Scalp + face
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The document summarizes the anatomy of the scalp, face, and muscles of facial expression. It describes the layers of the scalp, the occipitofrontalis muscle of the scalp, and the sensory and motor innervation of the scalp. It outlines the boundaries of the face and lists the bones and muscles of facial expression, including the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris. Finally, it briefly discusses the sensory and motor innervation of the face, including the trigeminal and facial nerves.
![Muscles of the Face (Muscles of Facial Expression)The muscles of the face develop from the 2nd pharyngeal arch and are innervated by branches of the facial nerve [VII]. They are in the superficial fascia, with origins from either bone or fascia, and insertions into the skin.these muscles control expressions of the face.They act as sphincters and dilators of the orifices of the face (i.e. the orbits, nose, and mouth).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/scalpface-100504234015-phpapp01/85/Scalp-face-27-320.jpg)
Scalp + face
- 1. Sensory Innervationof the Face &Muscles of Facial ExpressionByDr: Mohammed FaezMSU
- 2. ScalpThe scalp is the part of the head that extends from the superciliary arches anteriorly to the external occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines posteriorly. Laterally it continues inferiorly to the zygomatic arch.
- 3. Scalp
- 4. ScalpThe scalp is a multilayered structure with layers that can be defined by the word itself:S-skinC-connective tissue (dense)A-aponeurotic layer (galeaaponeurotica)L-loose connective tissueP-pericranium
- 5. ScalpThe first three layers are tightly held together, forming a single unit.This unit is sometimes referred to as the scalp proper and is the tissue torn away during serious 'scalping' injuries.
- 6. Scalp
- 7. ScalpSkin is thick, hair bearing and contains numerous sebaceous glands.Connective tissue is fibrofatty, the fibrous septa uniting the skin to the underlying aponeurosis of the occipitofrontalis muscle. Numerous arteries and veins are found in this layer. The arteries are branches of the external and internal carotid arteries, and a free anastomosis takes place between them.Aponeurosis (epicranial) is a thin, tendinous sheet that unites the occipital and frontal bellies of the occipitofrontalis muscle. The lateral margins of the aponeurosis are attached to the temporal fascia.
- 8. ScalpLoose areolar tissue occupies the subaponeurotic space and loosely connects the epicranialaponeurosis to the periosteum of the skull (the pericranium). The areolar tissue contains a few small arteries, but it also contains some important emissary veins. The emissary veins are valveless and connect the superficial veins of the scalp with the diploic veins of the skull bones and with the intracranial venous sinuses. Called dangerous layer of scalp-emissary veins open here and carry any infections inside the brain (venous sinus).Bleeding lead to black eye.Pericranium, which is the periosteum covering the outer surface of the skull bones.
- 10. Muscle of the ScalpOccipitofrontalis Muscle It has a frontal belly anteriorly, an occipital belly posteriorly, and an aponeurotic tendon (epicranialaponeurosis) connecting the two.
- 12. Sensory innervations of the scalpIt is from two major sources, cranial nerves or cervical nerves, depending on whether it is anterior or posterior to the ears and the vertex of the head.Anterior to the ears and the vertexPosterior to the ears and the vertex
- 13. Sensory innervations of the scalpAnterior to the ears and the vertexSupratrochlear nerveSupraorbital nerveZygomaticotemporal nerveAuriculotemporal nerveBy branches of all four divisions of the trigeminal nervePosterior to the ears and the vertexGreat auricular nerveLesser occipital nerveGreater occipital nerveThird occipital nerveBy branches of all four divisions of the spinal cutaneous nerves (C2 and C3)
- 14. Sensory innervations of the scalp
- 15. Arterial Supply of the ScalpArteries supplying the scalp are branches of either the external carotid artery or the ophthalmic artery which is a branch of the internal carotid artery.
- 16. Arterial Supply of the ScalpExternal carotid arteriesOccipital arteriesPosterior auricular arteriesSuperficial temporal arteriesInternal carotid arteriesSupratrochlear arteriesSupraorbital arteries
- 17. Arterial Supply of the Scalp
- 18. Venous Drainage of the ScalpVeins draining the scalp follow a pattern similar to the arteries.Of the deep parts of the scalp Via emissary veins that communicates with the dural sinuses.
- 19. Lymphatic Drainage of the ScalpLymphatic drainage of the scalp generally follows the pattern of arterial distribution.The lymphatics in the occipital region initially drain to occipital nodes which drain into upper deep cervical nodes.
- 20. Lymphatic Drainage of the ScalpLymphatics from the upper part of the scalp drain in two directions:Posterior to the vertex of the head they drain to mastoid nodes.Anterior to the vertex of the head they drain to pre-auricular and parotid nodes.
- 21. Lymphatic Drainage of the Scalp
- 22. FaceBoundariesExtends superiorly to the hair line, inferiorly to the chin and base of mandible, and on each side to auricleForehead is common to both scalp and face.
- 23. FaceVery vascularDue to rich vascularity face blush and blanch.Facial skin is rich in sebaceous gland and sweat gland.Wounds of face bleed profusely but heal rapidly.Sebaceous gland keep the skin oily but also cause acne in adult.
