Face and Scalp.pdf
- 2. Face The face spans from forehead to chin and ear to ear, defining our individual identity The basic shape of the face is determined by the underlying bones. The buccal fat-pad prevents cheek collapse during breast-sucking in baby. The face plays an important role in communication as facial expression.
- 3. Scalp The scalp consists of skin (normally hair-bearing) and subcutaneous tissue that cover the neurocranium from the superior nuchal lines on the occipital bone to the supra-orbital margins of the frontal bone. Laterally, the scalp extends over the temporal fascia to the zygomatic arches. The scalp is composed of five layers S skin C connective tissue A aponeurosis L loose connective tissue P periosteum
- 4. Scalp
- 5. Muscle of face and scalp
- 6. Muscle of face and scalp
- 7. Muscle of face and scalp
- 8. Muscle of face and scalp
- 9. Muscle of face and scalp
- 10. Muscle of face and scalp
- 11. Muscle of face and scalp
- 12. Muscle of face and scalp Buccinator also attaches to the pterygomandibular raphe, a tendinous thickening of the buccopharyngeal fascia separating and giving origin to the superior pharyngeal constrictor posteriorly
- 13. Muscle of face and scalp
- 14. Muscle of face and scalp
- 15. Muscle of face and scalp
- 16. Muscle of face and scalp
- 17. Muscle of face and scalp
- 18. Muscle of face and scalp
- 19. Parotid gland The parotid glands are the largest of the three pairs of main salivary glands in the head. They are located below and in front of the lower half of the ear, extending from the lower border of the mandible up to the zygomatic arch. The parotid duct exits the front edge of the parotid gland, crosses anteriorly and pierces the buccal fat pad and buccinator m. It opens into the oral cavity near the second upper molar tooth
- 20. Nerves of face Cutaneous (sensory) innervation of the face and anterosuperior part of the scalp is provided primarily by the trigeminal nerve (CN V), whereas motor innervation to the facial muscles is provided by the facial nerve (CN VII).
- 21. Sensory
- 22. Sensory
- 23. Sensory
- 24. Sensory The sensory root holds central processes of trigeminal ganglion. The motor root bypasses this ganglion. The trigeminal nerve (CN V) emerges pons, with two roots - motor and sensory CN V functions as the facial sensory nerve and controls the muscles of chewing and various small muscles.
- 25. Sensory The ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) originates as a sensory nerve from the trigeminal ganglion. As CN V1 enters the orbit through the superior orbital fissure, it divides into the frontal, nasociliary, and lacrimal nerves. The maxillary nerve (CN V2) emerges from the trigeminal ganglion and exits the skull via the foramen rotundum. After entering the pterygopalatine fossa, CN V2 branches to the pterygopalatine ganglion, enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure. It branches into the zygomatic nerve, travels into the infra-orbital groove, and eventually passes through the infra-orbital foramen.
- 26. Sensory
- 27. Sensory The mandibular nerve (CN V3) exits the cranium through foramen ovale. It provides three sensory branches that serve the skin in the mandibular prominence area, and it supplies motor fibers to the muscles of mastication.
- 28. Sensory Major cutaneous branches of CN V3 are the auriculotemporal, buccal, and mental nerves.
- 29. Sensory
- 30. Motor nerves Facial expression muscles > CNVII Muscles of mastication> CNV3 CN VII (Facial nerve) exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen. It immediately gives off the posterior auricular nerve and supplies supply auricularis posterior and occipital belly
- 31. Motor nerves The main trunk of CN VII runs anteriorly and is engulfed by the parotid gland, in which it forms the parotid plexus. This plexus gives rise to the five terminal branches of the facial nerve: temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical.
- 32. Motor nerves Temporal branch >auricularis superior, auricularis anterior, frontal belly and superior part of the orbicularis oculi. Zygomatic branch > inferior part of orbicularis oculiand other facial muscles inferior to the orbit. Buccal branch > buccinator, upper parts of orbicularis oris and inferior fibers of levator labii superioris. Marginal mandibular > risorius and muscles of the lower lip and chin Cervical > platysma
- 33. Motor nerves
- 34. Motor nerves
- 35. SUPERFICIAL ARTERIES OF FACE Most superficial face arteries are facial artery. It originates from the external carotid artery. The facial artery follows a path beneath the mandible, anterior to the masseter muscle. It crosses over the face, passing the eyelids' medial angle and zygomaticus major muscle. The facial artery provides branches to upper and lower lips (superior and inferior labial arteries), ascends along the side of the nose, and connects with the dorsal nasal branch of the ophthalmic artery (branch of internal carotid a.) The terminal part of the facial artery is called the angular artery.
- 36. SUPERFICIAL ARTERIES OF FACE
- 37. SUPERFICIAL ARTERIES OF FACE
- 38. Superficial temp. v. VEINS OF FACE AND SCALP Veins in the face have numerous anastomoses, allowing drainage through alternate routes during compression. Facial v. IJV Retromandibular v. EJV Deep facial v. Pterygoid v. plexus
- 39. DANGER TRIANGLE OF THE FACE consists of the area from the corners of the mouth to the bridge of the nose, including the nose and maxilla. The unique blood supply of the human nose and its surroundings makes it possible for infections from the nasal area to spread in reverse to the brain. This could result in conditions like cavernous sinus thrombosis, meningitis, or brain abscess.
- 40. ECCHYMOSES (EH·KEE·MOW·ZUHZ) When infection happen at scalp the abcess or fluid could acumulate in the skin of eyelids. Injuries to the periorbital region often cause damage to the soft tissues. The tissues get pressed against the strong and sharp edge, leading to "black eyes" or periorbital ecchymosis. This can occur due to injuries on the scalp or forehead. Ecchymoses, which are purple patches, form as blood leaks into the subcutaneous tissue.
- 41. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF FACE AND SCALP All lymphatic vessels from the head and neck drain directly or indirectly into the deep cervical lymph nodes. Lymph from these deep nodes passes to the jugular lymphatic trunk, which joins the thoracic duct on the left side and the IJV or brachiocephalic vein on the right side.
- 42. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF FACE AND SCALP