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1
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
Exploring Microsoft Access 2013, Comprehensive (Poatsy)
Chapter 6 Action and Specialized Queries: Moving Beyond the Select Query
1) A(n) ________ query is used to update or change data automatically based on criteria that you
specify.
A) update
B) append
C) make table
D) delete
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 1. Determine when to use an action query
2) A(n) ________ query can be used for adding records to an existing table.
A) append
B) update
C) make table
D) delete
Answer: A
Diff: 1
3) Which type of query automatically creates a new table from data that already exists in a
database?
A) Make Table
B) Update
C) Append
D) Delete
Answer: A
Diff: 2
4) A(n) ________ query removes records from a table based on criteria that you specify.
A) delete
B) append
C) update
D) make table
Answer: A
Diff: 1

2
5) Why should you backup your database before running an action query?
A) Action queries are irreversible.
B) Action queries are reversible.
C) Action queries are temporary.
D) Action queries add extra tables to the database.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 2. Update data with an update query
6) A(n) ________ can be used when records with missing data have been found.
A) update query
B) append query
C) delete query
D) make table query
Answer: A
Diff: 2
7) To test an update query before running it, you can:
A) switch to Datasheet view.
B) run an append query first.
C) backup the database.
D) move the records to a different table.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
8) What should be the first step taken before creating an update query?
A) Back up the database
B) Switch to Datasheet view
C) Move the records to a different table
D) Run the query
Answer: A
Diff: 2
9) Once records with missing data are found, what type of query can you use to add the needed
information?
A) Update
B) Delete
C) Make table
D) Find duplicates
Answer: A
Diff: 1

3
10) When running an append query, what happens if a record violates the primary key rule for
the destination table?
A) The record is rejected.
B) The original record is selected.
C) The record is added without the primary key field.
D) The append query is rejected.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
11) Which of the following is NOT a rule for appending queries?
A) Data field types do not have to be the same.
B) All the normal rules for adding a new record to the destination table apply.
C) A field from the source table does not exist in the destination table.
D) The destination table should not contain an AutoNumber field.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Objective: 3. Add records to a table with an append query
12) An append query is a query that:
A) copies records from one table to another.
B) changes the data values in one or more fields that meet specific criteria.
C) automatically creates a new table from data that already exists.
D) removes records from a table based on criteria.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
13) A(n) ________ query can be used to archive older records that need to be stored outside of
the current table.
A) make table
B) update
C) delete
D) append
Answer: A
Diff: 3
14) To test an update query before running the query, what should you do first?
A) From Design view, click View in the Results group and click Datasheet view.
B) From Design view, click the Run button.
C) From Design view, verify that all fields are listed.
D) From Design view, click Update in the Query type group.
Answer: A
Diff: 2

4
15) To avoid a mistake when using an update query that includes making calculations on a field,
what is one thing you can do to prevent losing the original information?
A) Add an additional field with the original figures.
B) When you run the query, just undo if you question the new figures.
C) Rerun the query to make sure the figures have updated.
D) Backup the database after you have run the query.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
16) If you run a make table query again at a later time, what happens?
A) The table is replaced with the new up-to-date table.
B) The new table will show as it was when it was created.
C) All new information is lost.
D) It will select the new records from the table and delete them.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 4. Create a table with a make table query
17) What is the first step in creating an append query?
A) Create a select query
B) Create a make table query
C) Create a delete query
D) Create a find duplicates query
Answer: A
Diff: 1
18) Why should you backup your database before testing an action query?
A) Action queries change data in your database that cannot be reversed.
B) Action queries change data in your database but the changes are temporary.
C) Action queries do not make any changes to your database.
D) Action queries duplicate data in your database.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
19) Moving records from one table to another can be accomplished with the combination of what
two types of queries?
A) Append and delete
B) Append and make table
C) Append and select
D) Append and update
Answer: A
Diff: 2

5
20) The process of creating a make table query is very similar to which other type of query?
A) Append query
B) Delete query
C) Find duplicates query
D) Update query
Answer: A
Diff: 2
21) Before running a make table query, what should you do?
A) Preview the datasheet to verify that the records are those that you intend to insert into the
table.
B) View the results in Design view.
C) Create the table, you can always delete it if the information is wrong.
D) Create a delete query at the same time.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
22) Before running a delete query, what should you do?
A) Preview the datasheet to verify that the records are those that you intend to delete.
B) View the results in Design view.
C) Create the table, you can always delete it if the information is wrong.
D) Manually go through the table and delete the information, then use the delete query to verify
all information is removed.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 5. Delete records with a delete query
23) Which type of query calculates data using a sum, average, or other function and groups the
results by two sets of values?
A) Crosstab query
B) Append query
C) Make table query
D) Find duplicates query
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Objective: 6. Summarize data with a crosstab query
24) What summarizes a data source into a grid of rows and columns?
A) Crosstab query
B) Append query
C) Make table query
D) Find duplicates table
Answer: A
Diff: 3

