Exploring ecosystems chapter05
- 1. EXPLORING ECOSYSTEMSGrade 8/2011CHAPTER 5Compiled by Madre Nortje1Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems
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- 5. 5All living things (organisms) have a place where they live. THIS IS CALLED THEIR HABITAT. For example, your habitat could include school, your home and the places you shop for all the items you require to live. What is a habitat?Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems
- 6. Every living thing has particular requirements, and will live only where these requirements can be met. Some of the conditions a habitat needs to provide could include:• a source of food• water• shelter and living space• mating partners for reproduction• gases such as oxygen.6Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems
- 7. 7These requirements can be placed into one of TWO CATEGORIES:
- 8. LIVING OR NON-LIVING environment factors.
- 10. (BIOTIC FACTORS) include partners for mating, organisms for food, and organisms they may compete with for food and shelter.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems
- 12. (ABIOTIC FACTORS) are those such as wind, light and temperature.
- 13. A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same habitat is said to be a population.
- 14. The size of any population will vary over time depending on the availability of food, water, living space and mating partners8Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems
- 15. ADAPTATIONSTo survive in their habitats, organisms have special characteristics that help them to obtain food and water, protect themselves, build homes and reproduce.
- 16. These characteristics are called adaptations.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems9
- 17. ADAPTIONThe spotted-tail quoll is a marsupialthat lives in the wet and dry forests of eastern Australia, from Queensland to Tasmania. Its colouring means that it is well camouflaged, and can sleep in hollow trees and rock crevices without being seen by predators.
- 18. It has sharp claws and teeth so that it can catch rats, birds and reptiles for dinner.
- 19. It also eats dead remains. Being nocturnal, it hunts at night.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems10
- 20. ADAPTATIONS ENABLE ANIMALS TO:protect themselves from predators, e.g. camouflage
- 21. survive hot and cold temperatures, wet and dry seasons
- 22. move from place to place, e.g. flippers, legs and wings
- 23. catch and eat food
- 24. take in oxygen
- 25. reproduce.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems11
- 26. What are environmental conditions?Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems12The term environment is used to describe all of the conditions that an organism has to cope with in its habitat. Many factors may shape and change an environment, including:Will you have these animals in your Zoo?
- 27. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS the temperature whether it is wet or dry whether it is windy the quality of the air the water quality the type of soil the plants, animals, bacteria and fungi that live thereMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems13
- 28. LET’S ALL LIVE TOGETHERMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems14YES!!!!!
- 29. A pond EcosystemMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems15
- 30. The biosphere is the place where all life as we know it exists. It consists of the Earth and its atmosphere.The biosphere is made up of many ecosystems. In an ecosystem organisms react with each other and their environment in a balanced way.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems16
- 31. Ecology- The study of the interactions between living things and their environment. Ecologists are scientists who study these interactions.www.princeton.eduwww.thebignm.netMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems17
- 32. 3 TYPES OF SYMBIOSISORGANISMS IN AN ECOSYSTEM ARE INTERDEPENDENTMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems18THE ROAD TO KNOWLEDGE - LEARN
- 33. THREE TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS1.COMMENSALISM:This is an interaction between two organisms where only one of them benefits, but the other one is not affected.For example, on the Great Barrier Reef there are small colourful fish called clown fish. They are immune to the stings from sea anemones. The clown fish lives among the tentacles of the sea anemone and is protected from predators as well as getting food from the scraps left by the anemone.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems19
- 34. CLOWN FISH IN THE TENTACLES OF A SEA ANEMONEMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems20
- 35. MUTUALISMHave you ever heard the saying ‘you scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours’? This is what mutualism is all about.Both of the organisms benefit from the relationship and neither is harmed. In many cases neither species can exist without the other.The lichen consists of a fungus and an alga growing together. The fungus gets food from the photosynthesising alga and the alga gets a place to live. It also gets mineral nutrients from the fungusMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems21
- 36. A LICHEN growing with some mosses on a rock.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems22
- 37. PARASITISMThis is an interaction where one species (the parasite) lives on or in the host (another species of plant or animal). The parasite obtains food and shelter from its host, but often harms or may even kill the host in return. Heartworm is a parasite that lives in the hearts of dogs.They breed rapidly and when present in large numbers can clog up the dog’s heart. The worm uses the dog for shelter and food, but in the end the dog often dies.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems23
- 38. HEARTWORM IN DOGSWWW.fortheloveofpaws.comWWW.placervillevet.comMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems24
- 39. PARTIAL PARASITEMistletoe is using this tree ( a casuarina) to obtain water and some nutrients, but it still carries out photosynthesis to make its own food.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems25
- 40. QUESTIONS 5.1p 130 & 131ManualMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems26Good luck!
