Face recognition using laplacianfaces (synopsis)
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The document proposes a Laplacianface approach for face recognition. It uses locality preserving projections (LPP) to map face images into a subspace for analysis, preserving local information better than PCA or LDA. The Laplacianfaces are optimal linear approximations of the Laplace Beltrami operator on the face manifold. This helps eliminate unwanted variations from lighting, expression, and pose. Experiments show the Laplacianface approach provides better representation and lower error rates than Eigenface and Fisherface methods.
![Locality Preserving Projection (LPP) [9], a new algorithm for learning a
locality preserving subspace. The complete derivation and theoretical
justifications of LPP can be traced back to [9]. LPP seeks to preserve
the intrinsic geometry of the data and local structure. The objective
function of LPP is as follows:
LPP is a general method for manifold learning. It is obtained by finding
the optimal linear approximations to the eigenfunctions of the Laplace
Betrami operator on the manifold [9]. Therefore, though it is still a
linear technique, it seems to recover important aspects of the intrinsic
nonlinear manifold structure by preserving local structure. Based on
LPP, we describe our Laplacianfaces method for face representation in
a locality preserving subspace. In the face analysis and recognition
problem, one is confronted with the difficulty that the matrix XDXT is
sometimes singular. This stems from the fact that sometimes the
number of images in the training set ðnÞ is much smaller than
thenumberof pixels in eachimageðmÞ. Insuch a case, the rank ofXDXT
is at most n, whileXDXT is anm _ mmatrix, which implies that XDXT is
singular. To overcome the complication of a singular XDXT , we first
project the image set to a PCA subspace so that the resulting matrix
XDXT
is
nonsingular.
preprocessing
is
for
Another
noise
consideration
reduction.
This
of
using
method,
PCA
we
as
call
Laplacianfaces, can learn an optimal subspace for face representation](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/facerecognitionusinglaplacianfacessynopsis-131016121823-phpapp01/85/Face-recognition-using-laplacianfaces-synopsis-5-320.jpg)
Face recognition using laplacianfaces (synopsis)
- 1. FACE RECOGNITION USING LAPLACIANFACES (SYNOPSIS)
- 2. ABSTRACT We propose an appearance-based face recognition method called the Laplacianface approach. By using Locality Preserving Projections (LPP), the face images are mapped into a face subspace for analysis. Different from Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) which effectively see only the Euclidean structure of face space, LPP finds an embedding that preserves local information, and obtains a face subspace that best detects the essential face manifold structure. The Laplacianfaces are the optimal linear approximations to the eigenfunctions of the Laplace Beltrami operator on the face manifold. In this way, the unwanted variations resulting from changes in lighting, facial expression, and pose may be eliminated or reduced. Theoretical analysis shows that PCA, LDA, and LPP can be obtained from different graph models. We compare the proposed Laplacianface approach with Eigenface and Fisherface methods on three different face data sets. Experimental results suggest that the proposed Laplacianface approach provides a better representation and achieves lower error rates in face recognition. SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS Language Operating System : J2SDK 1.4 : Windows 98.
- 3. HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS Processor : Intel Pentium III Processor Random Memory : 128MB Hard Disk : 20GB Processor Speed : 300 min EXISTING SYSTEM Facial recognition systems are computer-based security systems that are able to automatically detect and identify human faces. These systems depend on a recognition algorithm. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a statistical method under the broad title of factor analysis. The purpose of PCA is to reduce the large dimensionality of the data space (observed variables) to the smaller intrinsic dimensionality of feature space (independent variables), which are needed to describe the data economically. This is the case when there is a strong correlation between observed variables. The jobs which PCA can do are prediction, redundancy removal, feature extraction, data compression, etc. Because PCA is a known powerful technique which can do something in the linear domain, applications having linear
- 4. models are suitable, such as signal processing, image processing, system and control theory, communications, etc. The main idea of using PCA for face recognition is to express the large 1-D vector of pixels constructed from 2-D face image into the compact principal components of the feature space. This is called eigenspace projection. Eigenspace is calculated by identifying the eigenvectors of the covariance matrix derived from a set of fingerprint images (vectors). But the most of the algorithm considers some what global data patterns while recognition process. This will not yield accurate recognition system. Less accurate Does not deal with manifold structure It doest not deal with biometric characteristics. PROPOSED SYSTEM PCA and LDA aim to preserve the global structure. However, in many real-world applications, the local structure is more important. In this section, we describe