6
25) What does the type of data displayed in a crosstab query depend on?
A) Which aggregate function used when the query was created
B) The intersection of columns and rows
C) What the query was based on
D) The grouping of the data
Answer: A
Diff: 3
26) Where do the row headings display in a crosstab query?
A) Along the left side of a crosstab query
B) Along the top of a crosstab query
C) Along the right side of a crosstab query
D) Along the bottom of a crosstab query
Answer: A
Diff: 3
27) Where do the column headings display in a crosstab query?
A) Along the top of a crosstab query
B) Along the left side of a crosstab query
C) Along the right side of a crosstab query
D) Along the bottom of a crosstab query
Answer: A
Diff: 3
28) How is a crosstab query different from other queries?
A) You can only reference one object (table or query) as the data source
B) You can use records from several objects in a crosstab query
C) You can preview the data before finalizing the query
D) You can select a data source with several grouping fields
Answer: A
Diff: 3
29) Which query identifies multiple instances of the same information in a table?
A) Find duplicates
B) Crosstab
C) Append
D) Make table
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 7. Find duplicate records with a query

7
30) Duplicate values in a table can prevent you from:
A) enforcing referential integrity.
B) adding additional records.
C) having an accurate database.
D) running an append query.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
31) What is the purpose of a find unmatched query?
A) To compare records in two related tables and display the records found in one table and not
the other.
B) To find records that are the same in two related tables.
C) To combine information in one table with information in another table.
D) To summarize a table into columns and rows to show trends.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
32) What must be present for a find unmatched query to work?
A) Two tables share a common field.
B) Two tables have no relationship.
C) All fields in the tables should be the same.
D) There is nothing necessary for the query to work properly.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Objective: 8. Find unmatched records with a query
33) What do you do if you make a mistake when running a Find Unmatched query?
A) Delete the query and start over, then reverse the order of the tables.
B) Rerun the query using different fields.
C) Delete associated records in the table.
D) Modify the aggregate function.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
34) A(n) ________ would be used to replace null values with zeros?
A) update query
B) make table query
C) append query
D) delete query
Answer: A
Diff: 1

8
35) After becoming familiar with the data in a database, what should be the first step when
creating an action query?
A) Backup the database
B) Save the database in an earlier version
C) Using design view, create the query
D) Run the query
Answer: A
Diff: 1
36) Find unmatched queries provide a subset of the data that answers most questions that users
ask about the data in their databases.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3
37) An action query can be used to add, edit, or delete data in a database.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
38) An append query is used to update or change data automatically based on criteria that you
specify.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
39) An append query is used to add records to an existing table.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
40) It is usually better to enter the value of zero rather than have a null value in a field.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3
41) You can use Undo when running an update or delete query.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
42) Once you run an action query, you are committing yourself to an irreversible change.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1

9
43) An append query changes the data values in one or more fields for all records that meet
specific criteria.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
44) Prior to updating data in a table, you must first locate the records that need to be modified.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
45) When updating records, convert the select query to an update query and insert the missing
information.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3
46) There is no way to verify that the correct records will be updated when using an update
query.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
47) Backing up the database prior to running an update query is the best precaution.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
48) An append query deletes records from one or more tables and adds them to an existing table.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
49) Moving records from one table to another can be accomplished with the combination of an
append query and a delete query.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
50) When running an append query, the data types of the source fields do not have to match the
data types of the destination fields.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3

10
51) Duplicate values should always be deleted from a database table.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
52) When running an append query, an append query warning message appears specifying the
number of rows to be appended.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
53) An append query selects records from one or more tables and uses then to create a new table.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
54) One reason an append query can fail is because of duplicate primary keys in the source and
destination tables.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
55) You can use a make table query to copy some or all records from a source table to a
destination table even if the destination table does not exist.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3
56) If the destination table exists and you run the make table query, Access automatically deletes
the source table.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
57) It is not recommended to preview the datasheet prior to running a make table query.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
58) It is recommended to preview results before running a delete query.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3

11
59) When running a delete query, you are prompted with a warning message.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
60) Action queries display different icons than select queries in the Navigation Pane.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3
61) A find unmatched query compares records in two related tables and displays the records
found in both tables.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
62) A crosstab query works best when the data source has at least two grouping fields.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
63) The grouping in a crosstab query comes from the definitions of row and column headings.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
64) The type of data displayed in a crosstab query depends on which aggregate function you
choose when creating the query.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 3
65) Access does not have a way to identify duplicate values.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 3
66) It is important to ensure that when you delete duplicate records, you do not delete associated
records in a related table.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2

12
67) A find duplicates query compares records in two related tables and displays the values found
in one table but not the other.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
68) The find unmatched query requires two tables with a common field where one of the tables is
missing information.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
69) The find unmatched query only works if two tables share a common field.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
70) Choosing the wrong matched field in an unmatched query will cause you to query incorrect
information.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
71) A delete query automatically creates a new table from data that already exists in a database.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
72) The delete query saves you the chore of having to locate and delete records manually.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
73) You should NOT rerun an action query.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
74) An append query is used to update or change data automatically based on criteria that you
specify.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2