- 41. GUESS WHO’S COMING FOR DINNER?Food is one of the most important needs of all living things. For an organism to live in a particular habitat, that habitat must provide adequate food or nutrients.Plants manufacture their own food.Nutrients= substance that help plants or animals to growMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems27
- 42. GUESS WHO’S COMING FOR DINNER?Animals must consume other animals or plants to get their food.Animals that eat other animals are called PREDATORS of that animal.Example; Dingo will hunt hopping mice as PREY Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems28
- 43. PREY – CREATURES THAT AN ANIMAL HUNTS AND EATSMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems29
- 44. COMPETITORSIf two animals eat the same sort of food and they live in the same habitat, they must compete for their food. Australia Rabbits 1830 www.abc.net.auhttp://www.abc.net.au/btn/story/s2551612.htmWhat do you say & think???Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems30
- 45. FOOD CHAINS: The wombat and the Rabbit compete for food, shelter, living space and water.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems31
- 46. 32FOOD CHAINSPlants and animals use energy in growing and in day-to-day activity.Plants get most of their energy from the Sun; animals get their energy from the food they eat. For example, grass uses the energy from the Sun to grow. A grasshopper may eat the grass to get the energy it needs, and a kookaburra might eat several grasshoppers to get the energy it needs.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems
- 47. 33FOOD CHAINSWhen the kookaburra dies, bacteria and fungi will help to decompose its body, returning the nutrients to the soil and helping more grass to grow.This flow of energy from organism to organism is called a FOOD CHAIN.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems
- 48. Most food chains start with the SUN, and usually end with bacteria or FungiMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems34A food chain is usually shown as a simple flowchart like this:Sun -> grass -> grasshopper -> kookaburra -> fungiThe direction of the flow of energy is shown by the arrows.
- 49. Producers, consumers and decomposersThe Sun gives out light energy which the plants collect using a chemical called chlorophyll. It is the chlorophyll that gives plants their green colour. Plants then use the energy they have trapped, along with water and carbon dioxide, to make the carbohydrateglucose.Oxygen is also produced in this process, which is called PHOTOSYNTHESIS.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems35
- 50. Photosynthesis is often written as a chemical equation like this:carbon dioxide + water sunlight -> glucose + oxygen chlorophyllBecause plants can produce their own food they are called producers.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems36
- 51. PLANTS MAKE OWN FOODMake food from very simple substances.These are carbon dioxide gas from the air and water from the soil.Energy from sunlight is needed to combine these into sugarsMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems37
- 52. CONSUMERS:HERBIVORESAnimals are unable to make their own food and must consume (eat) plants or other animals to obtain food.Cows that eat only plants are known as HERBIVORES.www.wallpapers-diq.comMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems38
- 53. CONSUMERS: CARNIVORESLions that eat only other animals are called CARNIVORES.www.psychology.wikia.comMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems39
- 54. WWW.masterfile.comCONSUMERS: OMNIVORESThose like humans that eat both plants and animals are called OMNIVORES.If a plant or animal dies without being eaten, its body is broken down by DECOMPOSERS.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems40
- 55. CONSUMERSDECOMPOSERS are living things such as bacteria and fungi that are able to get the energy they need as they break down dead matter.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems41WWW.sheppardsoftware.com
- 56. DECOMPOSERSIn the food chainSun -> grass -> grasshopper -> kookaburra -> fungiThe grass is the producer, the grasshopper is called a first-order consumer and the kookaburra is a second-order consumer.If we were to add a snake, which eats the grasshopper and in turn is eaten by the kookaburra, our food chain would look like this: Sun -> grass -> grasshopper -> snake -> kookaburra -> fungiThe snake has become the second-order consumer, kookaburra is now a third-order consumer.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems42
- 57. FOOD WEB IDENTIFIES WHO EATS WHOM IN ECOSYSTEMJoining a number of food chains together produces a food web.Changes in food web occur as the population of different organisms increase, decrease or disappear altogether.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems43
- 58. FOOD WEB p135Interactive Tutorial Chapter 5 Food WebMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems44
- 59. QUESTIONS 5.2 p 135ManualMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems45THIS IS HOW YOU KNOW..................... YOU KNOW THE CONTENT OF THE WORK..........
- 60. Biologists ?(scientists who study living things)Living things• are able to move• need oxygen• need food or nutrients• produce and eliminate wastes• grow• respond to changes• reproduceMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems46
- 61. ORGANISMSEuglena (Water Otganism)A CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF ORGANISMS, AND ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF ONE OR MORE CELLS.(Multicellular)Some organisms consist of only one cell(Unicellular) like Euglena (you –GLEEN – a)Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems47
- 62. CLASSIFYING LIVING THINGSMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems48Taxonomists now classify living things into FIVE KINGDOMS based on their structural and functional similarities or differences.TAXONOMISTS –Scientists who classify living things into groups.To make it easier to talk about the living things in the biosphere, taxonomists (scientists who classify living things) classify them INTO KINGDOMS.
