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The document summarizes the use of very low frequency partial discharge (VLF PD) testing for cable diagnostics. It discusses the principles of VLF testing, provides examples of test results on branched cable circuits, and highlights limitations and developments in the technology. Examples show how test results are mapped and used to identify partial discharge zones, recommend repairs or retesting, and predict cable condition. The document demonstrates how VLF PD testing can be used for predictive maintenance of cable networks.

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Jump to first page Willem Boone, KEMA Diagnostic Services, Chalfont, PA ICC Fall 2000 Educational Program on PD Cable Diagnostics November 1st 2000, St. Petersburg, Florida Very Low Frequency Partial Discharge Detection; an Experienced Diagnostic tool for Distribution Cables
Jump to first page  Purpose of Diagnostic Testing  Principles of VLF testing Method  Test Results  Limitations and Innovative Developments  Cost/Benefit Evaluations  Future Developments  Conclusions
Jump to first page MAINTENANCE OPTIONS  Reactive maintenance, “wait-and-see”  Active maintenance, “predictive maintenance”
Jump to first page REACTIVE MAINTENANCE  To repair or replace if something is broken  Short term view (“no-health insurance”, “no-fire insurance”)  Short term benefit
Jump to first page ACTIVE MAINTENANCE  To avoid service failures  To specify network quality  To target replacement money  To improve customer satisfaction  To avoid customer claims
Jump to first page TO TRANSFER “MAINTENANCE” INTO “PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE” IN ORDER TO REDUCE COSTS
Jump to first page HOW TO TRANSFER MAINTENANCE INTO PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE Maintenance + diagnostic testing = predictive maintenance
Jump to first page PURPOSE OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTING  To avoid failures in service  To reduce costs  To target replacement money
Jump to first page Principles of present VLF diagnostic testing of cables
Jump to first page TRADITIONAL ONE-SIDED CABLE NETWORK DIAGNOSTICS 1 defect 1 time
Jump to first page MEASUREMENT SETUP SCOPE PC PRINTER 0.1 Hz HV- supply CABLE
Jump to first page CHARACTERISTICS VLF PDD  Sine wave  Non-destructive  Off-lin
Jump to first page SYSTEM PARAMETERS  Maximum voltage 41kV, RMS  0,1 Hz, sine wave  Discharge-free  Maximum cable length to be tested 15,000 ft  All type of cable or accessory, however defect should generate P.D.  Non destructive test (maximum test voltage 2x phase-neutral voltage)
Jump to first page KEMA VLF PD TESTING APPLICATIONS  PILC  All kinds of accessories  Both point to point and branched cable circuits  Very long cable lengths
Jump to first page ADVANTAGES OF 0,1 Hz POWER SUPPLY OVER 60 Hz VOLTAGE  Longer lengths of cable to be tested  Compact voltage source
Jump to first page TEST RESULTS  Test diagrams  Detected defects  Data base
Jump to first page
Jump to first page BURNED PAPER
Jump to first page
Jump to first page IMPLODED JOINT
Jump to first page
Jump to first page CRACKED HOUSING
Jump to first page RECOMMENDATIONS  Replace/repair asap (<3 month)  Inspect asap  Retest (<2 year)  No action (retest < 5 year)
Jump to first page VLF PD - DATABASE  A database application for storage and consulting measured data of MV- powercables  Data are used to diagnose cable system including splices and termination  Actual condition of cable and/or accessory can be predicted from the measured data stored
Jump to first page Limitations of present VLF cable diagnostic testing  Only straight cable connections  Only cable lengths up to 14,000 ft
Jump to first page Principle of multi-terminal cable circuit diagnostics:  Two-sided  Branched
Jump to first page TWO-SIDED SYNCHRONISED CABLE NETWORK DIAGNOSTICS 1 defect 1 time 2 2
Jump to first page BRANCHED CABLE NETWORK SYNCHRONISED DIAGNOSTICS 1 2 3 defect 1 2 3 time
Jump to first page Trials in te USA to Test BCC-Diagnostics  September 1998  April 1999
Jump to first page Improvements After First Trial  Coupling to the Tested Cable  Master/Slave Unit  Digital Filter
Jump to first page Improvements After the Second Trial  Software to Analyze Data  Remote Switching of Phases
Jump to first page KEMA - Diagnostic Services Branched Cable Testing
Jump to first page Introduction  General Test Procedure  Example Cable Map  Cable Tested Procedure  Results  Examples Taken From Actual Tests, In The USA, During The Past Year
Jump to first page General Test Procedure  Besides the 0.1 Hz voltage source used for the PTP testing, additional equipment is required such as a measuring node at each of the branches to be monitored. A node consist of:  GPS (Global Position System) Interface  Master-Slave Computer System  Communication Interface  Figure 1 is a schematic of a three-branched test set- up with one master node (#1) and two slave nodes (#2 and 3).