13
75) Action queries include update, append, make table, and delete.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
76) Match the following terms with their meanings:
I. update query
II. append query
III. make table query
IV. delete query
A. creates a new table from data that already exist in a database
B. removes records from a table based on criteria that you specify
C. updates or changes data automatically based on criteria that you specify
D. adds records to an existing table
Answer: C, D, A, B
Diff: 2
77) Match the following terms with their meanings:
I. crosstab query
II. find duplicate query
III. find unmatched query
IV. action query
A. helps identify duplicate values in a table
B. usually created to show trends in values over time
C. adds, edits, or deletes data in a database
D. compares records in two related tables and displays the records found in one table but not the
other
Answer: B, A, D, C
Diff: 2
Objective: Multiple objectives
78) A(n) ________ query provides the easiest way to move records from one table to another.
Answer: append
Diff: 2
79) A(n) ________ calculates a sum, average, or other statistic and groups the results by sets of
values.
Answer: crosstab query
Diff: 2

14
80) The field names that display at the top of a crosstab query are called ________.
Answer: row headings
Diff: 2
81) The field names that display on the left side of a crosstab query are called ________.
Answer: column headings
Diff: 2
82) If you would like to add data from an Excel spreadsheet to an existing Access table, you
might use a(n) ________ query.
Answer: append
Diff: 2
83) Your company has increased the minimum credit line for all of its customers, you would run
a(n) ________ query to include the increase in your table.
Answer: update
Diff: 2
84) Delete, append, and update queries are all examples of a(n) ________ query.
Answer: action
Diff: 2
85) To find which customers have not yet ordered, you would run a(n) ________ query.
Answer: find unmatched
Diff: 2
86) A ________ query makes it easy to correct errors or add values to blank fields.
Answer: select
Diff: 1
87) You would use a(n) ________ query to identify records of all customers who live in
Tennessee in order to change their area code to a new number.
Answer: update
Diff: 2

15
88) While reviewing a table, you find that the same customer was added to the customers table
twice, you decide to run a(n) ________ query to determine if there are any other records added
multiple times.
Answer: find duplicate
Diff: 2
89) To remove the duplicate records found in a table, you would run a(n) ________ query.
Answer: delete
Diff: 2
90) The ________ is responsible for maintaining databases, including performing backups,
security checks, and upgrades to keep data both safe and accessible.
Answer: database administrator
Diff: 1
91) What are the four types of action queries?
Answer: update query, append query, make table query, delete query
Diff: 2
92) What is the difference between an update query and an append query?
Answer: An append query adds records to an existing table, where an update query is used to
update data in a table
Diff: 2
93) Why must care be taken when running a delete query?
Answer: Deletions made with a delete query cannot be reversed.
Diff: 2
94) Why is it better to enter zero in a field instead of leaving the field blank?
Answer: Access does not always calculate properly when a null is used in a list of values.
Diff: 2
95) What is the best way to check an update query before running it?
Answer: Switch to datasheet view to verify that the correct records will be updated.
Diff: 2

16
96) What is the best precaution to take prior to running an update query?
Answer: Back up the database
Diff: 2
97) How do appended records appear in the destination table?
Answer: They appear in primary key order or they are added to the bottom of the table if no
primary key exists.
Diff: 2
98) Why is it important to monitor how many times an update query is executed?
Answer: Because update queries can change values more than one time if run multiple times.
Diff: 2
99) What should you do before running a delete query?
Answer: Create a backup copy of the database prior to running a delete query.
Diff: 2
100) What is the purpose of a crosstab query?
Answer: A crosstab query is used to show trends in values over time.
Diff: 3

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writers “were not inspired to do otherwise than
to take these statements as they found them.”
Inerrancy is not freedom from misstatements,
but from error defined as “that which misleads
in any serious or important sense.” When we
compare the accounts of 1 and 2 Chronicles
with those of 1 and 2 Kings we find in the
former an exaggeration of numbers, a
suppression of material unfavorable to the
writer's purpose, and an emphasis upon that
which is favorable, that contrasts strongly with
the method of the latter. These characteristics
are so continuous that the theory of mistakes in
transcription does not seem sufficient to
account for the facts. The author's aim was to
draw out the religious lessons of the story, and
historical details are to him of comparative
unimportance.
H. P. Smith, Bib. Scholarship and Inspiration,
108—“Inspiration did not correct the
Chronicler's historical point of view, more than
it corrected his scientific point of view, which no
doubt made the earth the centre of the solar
system. It therefore left him open to receive
documents, and to use them, which idealized
the history of the past, and described David
and Solomon according to the ideas of later

times and the priestly class. David's sins are
omitted, and numbers are multiplied, to give
greater dignity to the earlier kingdom.” As
Tennyson's Idylls of the King give a nobler
picture of King Arthur, and a more definite
aspect to his history, than actual records justify,
yet the picture teaches great moral and
religious lessons, so the Chronicler seems to
have manipulated his material in the interest of
religion. Matters of arithmetic were minor
matters. “Majoribus intentus est.”
E. G. Robinson: “The numbers of the Bible are
characteristic of a semi-barbarous age. The
writers took care to guess enough. The
tendency of such an age is always to
exaggerate.” Two Formosan savages divide five
pieces between them by taking two apiece and
throwing one away. The lowest tribes can count
only with the fingers of their hands; when they
use their toes as well, it marks an advance in
civilization. To [pg 229]the modern child a
hundred is just as great a number as a million.
So the early Scriptures seem to use numbers
with a childlike ignorance as to their meaning.
Hundreds of thousands can be substituted for
tens of thousands, and the substitution seems
only a proper tribute to the dignity of the

