is 2009;
Data were not available for 84 of 214 countries.

Which countries have increased pre-
primary enrollment rates the most?
 These countries
have increased their
pre-primary GERs
by 25 to 66
percentage points
between 1999-2001
and 2009-2011.
 Half of the countries
at least doubled
their NER over time.
 Algeria improved
from 3.4% to 66% –
a 1928%
improvement.
 Only two of these
countries have a
current NER over
90% – Barbados
and Maldives.
10 Countries with the Most
Improvement in Pre-Primary
Net Enrollment Rates
Percentage
Points
Improved
1999-
2001
NER
2009-
2011
NER
%
Improved
1 Algeria 66.1 3.4 69.5 1927.9
2 Korea, Rep. 41.0 44.0 85.0 93.0
3 Moldova 37.3 36.8 74.0 101.4
4 Barbados 33.6 62.1 95.7 54.0
5 Sao Tome & Principe 32.4 24.2 56.5 133.8
6 Maldives 30.8 61.4 92.2 50.1
7 Mongolia 29.1 28.4 57.5 102.5
8 Nicaragua 26.7 28.6 55.4 93.5
9 Ghana 26.0 21.5 47.5 120.7
10 Uruguay 25.4 52.9 78.3 48.0
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, November 2012;
Note: Data were not available for 118 of 213 countries.

Net Enrollment Rate. Pre-Primary (%)
The maps displayed were produced by EdStats. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any
other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of the World Bank Group, any
judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries.
The maps are for reference only.
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2012
Note: Data displayed is for the latest available year (2008-2011)

Are lower pre-primary enrollment rates
related to lower national income per
capita?
 All the low income
countries ($1025 or less)
have less than 16% of
children enrolled in pre-
primary education except
Gambia (27%), Kenya
(29%), and Tanzania
(33%).
 24 countries had NERs
less than 15%. Only 4 of
those had GNI per capita
higher than $1100. All
the countries were lower
than $4780 (Bosnia).
 All of the countries with
NERs higher than 90%
had GNI greater than
$12,000 except Thailand,
Grenada, and Maldives.
All low income countries had less than one-third of
children enrolled in pre-primary education.
R² = 0.229
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 20 40 60 80
NetEnrollmentRate.Pre-Primary.Total
GNI per capita, Atlas method (current US$)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012
Note: Data is for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011.
Ireland
Switzerland
Qatar
Australia
Norway

Do gender disparities exist in pre-
primary enrollment rates?
 Gender parity indices
(GPIs) are calculated by
dividing the female value
for an indicator by the
male value, so perfect
gender parity equals 1.
A value below 1
indicates a bias toward
males. A value above 1
females.
 Globally, the GPI has
been increasing from .98
in 2000 to perfect
gender parity (1.0) in
2010.
 Most regions are very
close to gender parity
(+/- 0.02) in 2010. Only
MNA lags behind.
 4 of 6 regions have a
slight female bias.
Gender parity in pre-primary enrolments (1.0) has
been achieved globally and in most regions.
0.98
0.99
0.99
0.99
0.99
1.00
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
GenderParityIndex(GPI)forGrossEnrolmentRatio.Pre-Primary
WLD EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA
Female Bias
Male Bias

Do rural/urban disparities exist in pre-
primary attendance rates in ECA?
Source: Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys In World Inequality Database on Education (WIDE), Nov. 2012
% of 3 to 4 year olds attending any type of pre–primary education program

Do income disparities exist in pre-
primary attendance rates in SSA?
% of 3 to 4 year olds attending any type of pre–primary education program

primary schools?
 Around 691 million
children were enrolled in
primary school in 2010.
This is up from 685
million in 2005 and 655
million in 2000.
 Over half of enrolled
students were in either
SAS or EAP (182 and
172 million respectively).
 21% of total primary
enrollments were in India
and 15% were in China.
 330 million (47.7%) were
girls.
EAP
24.9%
ECA
3.0%
LAC
9.6%
MNA
5.5%
SSA
20.0%
SAS
26.4%
HIC
10.6%
Share of Total Primary Enrollments
by Region (%)
2010

 In 2010, 90.7% of
primary school age
children around the
world were enrolled in
primary or secondary
education.
 This figure rose each
year between 1999
(83.7%) and 2008, but
the figure remained
unchanged between
2008 and 2010.
 All regions have
increased ANERs since
2000, but SSA and
SAS improved the most
– 16 percentage points
in SSA and 14
percentage points in
SAS.
Continued…
Have primary enrolments improved?
Primary – Adjusted Net Enrollment Rates (ANER)
Primary Enrolment Rates have increased since
2000, but little progress has been made since 2008.
84.5
85.5
88.7 89.1
90.7 90.7
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
AdjustedNetEnrolmentRate.Primary.Total(%)