- 5. Locality Preserving Projection (LPP) [9], a new algorithm for learning a locality preserving subspace. The complete derivation and theoretical justifications of LPP can be traced back to [9]. LPP seeks to preserve the intrinsic geometry of the data and local structure. The objective function of LPP is as follows: LPP is a general method for manifold learning. It is obtained by finding the optimal linear approximations to the eigenfunctions of the Laplace Betrami operator on the manifold [9]. Therefore, though it is still a linear technique, it seems to recover important aspects of the intrinsic nonlinear manifold structure by preserving local structure. Based on LPP, we describe our Laplacianfaces method for face representation in a locality preserving subspace. In the face analysis and recognition problem, one is confronted with the difficulty that the matrix XDXT is sometimes singular. This stems from the fact that sometimes the number of images in the training set ðnÞ is much smaller than thenumberof pixels in eachimageðmÞ. Insuch a case, the rank ofXDXT is at most n, whileXDXT is anm _ mmatrix, which implies that XDXT is singular. To overcome the complication of a singular XDXT , we first project the image set to a PCA subspace so that the resulting matrix XDXT is nonsingular. preprocessing is for Another noise consideration reduction. This of using method, PCA we as call Laplacianfaces, can learn an optimal subspace for face representation
- 6. and recognition. The algorithmic procedure of Laplacianfaces is formally stated below: 1. PCA projection. We project the image set fxig into the PCA subspace by throwing away the smallest principal components. In our experiments, we kept 98 percent information in the sense of reconstruction error. For the sake of simplicity, we still use x to denote the images in the PCA subspace in the following steps. We denote by WPCA the transformation matrix of PCA. 2. Constructing the nearest-neighbor graph. Let G denote a graph with n nodes. The ith node corresponds to the face image xi. We put an edge between nodes i and j if xi and xj are “close,” i.e., xj is among k nearest neighbors of xi, or xi is among k nearest neighbors of xj. The constructed nearest neighbor graph is an approximation of the local manifold structure. Note that here we do not use the "-neighborhood to construct the graph. This is simply because it is often difficult to choose the optimal “in the real-world applications, while k nearest-neighbor graph can be constructed more stably. The disadvantage is that the k nearest-neighbor search will increase the computational complexity of our algorithm.
- 7. When the computational complexity is a major concern, one can switch to the "-neighborhood. 3. Choosing the weights. If node i and j are connected, put Sij ¼ e_ xi_xj k k2 t ; ð34Þ column (or row, since S is symmetric) sums of S, Dii ¼ Pj Sji. L ¼ D _ S is the Laplacian matrix. The ith row of matrix X is xi. Let w0;w1; . . . ;wk_1 be the solutions of (35), ordered according to their eigenvalues, 0 _ _0 _ _1 _ _ _ _ _ _k_1. These eigenvalues are equal to or greater than zero because the matrices XLXT and XDXT are both symmetric and positive semidefinite. Thus, the embedding is as follows: x ! y ¼ WTx; ð36Þ W ¼ WPCAWLPP ; ð37Þ WLPP ¼ ½w0;w1; _ _ _ ;wk_1_; ð38Þ where y is a k-dimensional vector. W is the transformation matrix. This linear mapping best preserves the manifold’s estimated intrinsic geometry in a linear sense. The column vectors of W are the so-called Laplacianfaces. This principle is implemented with unsupervised learning concept with training and test data.
- 8. Modules 1. Pre processing In the preprocessing take the single gray image in 10 different directions And measure the points in 28 dimensions of each gray image 2. PCA projection (Principal Component Analysis) We project the image set fxig into the PCA subspace by throwing away the smallest principal components. In our experiments, we kept 98 percent information in the sense of reconstruction error. For the sake of simplicity, we still use x to denote the images in the PCA subspace in the following steps. We denote by WPCA the transformation matrix of PCA. 3. Constructing the nearest-neighbor graph Let G denote a graph with n nodes. The ith node corresponds to the face image xi. We put an edge between nodes i and j if xi and xj are “close,” i.e., xj is among k nearest neighbors of xi, or xi is among
- 9. k nearest neighbors of xj. The constructed nearest neighbor graph is an approximation of the local manifold structure. Note that here we do not use the "-neighborhood to construct the graph. This is simply because it is often difficult to choose the optimal “in the real-world applications, while k nearest-neighbor graph can be constructed more stably. The disadvantage is that the k nearest-neighbor search will increase the computational complexity of our algorithm. 4. Choosing the weights of neighboring pixel If node i and j are connected, put Sij ¼ e_ xi_xj k k2 t ; ð34Þ column (or row, since S is symmetric) sums of S, Dii ¼ Pj Sji. L ¼ D _ S is the Laplacian matrix. The ith row of matrix X is xi. Let w0;w1; . . . ;wk_1 be the solutions of (35), ordered according to their eigenvalues, 0 _ _0 _ _1 _ _ _ _ _ _k_1. These eigenvalues are equal to or greater than zero because the matrices XLXT and XDXT are both symmetric and positive semidefinite. Thus, the embedding is as follows: x ! y ¼ WTx; ð36Þ W ¼ WPCAWLPP ; ð37Þ WLPP ¼ ½w0;w1; _ _ _ ;wk_1_; ð38Þ where y is a k-dimensional vector. W is the transformation matrix. This linear mapping best preserves the manifold’s estimated intrinsic geometry in a linear sense. The column vectors of W are the so-called
- 10. Laplacianfaces. This principle is implemented with unsupervised learning concept with training and test data. 5. Recognize the image Then measure the value as from test DIR which contain more gray image If it is match with any gray image then it recognize and show the image or else it not recognize