subject. Gore, in Lux Mundi, 353—“This was
not conscious perversion, but unconscious
idealizing of history, the reading back into past
records of a ritual development which was
really later. Inspiration excludes conscious
deception, but it appears to be quite consistent
with this sort of idealizing; always supposing
that the result read back into the earlier history
does represent the real purpose of God and
only anticipates the realization.”
There are some who contend that these
historical imperfections are due to transcription
and that they did not belong to the original
documents. Watts, New Apologetic, 71, 111,
when asked what is gained by contending for
infallible original autographs if they have been
since corrupted, replies: “Just what we gain by
contending for the original perfection of human
nature, though man has since corrupted it. We
must believe God's own testimony about his
own work. God may permit others to do what,
as a holy righteous God, he cannot do himself.”
When the objector declares it a matter of little
consequence whether a pair of trousers were or
were not originally perfect, so long as they are
badly rent just now, Watts replies: “The tailor
who made them would probably prefer to have

it understood that the trousers did not leave his
shop in their present forlorn condition. God
drops no stitches and sends out no imperfect
work.” Watts however seems dominated by an
a priori theory of inspiration, which blinds him
to the actual facts of the Bible.
Evans, Bib. Scholarship and Inspiration, 40
—“Does the present error destroy the
inspiration of the Bible as we have it? No. Then
why should the original error destroy the
inspiration of the Bible, as it was first given?
There are spots on yonder sun; do they stop its
being the sun? Why, the sun is all the more a
sun for the spots. So the Bible.” Inspiration
seems to have permitted the gathering of such
material as was at hand, very much as a
modern editor might construct his account of
an army movement from the reports of a
number of observers; or as a modern historian
might combine the records of a past age with
all their imperfections of detail. In the case of
the Scripture writers, however, we maintain
that inspiration has permitted no sacrifice of
moral and religious truth in the completed
Scripture, but has woven its historical material
together into an organic whole which teaches

all the facts essential to the knowledge of Christ
and of salvation.
When we come to examine in detail what
purport to be historical narratives, we must be
neither credulous nor sceptical, but simply
candid and open-minded. With regard for
example to the great age of the Old Testament
patriarchs, we are no more warranted in
rejecting the Scripture accounts upon the
ground that life in later times is so much
shorter, than we are to reject the testimony of
botanists as to trees of the Sequoia family
between four and five hundred feet high, or the
testimony of geologists as to Saurians a
hundred feet long, upon the ground that the
trees and reptiles with which we are acquainted
are so much smaller. Every species at its
introduction seems to exhibit the maximum of
size and vitality. Weismann, Heredity, 6, 30
—“Whales live some hundreds of years;
elephants two hundred—their gestation taking
two years. Giants prove that the plan upon
which man is constructed can also be carried
out on a scale far larger than the normal one.”
E. Ray Lankester, Adv. of Science, 205-237, 286
—agrees with Weismann in his general theory.

Sir George Cornewall Lewis long denied
centenarism, but at last had to admit it.
Charles Dudley Warner, in Harper's Magazine,
Jan. 1895, gives instances of men 137, 140,
and 192 years old. The German Haller asserts
that “the ultimate limit of human life does not
exceed two centuries: to fix the exact number
of years is exceedingly difficult.” J. Norman
Lockyer, in Nature, regards the years of the
patriarchs as lunar years. In Egypt, the sun
being used, the unit of time was a year; but in
Chaldea, the unit of time was a month, for the
reason that the standard of time was the moon.
Divide the numbers by twelve, and the lives of
the patriarchs come out very much the same
length with lives at the present day. We may
ask, however, how this theory would work in
shortening the lives between Noah and Moses.
On the genealogies in Matthew and Luke, see
Lord Harvey, Genealogies of our Lord, and his
art, in Smith's Bible Dictionary; per contra, see
Andrews, Life of Christ, 55 sq. On Quirinius and
the enrollment for taxation (Luke 2:2), see
Pres. Woolsey, in New Englander, 1869. On the
general subject, see Rawlinson, Historical
Evidences, and essay in Modern Scepticism,

published by Christian Evidence Society, 1:265;
Crooker, New Bible and New Uses, 102-126.
[pg 230]
3. Errors in Morality.
(a) What are charged as such are sometimes evil
acts and words of good men—words and acts not
sanctioned by God. These are narrated by the
inspired writers as simple matter of history, and
subsequent results, or the story itself, is left to point
the moral of the tale.
Instances of this sort are Noah's drunkenness
(Gen. 9:20-27); Lot's incest (Gen. 19:30-38);
Jacob's falsehood (Gen. 27:19-24); David's
adultery (2 Sam. 11:1-4); Peter's denial (Mat.
26:69-75). See Lee, Inspiration, 265, note.
Esther's vindictiveness is not commended, nor
are the characters of the Book of Esther said to
have acted in obedience to a divine command.
Crane, Religion of To-morrow, 241—“In law and
psalm and prophecy we behold the influence of
Jehovah working as leaven among a primitive