 Since 2008, SSA has
only improved by 0.1%
and SAS by 0.4%.
 SAS's improvement
moved it closer to other
regions by 2010
(92.3%), but SSA still
lags far behind with a
ANER of 76.2% in
2010.
 ECA’s ANER peaked in
2002 at 96.6% and has
been lower since.
 EAP and LAC are the
only 2 regions with
ANERs higher than
95% in 2010.
Have primary enrolments improved?
Primary – Adjusted Net Enrollment Rates (ANER)
84.5
85.5
88.7 89.1
90.7 90.7
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
AdjustedNetEnrolmentRate.Primary.Total(%)
Primary Enrolment Rates have increased since
2000, but little progress has been made since 2008.

primary enrollment rates?
 In the top 2 countries
(Eritrea and
Djibouti), less than half
of primary school age
children are enrolled in
primary school.
 All of the countries with
the lowest adjusted net
enrollment rates (ANER)
are in SSA except
Djibouti.
 Of the 20 countries with
the lowest primary
ANERs,15 are in SSA.
 There is a large range
among the listed
countries: #10 Gambia’s
ANER almost doubles
#1 Eritrea’s.
10 Countries with the Lowest
Primary Enrollment Rates
(2009-2011)
1 Eritrea 34.9
2 Djibouti 44.6
3 Equatorial Guinea 56.3
4 Nigeria 57.6
6 Niger 62.5
7 Burkina Faso 63.2
8 Mali 67.2
10 Gambia, The 69.3
Notes: Data is Adjusted Net Enrolment Rate. Primary (ANER);
Purple figures are for 2011; Black = 2010; Blue = 2009.

Which countries have increased
primary enrollment rates the most?
 These countries have
increased their
primary ANERs by 22
to 42 percentage
points between
1999/2000 and
2010/2011.
 Ethiopia and Niger
more than doubled
their ANERs, but more
than 1/3 of children
are still not enrolled in
Niger.
 Only Zambia has
increased its ANER to
over 90%. All the
countries need to
continue improving to
reach universal
primary enrolment.
Improvement in Primary
Enrollment Rates
Percentage
Points
Improved
1999/
2000
ANER
2010/
2011
ANER
%
Improved
1 Ethiopia 41.8 40.4 82.2 103.4
2 Niger 35.4 27.1 62.5 130.5
3 Mozambique 33.9 56.0 89.8 60.5
4 Bhutan 30.8 58.5 89.3 52.7
5 Guinea 30.1 46.9 77.0 64.1
6 Burkina Faso 28.7 34.5 63.2 83.0
7 Mali 25.0 42.2 67.2 59.1
8 Guinea-Bissau 23.8 51.2 75.0 46.5
9 Zambia 21.7 71.0 92.7 30.6
10 Yemen, Rep. 21.5 56.7 78.2 37.8
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov. 2012;
Notes: Purple is 2011/1999 data; Black is 2010/2000;

Adjusted Net Enrollment Rate. Primary (%)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, 2012

Do countries with low national income
per capita have low primary enrollments?
 Low income does not
necessarily indicate
lower primary enrolment
rates: Countries with the
lowest gross national
income (GNI) per capita
(<$500) have ANERs
ranging from 35%
(Eritrea) to 97.5%
(Malawi).
 Countries with the
lowest primary ANERs
(less than 75%) have
GNI p.c. less than
$1270. Equatorial
Guinea is the only
exception with 56.3%
primary ANER and
$14,540 GNI pc.
There is no clear association between low national
income p.c. and low primary enrollment rates.
R² = 0.098
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
AdjustedNetEnrollmentRate.Primary.Total
Note: ANER data are for the most recent year between 2009 and 2011.
Equitorial Guinea
Eritrea
Macao, China SAR
Djibouti
Nigeria

Which regions have reached gender
parity in primary enrollments?
 Gender parity indices
(GPIs) are calculated by
dividing the female value
for an indicator by the
male value, so perfect
gender parity equals 1.
A value below 1
males. A value above 1
females.
 Globally, the GPI has
been increasing from .93
in 1999 to .98 in 2010.
 Most regions are very
close to gender parity
(+/- 0.03). Only MNA
and SSA lag behind.
 EAP, ECA, and LAC
have achieved gender
parity in primary (+/-
0.02).
All regions except MNA and SSA are within 0.03 of
gender parity in primary enrollments.
0.93
0.93
0.94 0.94
0.96
0.97
0.97
0.97 0.97
0.98
0.98
0.80
0.82
0.84
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
GenderParityIndex(GPI)forAdjustedNetEnrolmentRate.Primary
Female Bias
Male Bias