Jump to first page General Test Procedure Figure 1 Three-Node BCC Synchronized Test Set-Up
Jump to first page Sample Cable Map Example #1  5 Ended Distribution Cable  4 Ends Have Cable Access  All Underground  Required 2 tests Test #1 location Test #2 location Test Cap Test #1 location Substation # Test #2 location
Jump to first page Cable Tested Procedure Example #1 Test #1 Location A Test #2 Location B Test Cap Test #1 Location B Test #2 Location A 644975 108498 078627 191638 122472 055384 055238 04886 080570 125765 6964741 540504 124605 138843 1210186 44975 139202 114843 648505 828507 868510 988507 037505 826503 740503 505501 425500 245504 702252 Test #2 Test #1
Jump to first page Results Example #1 Test #1 Location B Test #2 Location B Test Cap Test #1 Location B Substation Test #2 Location B 644975 108498 078627 191638 122472 055384 055238 04886 080570 125765 6964741 540504 124605 138843 1210186 44975 139202 114843 648505 828507 868510 988507 037505 826503 740503 505501 425500 245504 702252 8 kV – 4,300 pC 12 kV – 7,700 pC Retest or replace the section in 1 year 8 kV – 2,100 pC 12 kV – 3,500 pC Inspect the splice 8 kV – 2,100 pC 12 kV – 3,300 pC Inspect the splice. Retest the section in 1 year 8 kV – 2,100 pC 12 kV – 3,300 pC Inspect the splice 8 kV – 3,300 pC 12 kV – 6,000 pC Inspect the splice 8 kV – no PD 12 kV – 3,000 pC Retest the section in 1 year 8 kV – 5,200 pC 12 kV – did not increase Inspect the splice 8 kV – 2,500 pC 12 kV – did not increase Retest the section in 1 year Results are shown on the mapping diagram for test #2. All distances are shown from Location A to Location B. Results are shown on the mapping diagram for test #1. All distances are shown from Location A to Location B. PD Zone
Jump to first page Included In Test Report  Maps As Shown  Text Describing “Zones”  Summary Table
Jump to first page Sample Cable Map #2  Multiple Ended Distribution Cable  4 Ends Have Cable Access  All Underground  Required 3 Tests
Jump to first page Sample Cable Map/Test Procedure Test location #2 High School Test location #3 Hospital Test location #1. Substation. Test location #4 Substation - Section 1 - Section 2 - Section 3
Jump to first page Results Example #2  The network was virtually divided into three Sections for the reporting purposes.  Test results and Mapping diagrams are presented individually for each Section.