and barbarous people. Contemplating the Old
Scriptures in this light, they become luminous
with divinity, and we are furnished with the
principle by which to discriminate between the
divine and the human in the book. Particularly
in David do we see a rugged, half-civilized,
kingly man, full of gross errors, fleshly and
impetuous, yet permeated with a divine Spirit
that lifts him, struggling, weeping, and warring,
up to some of the loftiest conceptions of Deity
which the mind of man has conceived. As an
angelic being, David is a caricature; as a man
of God, as an example of God moving upon and
raising up a most human man, he is a splendid
example. The proof that the church is of God, is
not its impeccability, but its progress.”
(b) Where evil acts appear at first sight to be
sanctioned, it is frequently some right intent or
accompanying virtue, rather than the act itself, upon
which commendation is bestowed.
As Rehab's faith, not her duplicity (Josh. 2:1-
24; cf. Heb. 11:31 and James 2:25); Jael's
patriotism, not her treachery (Judges 4:17-22;
cf. 5:24). Or did they cast in their lot with Israel

and use the common stratagems of war (see
next paragraph)? Herder: “The limitations of
the pupil are also limitations of the teacher.”
While Dean Stanley praises Solomon for
tolerating idolatry, James Martineau, Study,
2:137, remarks: “It would be a ridiculous
pedantry to apply the Protestant pleas of
private judgment to such communities as
ancient Egypt and Assyria.... It is the survival of
coercion, after conscience has been born to
supersede it, that shocks and revolts us in
persecution.”
(c) Certain commands and deeds are sanctioned as
relatively just—expressions of justice such as the age
could comprehend, and are to be judged as parts of
a progressively unfolding system of morality whose
key and culmination we have in Jesus Christ.
Ex. 20:25—“I gave them statutes that were not
good”—as Moses' permission of divorce and
retaliation (Deut. 24:1; cf. Mat. 5:31, 32; 19:7-
9; Ex. 21:24; cf. Mat. 5:38, 39). Compare
Elijah's calling down fire from heaven (2 K.
1:10-12) with Jesus' refusal to do the same,
and his intimation that the spirit of Elijah was

not the spirit of Christ (Luke 9:52-56);
cf.Mattheson, Moments on the Mount, 253-255,
on Mat. 17:8—“Jesus only”: “The strength of
Elias paled before him. To shed the blood of
enemies requires less strength than to shed
one's own blood, and to conquer by fire is
easier than to conquer by love.” Hovey: “In
divine revelation, it is first starlight, then dawn,
finally day.” George Washington once gave
directions for the transportation to the West
Indies and the sale there of a refractory negro
who had given him trouble. This was not at
variance with the best morality of his time, but
it would not suit the improved ethical standards
of today. The use of force rather than moral
suasion is sometimes needed by children and
by barbarians. We may illustrate by the Sunday
School scholar's unruliness which was cured by
his classmates during the week. “What did you
say to him?” asked the teacher. “We didn't say
nothing; we just punched his head for him.”
This was Old Testament righteousness. The
appeal in the O. T. to the hope of earthly
rewards was suitable to a stage of development
not yet instructed as to heaven and hell by the
coming and work of Christ; compare Ex. 20:12
with Mat. 5:10; 25:46. The Old Testament

aimed to fix in the mind of a selected people
the idea of the unity and holiness of God; in
order to exterminate idolatry, much other
teaching was postponed. See Peabody, [pg
231]Religion of Nature, 45; Mozley, Ruling
Ideas of Early Ages; Green, in Presb. Quar.,
April, 1877:221-252; McIlvaine, Wisdom of Holy
Scripture, 328-368; Brit. and For. Evang. Rev.,
Jan. 1878:1-32; Martineau, Study, 2:137.
When therefore we find in the inspired song of
Deborah, the prophetess (Judges 5:30), an
allusion to the common spoils of war—“a
damsel, two damsels to every man” or in Prov.
31:6, 7—“Give strong drink unto him that is
ready to perish, and wine unto the bitter in
soul. Let him drink, and forget his poverty, and
remember his misery no more”—we do not
need to maintain that these passages furnish
standards for our modern conduct. Dr. Fisher
calls the latter “the worst advice to a person in
affliction, or dispirited by the loss of property.”
They mark past stages in God's providential
leading of mankind. A higher stage indeed is
already intimated in Prov. 31:4—“it is not for
kings to drink wine, Nor for princes to say,
Where is strong drink?” We see that God could
use very imperfect instruments and could