0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
GenderParityIndex(GPI)forGrossEnrolmentRatio.Primary
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September, 2012
Note: Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-
2011)
Have most countries reached gender
parity in primary enrollments?
 Half of countries with
data have already
achieved gender parity
(+/- .02).
 78% of countries with
data are within 0.05 of
gender parity.
 Many more countries
have a bias toward
males in primary
enrolments (GPI<1).
 Afghanistan has the
largest male bias at .69
followed by Central
African Rep. and Chad
at .73.
 San Marino has the
highest female bias at
1.134.
78% of countries are within 0.05 of gender parity in
primary enrollments.
Female
Bias
Male Bias

Which countries have the largest gender
disparities in primary enrolment rates?
 The male primary
gross enrolment rate
in these countries is
much higher than the
female gross
enrolment rate.
 7 of 10 countries are
in SSA. 2 are in
South Asia and 1 is
in MNA.
 Of the 20 countries
with the lowest GPIs
(GPI<0.9),14 are in
SSA, 2 are in SAS, 2
are in EAP (Togo and
PNG), and 1 is in
LAC (Dominican
Republic).
10 Countries with the Largest Gender
Disparities in Primary Enrollment Rates
(2008-2011)
1 Afghanistan 0.694
3 Chad 0.729
4 Angola 0.813
5 Yemen, Rep. 0.817
6 Pakistan 0.818
8 Niger 0.837
9 Guinea 0.838
10 Eritrea 0.838
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012;
Notes: Data is GPI for Primary Gross Enrolment Rate; Black figures are 2011
data; Blue=2010; Data were not available for 71 of 214 countries.

Which countries have decreased
gender disparity in primary the most?
moved from 0.14 to
0.25 percentage
points closer to
gender parity (1)
between 2000/2001
and the most recent
data year.
 6 of the 10 countries
are in SSA; 2 are in
MNA and 2 in South
Asia.
 Senegal now has
higher female
enrollment rates than
male enrollment rates
(1.06).
 Burundi and India
have reached gender
parity.
10 Countries with the Most Improvement
Toward Gender Parity in Primary
Enrollments
Percentage
Points
Improved
2000 or
2001
GPI
Most
current
GPI
%
Improved
1 Sierra Leone 0.25 0.67 0.93 37.53
2 Ethiopia 0.22 0.69 0.91 32.73
3 Burkina Faso 0.20 0.73 0.93 27.50
4 Benin 0.20 0.67 0.87 29.66
5 Yemen, Rep. 0.19 0.63 0.82 30.55
6 Burundi 0.19 0.80 0.99 23.64
7 Senegal 0.17 0.89 1.06 19.31
8 India 0.15 0.85 1.00 17.61
9 Pakistan 0.15 0.67 0.82 21.79
10 Djibouti 0.14 0.76 0.90 18.84
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Sept. 2012;
Notes: Most current GPI is the most recent data point for 2008-2011;

Do gender, income, or location disparities
exist in primary attendance rates?
 EAP, ECA, LAC, and
MNA do not have large
disparities in primary net
attendance rates (NAR)
between
genders, rural/urban
locations, or top/bottom
income quintiles.
 The largest disparities in
most regions are
associated with income.
In SSA and SAS, there
is a 20 percentage point
difference between the
top/bottom income
quintiles.
 Rural students in SSA
also have NARs that are
12 percentage points
lower than urban
students.2
Gender, income and location disparities are small
in all regions except except SAS and SSA.
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
EAP ECA LAC MNA SAS SSA
PercentagePointDifferenceinNetAttendanceRate.Primary
(Male-Female,Urban-Rural,andQuintile1-Quintile5)
Gender disparity
Location disparity
Income disparity
Source: Estimated by Porta (2011) using data from Demographic and Health
Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and Living Standards
Measurement Studies for 1985-2007

 In 1999, 16% of
primary school age
children were OOS.
42% of children in SSA
and almost a quarter of
children in SAS were
OOS.
 By 2010, 9.3% of
children were OOS
globally, but SSA’s rate
was still much higher at
23.8%.
 Most of the progress in
reducing the rate of
children OOS occurred
between 1999 and
2008. Since
2008, global and
regional rates have
basically remained the
same.
Which regions have the highest
percentage of children out-of-school?
Rates of Children Out-of-School have decreased
since 1999, but progress has slowed since 2008.
16.3
15.5
15.1
14.5
13.1
11.3
11.1 10.9
10.1
9.3 9.3
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
45.0
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Out-of-schoolrateforchildrenofprimaryschoolage(%).Total
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in Edstats, November 2012

Which countries have highest rates of
children out-of-school?
 More than half of primary-
school age children are
out of school in Eritrea
and Djibouti.
 More than a quarter of
primary school aged
children are out-of-school
in 14 countries.
 47 countries have more
than 10% of children out-
of-school.
 Nine of ten countries are
in SSA.
10 Countries with the Highest
Rates of Children Out-of School
(2009-2011)
1 Eritrea 65.1
2 Djibouti 55.4
3 Equatorial Guinea 43.7
4 Nigeria 42.4
6 Niger 37.5
7 Burkina Faso 36.8
8 Mali 32.8
10 Gambia, The 30.7
Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Purple is
2011; Black is 2010; Blue is 2009; Green is 2008; Data was not
available for 61 of 214 countries.