- 24. FaceCalled muscle of facial expression and lie in superficial fascia.Embryologically they develop from mesoderm of 2ndbranchial arch, therefore supplied by facial nerve.No deep fascia is present in the face.
- 25. Bones of the FaceThe facial skeleton consists of 14 stationary bones and the mandible. These 14 bones form the basic shape of the face, and are responsible for providing attachments for muscles that make the jaw move and control facial expressions.
- 26. Bones of the Face
- 27. Muscles of the Face (Muscles of Facial Expression)The muscles of the face develop from the 2nd pharyngeal arch and are innervated by branches of the facial nerve [VII]. They are in the superficial fascia, with origins from either bone or fascia, and insertions into the skin.these muscles control expressions of the face.They act as sphincters and dilators of the orifices of the face (i.e. the orbits, nose, and mouth).
- 29. Muscles of the FaceOrbital groupNasal groupOral groupOther muscle groups
- 30. Muscles of the Face
- 31. Orbital groupTwo muscles areOrbicularisoculiCorrugatorsupercilii
- 32. Orbicularisoculi3 parts-Orbital part(outer)Originate from medial part of medial palpebral ligament and form concentric rings, return to point of origin Action –closes the lids tightlyPalpebralpart(Inner)Originate from lateral part of medial palpebral ligamentInsert into lateral palpebralraphe Action-closes the lids gentlyLacrimalpart(Small)Originate from lacrimal fascia& lacrimal boneInsert into upper &lower tarsi Action-dilate lacrimal sac
- 33. Orbicularisoculi
- 35. Orbicularisoculi
- 36. CorrugatorsupercilliiOrigin : superciliary archInsertion: skin of the eyebrowAction: produces vertical wrinkles of the forehead in frowning as an expression of annoyance
- 37. Nasal groupThree muscles are associated with the nasal group:NasalisProcerusDepressor septinasi
- 38. Nasal group
- 39. Compressor narisOrigin: Frontal process of the maxillaInsertion: Aponeurosis which crosses the bridge of the noseAction: Compresses the mobile nasal cartilages
- 40. Dilator narisOrigin : Maxilla boneInsertion: Ala of the noseAction: Widens the nasal aperture (by pulling the alar laterally) in deep inspiration; is also a sign of anger
- 41. ProcerusOrigin: nasal bone and lateral nasal cartilageInsertion: skin between the eyebrowsAction: pulls down the medial end of the eyebrowwrinkles the skin of the nose transversely in frowning
- 42. Oral groupThe muscles in the oral group move the lips and cheek:OrbicularisorisBuccinatorLower group of oral musclesdepressor anguliorisdepressor labiiinferiorisMentalisUpper group of oral muscles risoriuszygomaticus major and zygomaticus minor levatorlabiisuperiorislevatorlabiisuperiorisalaequenasilevatorangulioris
- 43. OrbicularisorisOrigin: from maxilla above incisor teeth Insertion: into skin of lip.Action: closes the mouth
- 44. BuccinatorUpper fibersOrigin- from maxilla opposite molar teethInsertion-upper lipLower fibersOrigin-from mandible opposite molar teethInsertion-lower lipMiddle fibersOrigin –from pterigomandibularrapheInsertion-decussate before passing to lipsAction- it aids in mastication by prevent accumulation of food in vestibule of mouth. It is used every time air expanding the cheeks is forcefully expelled
- 45. Other muscle groupsThey include:PlatysmaAuricular (anterior, superior, and posterior auricular muscles) Occipitofrontalis
- 46. PlatysmaOrigin– upper part of pectoral and deltoid fasciaInsertion– base of mandible, skin of lower face and lipAction– releases pressure of skin on the subjacent veins, depress mandible, pulls angle of mouth downwards.
- 47. Muscles of the Face
- 49. Sensory Nerves of the FaceThe skin of the face is supplied by the trigeminal nerve (V), except for the small area over the angle of the mandible and the parotid gland which is supplied by the great auricular nerve (C2 and 3).The trigeminal nerve (V) divides into three major divisions-the ophthalmic (V1), maxillary (V2), and mandibular (V3) nerves
- 50. Sensory Nerves of the Face
- 51. Sensory Nerves of the Face
- 52. Testing the Integrity of the Trigeminal Nerve (temperature & pain)
- 53. Motor Nerves of the FaceMotor supply:Facial nerveFacial nerve divides into five terminal branches for muscles of facial expression:TemporalZygomaticBuccalMarginal mandibularCervical
- 55. Applied Trigeminal neuralgiaMaxillary and mandibular nerve are involvedExcruciating pain in the region of distribution of these nerveIn infranuclear lesions of facial nerve (eg, bell’s palsy)- whole face is paralyzedc/fAffected side is motionlessLoss of wrinklesEye cannot be closedIn smiling the mouth is drawn to normal sideDuring mastication food accumulates in vestibule of mouth
- 56. bell’s palsy
- 58. Facial nerve lesion ( Bell’s palsy )
- 59. Read aboutArterial supply of the faceVenous drainage of the faceLymphatic drainage of the face.