inspire very imperfect men. Many things were
permitted for men's “hardness of heart” (Mat.
19:8). The Sermon on the Mount is a great
advance on the law of Moses (Mat. 5:21—“Ye
have heard that it was said to them of old
time”; cf. 22—“But I say unto you”).
Robert G. Ingersoll would have lost his stock in
trade if Christians had generally recognized that
revelation is gradual, and is completed only in
Christ. This gradualness of revelation is
conceded in the common phrase: “the new
dispensation.” Abraham Lincoln showed his
wisdom by never going far ahead of the
common sense of the people. God similarly
adapted his legislation to the capacities of each
successive age. The command to Abraham to
sacrifice his son (Gen. 22:1-19) was a proper
test of Abraham's faith in a day when human
sacrifice violated no common ethical standard
because the Hebrew, like the Roman, “patria
potestas” did not regard the child as having a
separate individuality, but included the child in
the parent and made the child equally
responsible for the parent's sin. But that very
command was given only as a test of faith, and
with the intent to make the intended obedience
the occasion of revealing God's provision of a

substitute and so of doing away with human
sacrifice for all future time. We may well imitate
the gradualness of divine revelation in our
treatment of dancing and of the liquor traffic.
(d) God's righteous sovereignty affords the key to
other events. He has the right to do what he will with
his own, and to punish the transgressor when and
where he will; and he may justly make men the
foretellers or executors of his purposes.
Foretellers, as in the imprecatory Psalms
(137:9; cf. Is. 13:16-18 and Jer. 50:16, 29);
executors, as in the destruction of the
Canaanites (Deut. 7:2, 16). In the former case
the Psalm was not the ebullition of personal
anger, but the expression of judicial indignation
against the enemies of God. We must
distinguish the substance from the form. The
substance was the denunciation of God's
righteous judgments; the form was taken from
the ordinary customs of war in the Psalmist's
time. See Park, in Bib. Sac., 1862:165; Cowles,
Com. on Ps. 137; Perowne on Psalms, Introd.,
61; Presb. and Ref. Rev., 1897:490-505; cf. 2
Tim. 4:14—“the Lord will render to him

according to his works”—a prophecy, not a
curse, ἀποδώσει, not ἀποδώη, as in A. V. In the
latter case, an exterminating war was only the
benevolent surgery that amputated the putrid
limb, and so saved the religious life of the
Hebrew nation and of the after-world. See Dr.
Thomas Arnold, Essay on the Right
Interpretation of Scripture; Fisher, Beginnings
of Christianity, 11-24.
Another interpretation of these events has been
proposed, which would make them illustrations
of the principle indicated in (c) above: E. G.
Robinson, Christian Theology, 45—“It was not
the imprecations of the Psalm that were
inspired of God, but his purposes and ideas of
which these were by the times the necessary
vehicle; just as the adultery of David was not
by divine command, though through it the
purpose of God as to Christ's descent was
accomplished.” John Watson (Ian Maclaren),
Cure of Souls, 143—“When the massacre of the
Canaanites and certain proceedings of David
are flung in the face of Christians, it is no
longer necessary to fall back on evasions or
special pleading. It can now be frankly admitted
that, from our standpoint in this year of grace,
such deeds were atrocious, and that they never

could have been according to the mind of God,
but that they must be judged by their date, and
considered the defects of elementary moral
processes. The Bible is vindicated, because it is,
on the whole, a steady ascent, and because it
culminates in Christ.”
Lyman Abbott, Theology of an Evolutionist, 56
—“Abraham mistook the voice of conscience,
calling on him to consecrate his only son to
God, and interpreted it as a [pg
232]command to slay his son as a burnt
offering. Israel misinterpreted his righteous
indignation at the cruel and lustful rites of the
Canaanitish religion as a divine summons to
destroy the worship by putting the worshipers
to death; a people undeveloped in moral
judgment could not distinguish between formal
regulations respecting camp-life and eternal
principles of righteousness, such as, Thou shalt
love thy neighbor as thyself, but embodied
them in the same code, and seemed to regard
them as of equal authority.”Wilkinson, Epic of
Paul, 281—“If so be such man, so placed ... did
in some part That utterance make his own,
profaning it, To be his vehicle for sense not
meant By the august supreme inspiring Will”—i.
e., putting some of his own sinful anger into

God's calm predictions of judgment. Compare
the stern last words of “Zechariah, the son of
Jehoiada, the priest” when stoned to death in
the temple court: “Jehovah look upon it and
require it”(2 Chron. 24:20-22), with the last
words of Jesus: “Father, forgive them, for they
know not what they do”(Luke 23:34) and of
Stephen: “Lord, lay not this sin to their charge”
(Acts 7:60).
(e) Other apparent immoralities are due to
unwarranted interpretations. Symbol is sometimes
taken for literal fact; the language of irony is
understood as sober affirmation; the glow and
freedom of Oriental description are judged by the
unimpassioned style of Western literature; appeal to
lower motives is taken to exclude, instead of
preparing for, the higher.
In Hosea 1:2, 3, the command to the prophet
to marry a harlot was probably received and
executed in vision, and was intended only as
symbolic: compare Jer. 25:15-18—“Take this
cup ... and cause all the nations ... to drink.”
Literal obedience would have made the prophet
contemptible to those whom he would instruct,