Out-of-school rate for children of
primary school age (%)

Which region has the most out of
school (OOS) children?
 In 2010, ¾ of the world’s
out-of-school (OOS)
children lived in two
regions: SSA and SAS.
 Over half (55%) of the
world's out of school
children lived in SSA.
 ECA had the smallest
percentage of the
world’s OOS children at
1.8% followed by MNA
(3.9%) and LAC (4.4%).
Out-of-School Children of Primary
School Age by Region (2010)
EAP
10.6%
6 Million
ECA
1.8%
LAC
4.4%
MNA
3.9%
SAS
21.8%
13 Million
SSA
54.4%
33 Million
HIC
3.1%

How many primary school age
children are out of school (OOS)?
 In 1999, 107.7 million
children were out of
primary school.
 The total decreased
to 72.6 million in
2005 and 60.7
million in 2010.
 There were 47 million
fewer children OOS
in 2010 than in 1999.
 Since 2008, the
global number of
out-of-school
children has grown
from 60.66 million to
60.69 million (2009)
and 60.73 million in
2010.
The total number of out-of-school children has
decreased by 47 million since 1999.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Out-of-SchoolChildren.Primary.Total(inmillions)
Note: HIC = High Income Countries in all regions
HIC ECA LAC MNA EAP SAS SSA

How much have regions decreased
the total number of OOS children?
 SAS and MNA more
than halved the total
number of OOS
children between 1999
and 2010. In SAS, the
total number of OOS
children decreased by
25.6 million or 66%.
 SSA decreased the
total number by 12.3
million, which was a
27% decrease between
1999 and 2010, but the
total number increased
by 1.5 million between
2008 and 2010.
All regions have decreased their total number of
out-of-school children since 1999.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
SSA SAS EAP MNA LAC ECA
Out-of-SchoolChildren.Total(inmillions)
1999 2008 2010

Which countries have the most out-
of-school children?
 45.8% of the world’s out-
of-school children live in
the 10 countries listed
here.
 Five of the countries are
in SSA and 3 are in SAS.
 Nigeria almost has as
many OOS children as
the regional totals for
LAC, ECA, and MNA
combined (10.9 million).
 The US is #8 in the
ranking because of the
large size of the school
age population and also
possibly because of a
lack of consistent data
collection on home-
schooled children.
10 Countries with the Most Out-of
School Children
(2008-2011)
1 Nigeria 10,542,105
2 Pakistan 5,125,373
3 Ethiopia 2,389,945
4 India 2,278,322
5 Bangladesh 1,835,269
6 Philippines 1,460,431
7 Cote d'Ivoire 1,160,732
8 United States 1,023,231
9 Burkina Faso 1,022,362
10 Niger 1,012,228
Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Purple is
2011; Black is 2010; Blue is 2009; Green is 2008; Data was not

Are more females out-of-
school than males?
 In 1999, there were
almost 62 million
females out-of-school
compared to 45.5
million males. 58% of
the world’s out-of-
school children were
female.
 In 2010, around 32
million girls were out of
school compared to
28.6 million boys.
52.5% of out-of-school
children were female.
 The gap between male
and female totals
decreased from 16.5
million to 3.6 million
between 1999 and
2010.
More Females are Out of Primary School than Males
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Out-of-SchoolChildren.Primary(inmillions)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, September 2012
Males Out-of-School Females Out-of-School

Where are more females out-of-
school?
 Over half of the
world’s out of school
girls are in SSA, and
just under 1/4 are in
South Asia.
 South Asia has
decreased its total
number of females
out-of-school by 17.7
million since 1999.
The region’s total
dropped from 25
million to 7 million.
 SSA has also
decreased its total
from 24.3 million in
1999 to 17.5 million in
2010.
3 out of every 4 Out-of-School Girls are
in either Sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Out-of-SchoolChildren.Primary.Female(inmillions)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012
LAC ECA MNA EAP SAS SSA