- 63. Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems49NAME THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF LIFE?
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- 65. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIVE KINGDOMSMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems51
- 66. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS – MORE LEVELS THAN JUST THE KINGDOMSMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems52
- 67. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS- Homo sapiensMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems53www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk
- 68. Homo Sapiens- humanswww.yapa.org.auDoes everybody in the picture fit in the human CLASSIFICATION?Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems54
- 69. A system of naming living things was developed by Carolus Linnaeus in the 1750s. In this system the scientific name of every living thing has two parts that together name.For humans the genus name is Homo. Humans share this name with related species such as Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis.The second part of the name indicates the species to which we belong.This is a descriptive name. Homo erectus literally means the human that stood upright. Homo sapiens means the intelligent human.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems55NAMING LIVING THINGS
- 70. Making a keyObjects can be grouped, or classified, using a key. In a key there are usually two options for each characteristic. Dichotomous means divided into two parts, so such keys are called dichotomous keys.Sometimes keys are written as a chart and sometimes they are written as words.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems56
- 71. Keys - how to use itWatch interactive tutorial Chapter 5 Using KeysMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems57
- 72. QUESTIONS 5.3 p 141ManualMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems58Learning is the Key to success!
- 73. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A TYPICAL ANIMAL AND TYPICAL PLANT59PlantAnimalFeeds on ready-made organic foodHas feeding structures such as mouth andLacks chlorophyllLacks leavesLacks rootsMoves aroundHas nerves and musclesHas receptors such as eyes and noseMakes its own food by photosynthesisLacks feeding structuresHas chlorophyllHas leavesHas rootsDoes not move aroundLacks nerves and musclesLacks receptor organsMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems
- 74. OBTAINING AND USING FOODCELLULAR RESPIRATIONWhy do animals need to be able to move?Animals cannot make their own food, so they need to be able to move around to find other animals or plants to eat.Plants make their own food by photosynthesis. They do not need to move around to find the raw materials. However, because sunlight is required, plants can only photosynthesise in the daytime. The sugars that are formed during photosynthesis maybe stored in a plant in the form of starch.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems60
- 75. Photosynthesis occurs when sunlight isabsorbed by the green chlorophyll in plants.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems61
- 76. CELLULAR RESPIRATIONBoth plants and animals need energy for their everyday lives.The energy contained in food is released in a process called cellular respiration.Plants use the glucose that they make in photosynthesis for this process.In animals the glucose comes from the food they eat, which is first broken down in their digestive systems.We can write a summary of what happens in cellular respiration:glucose + oxygen->energy + carbon dioxide + waterAs you can see, this process needs oxygen. During daylight plants usually have a ready supply of oxygen. Why is this so?Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems62
- 77. OXYGEN IN ANIMALS AND HUMANSAnimals have to obtain oxygen from their environment, and are adapted in different ways to do this.An earthworm absorbs oxygen through its moist skin. Fish have gills that absorb dissolved oxygen from the water that passes over them.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems63
- 78. WWW.landonyorkes.blogspot.comMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems64Human lungs allow the uptake of oxygen into the body.The oxygen is transported in the blood to body cellswhere it is used in cellular respiration.Fish have gills to enable them to takein oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
- 79. All land-living vertebrates, including humans, have lungs. When they inhale (breathe in) their lungs fill with air. Oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide passes from the body into the lungs.When these animals exhale (breathe out) they excrete the carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a waste product for animals, but for plants it is the raw material of photosynthesis.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems65
- 80. LET’S LOOK AT PLANTSTo classify plants, taxonomists look at their structure and how they reproduce.Using this information they have worked out the following key. A CLASSIFICATION key can be used to sort the plant kingdom into smaller groups with similar characteristics.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems66
- 81. PLANT KINGDOM:TWO MAIN GROUPS Madre Nortje Year 8 EcosystemsTRACHEOPHYTESBRYOPYTESHave veins – true roots, stem and leaves.Includes flowering plants, ferns and conifers.Called ANGIOSPERMSExample Fruit trees, cereal crop, & vegetablesProduce fruit, flowers, and seeds.Each part of plant has a functionNo veins - Without true roots, stem or leaves.Example Mosses.Have structure to carry out same functions.Mainly found in damp places.2 to 3 cm tall.Reproduce by spores.67
- 82. PLANT KINGDOMMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems68
- 83. Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems1.Cones of Conifer2. Fern3. Mosses 69
- 84. Table 5.3 Parts and functions of flowering plantsMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems70
- 85. Madre Nortje Year 8 EcosystemsA CLOSER LOOK AT ANIMALSAnimals can be grouped on the basis of whether they are VERTEBRATES OR INVERTEBRATES. VERTEBRATES :Animals that have an endoskeleton or backbone inside their bodies.(VERte-brates).INVERTEBRATES: Animals with no skeletons, such as molluscs or worms, or those with a jointed external skeleton (exoskeleton) such as beetles or flies.71
- 86. Madre Nortje Year 8 EcosystemsA CLOSER LOOK AT ANIMALSAnother way of grouping animals is by sensitivity to TEMPERATURE.Birds and mammals are able to maintain constant body temperatures even when the temperature of the surroundings changes. They are said to be ENDOTHERMIC. 72
- 87. Madre Nortje Year 8 EcosystemsA CLOSER LOOK AT ANIMALSAnother way of grouping animals is by sensitivity to TEMPERATURE.Fish, reptiles and amphibians have a body temperature that is affected by their surroundings. They are called ECTOTHERMIC.73
- 88. Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems74
- 89. Madre Nortje Year 8 EcosystemsANIMALKINGDOM75
- 90. QUESTIONS 5.4 p 146ManualMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems76YOU ARE ALL WINNERS! THANKS FOR HARD WORK.