and would require so long a time as to weaken,
if not destroy, the designed effect; see Ann. Par.
Bible, in loco. In 2 K. 6:19, Elisha's deception,
so called, was probably only ironical and
benevolent; the enemy dared not resist,
because they were completely in his power. In
the Song of Solomon, we have, as Jewish
writers have always held, a highly-wrought
dramatic description of the union between
Jehovah and his people, which we must judge
by Eastern and not by Western literary
standards.
Francis W. Newman, in his Phases of Faith,
accused even the New Testament of presenting
low motives for human obedience. It is true
that all right motives are appealed to, and some
of these motives are of a higher sort than are
others. Hope of heaven and fear of hell are not
the highest motives, but they may be employed
as preliminary incitements to action, even
though only love for God and for holiness will
ensure salvation. Such motives are urged both
by Christ and by his apostles: Mat. 6:20—“lay
up for yourselves treasures in heaven”; 10:28
—“fear him who is able to destroy both soul
and body in hell”; Jude 23—“some save with
fear, snatching them out of the fire.” In this

respect the N. T. does not differ from the O. T.
George Adam Smith has pointed out that the
royalists got their texts, “the powers that be”
(Rom. 13:1) and “the king as supreme” (1 Pet.
2:13), from the N. T., while the O. T. furnished
texts for the defenders of liberty. While the O.
T. deals with national life, and the discharge of
social and political functions, the N. T. deals in
the main with individuals and with their
relations to God. On the whole subject, see
Hessey, Moral Difficulties of the Bible; Jellett,
Moral Difficulties of the O. T.; Faith and Free
Thought (Lect. by Christ. Ev. Soc.), 2:173;
Rogers, Eclipse of Faith; Butler, Analogy, part ii,
chap. iii; Orr, Problem of the O. T., 465-483.
4. Errors of Reasoning.
(a) What are charged as such are generally to be
explained as valid argument expressed in highly
condensed form. The appearance of error may be
due to the suppression of one or more links in the
reasoning.
In Mat. 22:32, Christ's argument for the
resurrection, drawn from the fact that God is

the God of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, is
perfectly and obviously valid, the moment we
put in the suppressed premise that the living
relation to God which is here implied cannot
properly be conceived as something merely
spiritual, but necessarily requires a new and
restored life of the body. If God is the God of
the living, then Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob shall
rise from the dead. See more full exposition,
under Eschatology. Some of the Scripture
arguments are enthymemes, and an
enthymeme, according to Arbuthnot and Pope,
is “a syllogism in which the major is married to
the minnor, and the marriage is kept secret.”
[pg 233]
(b) Where we cannot see the propriety of the
conclusions drawn from given premises, there is
greater reason to attribute our failure to ignorance of
divine logic on our part, than to accommodation or
ad hominem arguments on the part of the Scripture
writers.
By divine logic we mean simply a logic whose
elements and processes are correct, though not
understood by us. In Heb. 7:9, 10 (Levi's

paying tithes in Abraham), there is probably a
recognition of the organic unity of the family,
which in miniature illustrates the organic unity
of the race. In Gal. 3:20—“a mediator is not a
mediator of one; but God is one”—the law, with
its two contracting parties, is contrasted with
the promise, which proceeds from the sole fiat
of God and is therefore unchangeable. Paul's
argument here rests on Christ's divinity as its
foundation—otherwise Christ would have been
a mediator in the same sense in which Moses
was a mediator (see Lightfoot, in loco). In Gal.
4:21-31, Hagar and Ishmael on the one hand,
and Sarah and Isaac on the other, illustrate the
exclusion of the bondmen of the law from the
privileges of the spiritual seed of Abraham.
Abraham's two wives, and the two classes of
people in the two sons, represent the two
covenants (so Calvin). In John 10:34—“I said,
Ye are gods,” the implication is that Judaism
was not a system of mere monotheism, but of
theism tending to theanthropism, a real union
of God and man (Westcott, Bib. Com., in loco).
Godet well remarks that he who doubts Paul's
logic will do well first to suspect his own.

(c) The adoption of Jewish methods of reasoning,
where it could be proved, would not indicate error on
the part of the Scripture writers, but rather an
inspired sanction of the method as applied to that
particular case.
In Gal. 3:16—“He saith not, And to seeds, as of
many; but as of one, And to thy seed, which is
Christ.” Here it is intimated that the very form
of the expression in Gen. 22:18, which denotes
unity, was selected by the Holy Spirit as
significant of that one person, Christ, who was
the true seed of Abraham and in whom all
nations were to be blessed. Argument from the
form of a single word is in this case correct,
although the Rabbins often made more of
single words than the Holy Spirit ever intended.
Watts, New Apologetic, 69—“F. W. Farrar
asserts that the plural of the Hebrew or Greek
terms for ‘seed’ is never used by Hebrew or
Greek writers as a designation of human
offspring. But see Sophocles, Œdipus at
Colonus, 599, 600—γῆς ἔμῆς ἀπηλάθην πρὸς
τῶν ἐμαυτοῦ σπερμάτων—‘I was driven away
from my own country by my own offspring.’ ” In
1 Cor. 10:1-6—“and the rock was Christ”—the
Rabbinic tradition that the smitten rock followed