Which countries have the most
females OOS?
 Around half of the world’s
out-of-school females live
in these 10 countries.
 36% of the world’s out-of-
school females live in the
Top 4 countries.
 Nigeria, Pakistan, and
India all have more our-
of-school females that the
sum of all females out-of-
school in LAC and ECA.
 Half of the countries are
in SSA and three are in
South Asia.
Female Out-of School Children
(2008-2011)
1 Nigeria 5,487,901
2 Pakistan 3,241,203
3 India 1,407,495
4 Ethiopia 1,367,141
5 Cote d'Ivoire 663,809
6 Philippines 661,551
7 Bangladesh 591,325
8 Niger 568,884
9 Yemen, Rep. 567,702
10 Burkina Faso 530,731
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October, 2012;
Notes: Data displayed is the most current year available; Orange is
2008;Blue is 2009; Blue is 2010; Black is 2011; Data were not

Are there gender, income, or location
disparities in the % of children OOS?
 In all regions, more low
income students are
OOS than high income
students. SAS has the
largest income disparity
at 29 percentage points
difference between the
top and bottom quintiles.
SSA follows closely
behind with 24 points.
 A higher % of boys are
OOS in EAP, ECA, and
LAC, but a higher % of
girls are OOS in SAS
and SSA.
 In all regions except for
ECA, a higher % of rural
students are OOS. This
disparity is highest in
SSA at 15 percentage
points.2
Low income is the greatest source of disparity in
percentages of OOS children across regions.
-30
-28
-26
-24
-22
-20
-18
-16
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
PercentagePointDifferenceinthe%ofChildrenOut-of-School
Gender disparity
Location disparity
Income disparity

Do rural/urban disparities in educational
access exist in SSA?
Percentage of the population in the official age range of
lower secondary education not in school
Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school.

Do income disparities exist in educational
access in SAS and EAP?
South Asia (SAS)
East Asia and the Pacific (EAP)
Percentage of 7 to16 year olds who has never been to school.

secondary schools?
 Over 543 million
students are enrolled
in secondary school
worldwide.
 This total is up from
510 million in 2005 and
451 million in 2000.
 Over half of the world’s
secondary school
students are in either
EAP or SAS.
 38 percent of total
secondary enrolments
are in China (18%) and
India (20%)
 258 million (47.5%) are
girls.
EAP
27.4%
ECA
6.4%
LAC
11.0%
MNA
5.8%
SSA
8.4%
SAS
24.9%
HIC
16.0%
Share of Total Secondary
Enrollments by Region (%)
2010

 In 2000, just over half
(53%) of secondary
school age children
were enrolled. This
figure has risen by 9.4
percentage points to
62.5% in 2010.
 ECA has consistently
had the highest net
enrolment rates (NERs)
over time at around
80%.
 Unlike in
primary, secondary
NERs have consistently
improved over time
globally and in most
regions.
Continued…
Secondary – Net Enrollment Rates (NER)
Over one-third of secondary school age children are
not in school, but progress has been made over time.
53.1
54.8
57.1 58.7
61.1 62.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
NetEnrolmentRate.Secondary.Total(%)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012; Notes:
SSA 2008 is 2007 data; 2010 Data not available for SSA & SAS

 EAP has made the most
progress between 2000
(55%) and 2010 (72%)
followed by SAS, which
improved by 11
percentage points
between 2000 and 2008.
 SSA improved by 6.7
percentage points
between 2000 and
2007, but still was more
than 20 percent behind
other regions with NERs
ranging from 20-26%.
 Almost ¾ of secondary
school age students are
not enrolled in SSA, and
almost half are not
enrolled in SAS.
Secondary – NER (continued)
Over one-third of secondary school age children are
not in school, but progress has been made over time.
53.1
54.8
57.1 58.7
61.1 62.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
NetEnrolmentRate.Secondary.Total(%)
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Nov 2012; Notes:
SSA 2008 is 2007 data; 2010 Data not available for SSA & SAS

secondary enrollment rates?
 More than 2/3 of
secondary school age
students are out-of-school
in these countries. Almost
90% of students are not
enrolled in Niger and
Angola.
 25 countries have less
than half of secondary
school age students
enrolled.
 Djibouti is the only
country on the list that is
not in SSA.
 #10 Eritrea’s NER is
almost 3 times higher
than #1 Niger’s NER.
 #5 Mozambique improved
from 3.4% in 2001 to
17.3% in 2011.
Secondary Net Enrollment Rates
(2008-2011)
1 Niger 10.2
2 Angola 11.5
4 Burundi 16.2
5 Mozambique 17.3
6 Burkina Faso 17.5
7 Madagascar 23.6
8 Djibouti 24.2
9 Malawi 27.5
10 Eritrea 28.6
Notes: Figures are most recent year with available data between 2008-
2011. Green = 2008; Blue = 2009; Black = 2010; Purple = 2011. Data
were not available for 96 of 214 countries.