- 91. Other kingdoms: FUNGI, PROTISTA AND MONERAKINGDOM FUNGIFungi range in form from the mould that grows on bread to the mushrooms we eat.Fungi have no chlorophyll, so they cannot use light from the Sun to make their own food.Fungi reproduce by means of spores.Some fungi live on dead organic matter. They are decomposer organisms.Some fungi are parasites living on plants and animals and gaining their nourishment from them.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems77
- 92. TOADSTOOLS, PUFFBALLS, TRUFFLES, YEAST, BREAD MOULD AND SKIN INFECTIONS LIKE TINEA ARE ALL TYPE S OF FUNGI.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems78
- 93. Kingdom MONERA (1)Members of this kingdom are called monerans, and you need a powerful microscope to see them. They are single-celled and have a simple cell structure without a distinct nucleus. Bacteria and cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria) fall into this group.Bacteria live in many different places, many of which are wet and warm. Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems79
- 94. Kingdom MONERA / BACTERIAMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems80
- 95. Kingdom MONERA (2)Some, like sulphur bacteria and cyanobacteria, can make their own food, but most rely on other organisms for food.Decomposers break down the bodies of dead organisms. Some monerans live inside living organisms, causing diseases such as tetanus, food poisoning and cholera; others are essential for health.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems81
- 96. Kingdom PROTISTAHave you seen seaweed at the beach? Seaweeds are examples of ALGAE.They can make their own food. Do they have stems, roots and leaves?Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems82
- 97. Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems83Some protists have structures that enable them to move through water.Other protists do not contain chlorophyll. They catch and eat food from the water around them. They are more animal-like and are called protozoa. Some protists have hair-like structures that help them move through the water.Most protists are not harmful to humans, but some cause disease. These diseases tend to be more common in tropical climates.
- 98. Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems84For example, amoebic dysentery, which causes severe pain and diarrhoea, is caused by drinking water contaminated with protists. This is why it is important to drink only boiled or bottled water in some countries where there is not a guaranteed clean water supply. Diseases caused by these organisms are relatively few in Australia because of good sanitation.
- 99. QUESTIONS 5.5 p 151Chapter Review p 152 &153ManualMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems85DO YOUR BEST, TEST ING SHORTLY!
- 100. Madre Nortje Year 8 EcosystemsKEY TERMSangiospermabioticadaptationantibioticsbioticcarnivorechlorophyllclassificationcommensalismcompetitorconifersconsumerdichotomousectothermicendoskeletonendothermicexoskeletonfood chainfood webfungihabitatherbivoreinterdependentinvertebrates86
- 101. Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems87KEY TERMSkeykingdommoneranmutualismnutrientsomnivoreorganismparasitismphotosynthesispopulationpredatorpreyproducerprotistsymbiosistaxonomistvertebrates
- 102. Madre Nortje Year 8 EcosystemsCopy and complete the following sentences using words from the list of key terms.The of an organism is where it lives. There will be both and components.web is made up of many interconnected .The energy that moves through a food chain comes first from the .trap this energy in a process called photosynthesis.The are consumed by consumer organisms. Consumer organisms may begrouped as , or depending on whether they eatplant material only, animal material only, or some of both.Scientists classify all living things into five kingdoms called ,, , and .The interdependence of organisms is called . benefits one ofthe organisms without affecting the other. benefits both organisms inthe relationship. In one organism benefits and the other is harmed.An is a vertebrate whose body temperature is influenced by thetemperature of its surroundings. An maintains a constant internaltemperature.key ideas88
- 103. BIBLIOGRAPHYMadre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems89Coffey,R.Spence, R& Spenceley, M. 2009 Heinemann Queensland Science Project – Science 8 A Contextual Approach. Harcourt Education. Port Melbourne Victoria