the Israelites in their wanderings is declared to
be only the absurd literalizing of a spiritual fact
—the continual presence of Christ, as
preëxistent Logos, with his ancient people. Per
contra, see Row, Rev. and Mod. Theories, 98-
128.
(d) If it should appear however upon further
investigation that Rabbinical methods have been
wrongly employed by the apostles in their
argumentation, we might still distinguish between
the truth they are seeking to convey and the
arguments by which they support it. Inspiration may
conceivably make known the truth, yet leave the
expression of the truth to human dialectic as well as
to human rhetoric.
Johnson, Quotations of the N. T. from the O. T.,
137, 138—“In the utter absence of all evidence
to the contrary, we ought to suppose that the
allegories of the N. T. are like the allegories of
literature in general, merely luminous
embodiments of the truth.... If these allegories
are not presented by their writers as evidences,
they are none the less precious, since they
illuminate the truth otherwise evinced, and thus

render it at once clear to the apprehension and
attractive to the taste.” If however the purpose
of the writers was to use these allegories for
proof, we may still see shining through the rifts
of their traditional logic the truth which they
were striving to set forth. Inspiration may have
put them in possession of this truth without
altering their ordinary scholastic methods of
demonstration and expression. Horton,
Inspiration, 108—“Discrepancies and illogical
reasonings were but inequalities or cracks in
the mirrors, which did not materially distort or
hide the Person” whose glory they sought to
reflect. Luther went even further than this
when he said that a certain argument in the
epistle was “good enough for the Galatians.”
[pg 234]
5. Errors in quoting or interpreting the Old
Testament.
(a) What are charged as such are commonly
interpretations of the meaning of the original
Scripture by the same Spirit who first inspired it.

In Eph. 5:14, “arise from the dead, and Christ
shall shine upon thee” is an inspired
interpretation of Is. 60:1—“Arise, shine; for thy
light is come.” Ps. 68:18—“Thou hast received
gifts among men”—is quoted in Eph. 4:8 as
“gave gifts to men.” The words in Hebrew are
probably a concise expression for “thou hast
taken spoil which thou mayest distribute as
gifts to men.” Eph. 4:8agrees exactly with the
sense, though not with the words, of the Psalm.
In Heb. 11:21, “Jacob ... worshiped, leaning
upon the top of his staff” (LXX); Gen. 47:31
has “bowed himself upon the bed's head.” The
meaning is the same, for the staff of the chief
and the spear of the warrior were set at the
bed's head. Jacob, too feeble to rise, prayed in
his bed. Here Calvin says that “the apostle does
not hesitate to accommodate to his own
purpose what was commonly received,—they
were not so scrupulous” as to details. Even
Gordon, Ministry of the Spirit, 177, speaks of “a
reshaping of his own words by the Author of
them.” We prefer, with Calvin, to see in these
quotations evidence that the sacred writers
were insistent upon the substance of the truth
rather than upon the form, the spirit rather
than the letter.

(b) Where an apparently false translation is quoted
from the Septuagint, the sanction of inspiration is
given to it, as expressing a part at least of the
fulness of meaning contained in the divine original—a
fulness of meaning which two varying translations do
not in some cases exhaust.
Ps. 4:4—Heb.: “Tremble, and sin not” (= no
longer); LXX: “Be ye angry, and sin not.” Eph.
4:26quotes the LXX. The words may originally
have been addressed to David's comrades,
exhorting them to keep their anger within
bounds. Both translations together are needed
to bring out the meaning of the original. Ps.
40:6-8—“Mine ears hast thou opened” is
translated in Heb. 10:5-7—“a body didst thou
prepare for me.” Here the Epistle quotes from
the LXX. But the Hebrew means literally: “Mine
ears hast thou bored”—an allusion to the
custom of pinning a slave to the doorpost of his
master by an awl driven through his ear, in
token of his complete subjection. The sense of
the verse is therefore given in the Epistle:
“Thou hast made me thine in body and soul—
lo, I come to do thy will.”A. C. Kendrick: “David,
just entering upon his kingdom after
persecution, is a type of Christ entering on his

earthly mission. Hence David's words are put
into the mouth of Christ. For ‘ears,’ the organs
with which we hear and obey and which David
conceived to be hollowed out for him by God,
the author of the Hebrews substitutes the word
‘body,’ as the general instrument of doing
God's will” (Com. on Heb. 10:5-7).
(c) The freedom of these inspired interpretations,
however, does not warrant us in like freedom of
interpretation in the case of other passages whose
meaning has not been authoritatively made known.
We have no reason to believe that the scarlet
thread of Rahab (Josh. 2:18) was a designed
prefiguration of the blood of Christ, nor that the
three measures of meal in which the woman
hid her leaven (Mat. 13:33) symbolized Shem,
Ham and Japheth, the three divisions of the
human race. C. H. M., in his notes on the
tabernacle in Exodus, tells us that “the loops of
blue = heavenly grace; the taches of gold = the
divine energy of Christ; the rams' skins dyed
red = Christ's consecration and devotedness;
the badgers' skins = his holy vigilance against
temptation”! The tabernacle was indeed a type

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