Which countries have improved
secondary enrolment rates the most?
 These countries
have improved their
secondary net
enrolment rates
(NER) by 16 to 32
percentage points
between 1999-2001
and 2009-2011.
 Bhutan has more
than doubled its
2001 NER, but still
has around half of
secondary school
age students OOS
in 2011.
 Despite their
improvement, only
three of these
countries have
NERs higher than
75%.
Improvement in Secondary
Net Enrollment Rates
Percentage
Points
Improved
1999-
2001
NER
Most
current
NER
%
Improved
1 Bhutan 32.0 21.7 53.8 147.5
2 Syrian Arab Republic 25.2 41.7 67.0 60.5
3 St. Lucia 25.0 60.3 85.3 41.4
4 St. Vincent and the
Grenadines
22.4 67.9 90.4 33.0
5 Dominican Republic 22.1 40.2 62.3 55.0
6 Oman 21.5 68.2 89.7 31.6
7 Indonesia 20.6 46.7 67.3 44.1
8 Venezuela, RB 17.5 54.3 71.8 32.2
9 Kenya 16.0 34.0 50.0 47.0
10 Ghana 15.8 32.9 48.7 48.1
Notes: Black data is for 2001 or 2010; Purple is 2000 or 2011; Blue is 2009;

Net Enrollment Rate. Secondary (%)

Do low secondary enrollments relate
to low national income per capita?
 Low gross national
income (GNI) per capita
does not necessarily
lead to low secondary
NERs. Low income
countries (<$1025 GNI
pc) have NERs ranging
from 10.2% (Niger) to
85% (Tajikistan).
 All countries with a GNI
pc over $10,000 have a
NER over 70% except
Liechtenstein and
Uruguay.
 Almost all countries with
secondary NERs less
than 50% have a GNI pc
less than $3000. The
exceptions are
Swaziland and Angola.
There is no clear association between low national
income per capita and low secondary enrolment rates.
R² = 0.179
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20 40 60 80
NetEnrollmentRate.Secondary.AllProgrammes.Total
CAR, Burundi, Mozambique, Burkina Faso
Niger
Norway
Angola
Suriname
Macao, SAR China
Switzerland,
Qatar,
Luxembourg

0.92
0.94
0.95
0.96 0.96 0.96
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
GenderParityIndex(GPI)forNetEnrolmentRate.Secondary
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012; No data
available for SSA and MNA for 2010. SSA 2008 data is from 2007.
parity in secondary enrollments?
 Globally, the gender
parity index (GPI) for
secondary net enrollment
rate (NER) has been
increasing from 0.92 in
2000 to 0.96 in 2010.
 ECA is the only region
within +/- 0.05 of gender
parity (1.0).
 LAC has consistently had
higher female NERs.
 EAP has reversed from a
male bias (0.96) in 2000
to a female bias (1.06) in
2010.
 SAS has greatly
decreased gender
disparity over time.
 SSA has maintained a
male bias 0.80 since
2000.
Gender disparities in secondary enrollments vary
greatly across regions.
Female Bias
Male Bias

0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
GenderParityIndex(GPI)forGrossEnrolmentRatio.Secondary
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012:
Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-2011)
Does gender parity exist in secondary
enrollments in most countries?
 Just over half (52%) of
countries with data are
within 0.05 of gender
parity in secondary
enrollments.
 Unlike primary
enrollments, more
countries have a female
bias in secondary
enrolments. 85
countries have GPIs
higher than 1 while 71
countries have GPIs
less than 1.
 6 countries have
perfect gender parity
(1.0):
Slovenia, Mauritius, Sw
aziland, Japan, Indones
ia, and Cyprus.
More countries have higher female secondary GERs
than male secondary GERs.
Female Bias
Male Bias

disparities in secondary enrolments?
 In 9 of 10
countries, the
male GER is
much higher than
the female GER.
In Lesotho – the
female GER is
higher than the
male rate.
 8 of 10 countries
are in SSA. 1 is in
South Asia and 1
is in MNA.
 Of the 20
countries with the
greatest gender
disparity, 5 have a
female bias.
 14 of the top 20
are in SSA.
10 Countries with the Largest Gender
Disparities in Secondary Enrolments
(2008-2011)
GPI
Absolute
value from 1
1 Chad 0.42 0.58
2 Afghanistan 0.51 0.49
3 Central African Republic 0.55 0.45
4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.58 0.42
5 Guinea 0.59 0.41
6 Lesotho 1.38 0.38
7 Yemen, Rep. 0.62 0.38
8 Niger 0.66 0.34
9 Angola 0.69 0.31
10 Mali 0.71 0.29
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October 2012; Notes: Data are
2010 GPIs for Secondary Gross Enrolment Rates except Guinea (2009), CAR
(2011), and Mali (2011); Data were not available for 52 of 213 countries.

Which countries have decreased gender
disparity in secondary the most?
moved from 0.19 to
0.34 percentage
points closer to
gender parity (1) over
time.
 Sweden and St. Lucia
improved from a large
female bias (1.26)
toward gender parity.
 The other countries
have improved from a
male bias (0.40 to
0.85) toward gender
parity.
 3 of 10 countries are
within 0.05 of gender
parity in the most
recent year.
Improvement Toward Gender
Parity in Secondary Enrollments
Percentage
Points
Improved
2000/
2001
GPI
Most
current
GPI
1 Cambodia 0.34 0.57 0.90
2 Sweden 0.27 1.26 0.99
3 St. Lucia 0.27 1.26 0.99
4 Mozambique 0.23 0.64 0.87
5 Senegal 0.21 0.66 0.88
6 Yemen, Rep. 0.21 0.41 0.62
7 India 0.20 0.72 0.92
8 Bhutan 0.19 0.85 1.04
9 Guinea 0.19 0.40 0.59
10 Turkey 0.19 0.73 0.91
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, October. 2012;
Notes: Most current GPI data for most countries is from 2010;
Guinea and Turkey are 2009; Mozambique data is 2011.

Do income disparities exist in lower
secondary enrolment rates in SAS and MNA?
South Asia (SAS)
Middle East and North Africa (MNA)
% of the population in the official age range of lower secondary education not in school

Do rural/urban disparities exist in lower
secondary enrolment rates in LAC?
Percentage of the population in the official age range of
lower secondary education not in school

Do regional disparities exist in lower
secondary enrolment rates in Asia?

How many youth are enrolled?
Tertiary – Gross Enrolment Rates (GER)
 Around 30% of tertiary
age youth were enrolled
in tertiary education
2010. This figure was a
10 percentage point
improvement over 2000
(19%).
 ECA has consistently
had the highest tertiary
GERs of any region.
Over half (55.6%) of
tertiary age youth were
enrolled in 2010 which is
a 17 percentage point
increase over 2000.
 EAP has more than
doubled its tertiary GER
over time.
 SSA lags behind other
regions with 6.8% of
youth enrolled in 2010.
Almost ¾ of tertiary age youth around the world
are not enrolled in tertiary education.
19.1
21.5
23.5
24.9
27.0
29.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
GrossEnrolmentRate.Tertiary.Total(%)

tertiary enrollment rates?
less than 4% of tertiary
age students enrolled in
tertiary education.
 33 countries have less
than 10 percent of
tertiary age youth
enrolled.
 50 countries have more
than half of tertiary age
youth enrolled.
 8 countries have tertiary
GERs higher than 80%
and 4 countries have
tertiary GERs higher than
90%: Finland, the United
States, Cuba, and
Korea, Rep.
Tertiary Gross Enrollment Rates
(2008-2011)
1 Turks and Caicos Islands 0.08
2 Malawi 0.72
3 Niger 1.51
4 Eritrea 1.99
5 Tanzania 2.11
6 Chad 2.17
8 Burundi 3.25
9 Afghanistan 3.33
10 Dominica 3.57
Notes: Figures are most recent year with data between 2008-2011.
Purple = 2011; Black = 2010; Blue = 2009; Green = 2008.

Which countries have improved
tertiary enrolment rates the most?
 These countries
have improved
their tertiary gross
enrolment rates by
27 to 70
percentage points
between 1999-
2001 and 2009-
2011.
 7 countries more
than doubled their
tertiary GER –
Cuba, Venezuela,
Cyprus,
Montenegro,
Czech Rep.,
Romania, and
Armenia.
 All of the countries
are in LAC or ECA.
Improvement in Tertiary
Gross Enrollment Rates
Percentage
Points
Improved
1999-
2001
GER
2009-
2011
GER
%
Improved
1 Cuba 70.0 25.2 95.2 277.8
2 Venezuela, RB 49.8 28.3 78.1 175.6
3 Cyprus 33.0 21.6 54.6 152.8
4 Montenegro 31.1 16.6 47.6 187.9
5 Czech Republic 30.5 30.1 60.7 101.5
6 Romania 30.5 28.4 58.8 107.4
7 Uruguay 29.5 33.8 63.3 87.4
8 Ukraine 27.1 52.4 79.5 51.8
9 Belarus 27.0 55.9 83.0 48.3
10 Armenia 26.6 24.9 51.5 106.7
Notes: Most recent data year available was used from 2008-2011.

Gross Enrollment Ratio. Tertiary

Do countries with higher income per capita
have higher tertiary enrollment rates?
 Most countries with
gross national income
(GNI) per capita less
than $1000 have
tertiary GERs less than
11%. Tajikistan (20%)
and Kyrgyz Rep (49%)
are the two exceptions.
 Countries with GNI pc
more than $20,000
have tertiary GERs
higher than 50%
except for Qatar
(10%), Luxembourg
(10.5%), Brunei
(17.2%), and
Liechtenstein (36.0%).
Most countries with a GNI pc higher than $20,000
have tertiary GERs higher than 50%.
R² = 0.202
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 20 40 60 80
Grossenrolmentratio.Tertiary(ISCED5and6).Total
Slovenia
Brunei
Norway
Switzerland
United States
Finland
Oman
Luxembourg, Qat
ar
Belarus

parity in tertiary enrollments?
 In 2000, the world gender
parity index (GPI) for
tertiary enrollments was
1.0 – perfect gender
parity. Since then, female
GERs have been higher
than male GERs, and the
GPI has been moving
above 1.0.
 MNA is the only region
within +/- 0.05 of gender
parity in 2010. LAC and
ECA have consistently
had higher female
GERs, and EAP has
reversed from a male
bias to a female bias.
 SAS and SSA have
maintained a strong male
bias in tertiary
enrolments over time.
Gender disparities in tertiary enrolment rates vary
greatly across regions.
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06 1.07 1.08
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
GenderParityIndex(GPI)forGrossEnrolmentRate.Tertiary
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012
Female Bias
Male Bias

Does gender parity exist in tertiary
enrollments in most countries?
 Only 9 countries are
within +/-0.05 of
gender parity in
tertiary enrollments.
 63% of countries
have a female bias in
tertiary enrolments
vs. 37% with higher
male enrolment rates.
 One country –
Vietnam – has perfect
gender parity (1.0).
 In 10 countries, the
female GER more
than doubles the
male GER. These
countries are island
nations in LAC and
Qatar (see next
slide).
The majority of countries have higher female
enrolment rates than male enrolment rates in tertiary
education.
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
GenderParityIndex(GPI)forGrossEnrolmentRatio.Tertiary
Note: Data points are the most recent year with data available (2008-2011)
Female
Bias
Male Bias

disparities in tertiary enrolments?
10 Countries with the Largest Male
Bias in Tertiary Enrolments
(2008-2011)
1 Chad 0.17
2 Congo, Rep. 0.21
3 Afghanistan 0.24
4 Congo, Dem. Rep. 0.31
6 Eritrea 0.33
7 Guinea 0.33
8 Ethiopia 0.36
9 Benin 0.38
10 Niger 0.38
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012;
Notes: Maroon=2011; Black = 2010; Purple = 2009; Blue = 2008;
10 Countries with the Largest
Female Bias in Tertiary
Enrolments
(2008-2011)
1 Qatar 5.38
2 Dominica 3.35
3 Antigua and Barbuda 2.58
4 St. Lucia 2.57
5 Guyana 2.52
6 Barbados 2.38
7 Jamaica 2.28
8 Cayman Islands 2.24
9 Bermuda 2.12
10 St. Kitts and Nevis 2.10
Source: UNESCO Institute for Statistics in EdStats, Oct. 2012;
Notes: Black = 2010; Blue = 2008; Data were not available for
73 of 213 countries.

Do gender, income, or location disparities
exist in post-secondary attendance ratios?
 Levels of gender
disparity in post-
secondary attendance
are much lower than
levels of location and
income disparity. More
girls than boys attend
post-secondary schools
in EAP, ECA, and LAC.
 Rural areas have
between 5 (SSA) and 15
(LAC) percent lower
attendance ratios than
urban areas.
 Income is the largest
source of disparity
across regions. Income
disparities range from 8
percentage points in
SSA to 34 in LAC.2
Income is the largest source of disparity in post-
secondary gross attendance ratios in all regions.
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
PercentagePointDifferenceinGrossAttendanceRatio.Post-Sec.
Gender disparity
Location disparity
Income disparity

This presentation utilizes the following data sources:
1) UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS) data in the EdStats Query
 The presentation was created with the most recent UIS data
release that included 2010 data for most indicators and 2011 data
for some countries.
 The most recent regional aggregate data was from 2010.
 Indicators were calculated by UIS according to definitions available
in the EdStats Query metadata.
2) Income/Gender/Location Disparity slides were based on data
and analysis extracted from:
 Demographic and Health Surveys, Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and
Living Standards Measurement Studies for 1985-2007; Reports were
generated through ADePT Edu by Emilio Porta (2011).
 Porta, Emilio, Gustavo Arcia, Kevin Macdonald, Sergiy Radyakin, and Misha
Lokshin. 2011. Assessing Sector Performance and Inequality in Education.
Washington, DC: World Bank.
Data Sources

The State of Education Series
The following State of Education presentations
are available on the EdStats website:
Educational Levels:
 Pre-Primary Education
 Primary Education
 Secondary Education
 Tertiary Education
Topics:
 Access
 Quality
 Expenditures
 Literacy
 Equity
 Gender

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Editor's Notes