Jump to first page Results Example #2 / Section #1 16 kV – 3,800 pC 24 kV – not increased Inspect the splice To High School Test Location Test location Substation 16 kV – 8,500 pC 24 kV – not increased Replace the section 16 kV – 5,200 pC 24 kV – not increased Replace the section 16 kV – 1,700 pC 24 kV – not increased Retest in one year 132 129 133 225 130 128 116 148 147 127 72 256 255 150 149 253 254 131 117 257 16 kV – 6,300 pC 24 kV – not increased Replace the section 16 kV – 3,500 pC 24 kV – not increased Retest in one year To Hospital and Substation
Jump to first page Results Example #2 / Section #2 16 kV – 2,800 pC 24 kV – not increased Retest in one year 16 kV – 3,300 pC 24 kV – 4,000 pC Retest in one year 124 16 kV – 8,500 pC 24 kV – not increased Inspect the splice Test location High School Test location Hospital 16 kV – 3,300 pC 24 kV – 4,000 pC Inspect the splice 16 kV – 2,700 pC 24 kV – not increased Retest in one year 16 kV – 4,000 pC 24 kV – not increased Retest in one year 249 246 250 247 223 126 305 125 222 251 119 306 220 248 221 No name 3 253 No name 1 No name 2 252 336 To Byram Substation To Substation 16 kV – 1,500 pC 24 kV – 2,000 pC Not critical Short branch to VLT 222
Jump to first page Results Example #2 / Section #3 124 16 kV – 4,300 pC 24 kV – not increased Inspect the splice Branch to VLT 214 16 kV – 800 pC 24 kV – not increased Not critical 245 137 Test location Substation To Hospital Test Location 16 kV – 4,300 pC 24 kV – not increased Retest in one year 16 kV – 4,300 pC 24 kV – not increased Inspect the splice in manhole 138 Test the branch originated in manhole 138 with the BCC nodes set at the network transformers in order to locate possible PD sources and measure PD magnitudes in a more accurate way 235 230 232 233 228 227 231 236 229 226 234 238 244 243 242 219 241 240 239 237 118 123 136 138 No name 314 Branch to Greenwich Ave. Branch to Pickwick Pl. To Substation and High School 16 kV – 5,300 pC 24 kV – not increased Inspect the splice 16 kV – 5,300 pC 24 kV – not increased Inspect the splice
Jump to first page Included In Test Report  Maps As Shown  Text Describing “Zones”  Summary Table
Jump to first page Sample Cable Map #3  Multiple Ended Distribution Cable  2 Ends Had Cable Access  All Other Connections Required Utility To Cut Cable  All Underground  Required 4 Tests  Three Recording Nodes Were Used On Some Tests Sessions
Jump to first page Sample Cable Map Test location Saratoga St. MH 1399/2 Test location Chestnut Park Apt. Building A Test location Bridge St. MH 227/10 Test location Chestnut St. MH 330/16 Test location Columbus Ave. MH 1900/12 Test location Power Plant Branched Network
Jump to first page Cable Tested Example #3 / Test #1 Test location Columbus Ave. MH 1900/12 Test location Power Plant Branched Network
Jump to first page Test location Saratoga St. MH 1399/2 Test location Chestnut St. MH 330/16 Test location Power Plant Branched Network Cable Tested Example #3 / Test #2
Jump to first page Cable Tested Example #3 / Test #3 Test location Chestnut Park Apt. Building A Test location Bridge St. MH 227/10 Test location Chestnut St. MH 330/16 Branched Network
Jump to first page Cable Tested Example #3 / Test #4 Test location Chestnut Park Apt. Building A Test location Bridge St. MH 227/10 Branched Network
Jump to first page Results Example #3  The network was virtually divided into three Sections for the reporting purposes.  Test results and Mapping diagrams are presented individually for each Section.
Jump to first page Results Split Into 3 Sections Test location Saratoga St. MH 1399/2 Test location Chestnut Park Apt. Building A Test location Bridge St. MH 227/10 Test location Chestnut St. MH 330/16 Test location Columbus Ave. MH 1900/12 Test location Power Plant Branched Network - Section 1 - Section 2 - Section 3
Jump to first page Results Example #3 / Section #1 Test location Power Plant Test location Saratoga St. MH 1399/2 Test location Columbus Ave. MH 1900/12 1900/30 1900/29 1900/31 1900/24 1900/28 1900/27 1900/26 1900/25 1900B/24 1900B/23 1900B/22 1900B/21 1900B/20 947/1 1119/2 977/26 1399/2 1900B/19 1900/17 1900/16 1900/18 1900/13 1900/14 1900/15 8 kV – 23,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Replace the section Scattered PD’s with no separable zones 8 kV – 16,000 pC 12 kV – 20,000 pC Retest after all other replacements 8 kV – 23,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Replace the section 8 kV – 7,000 pC 12 kV – 36,000 pC Replace the section 8 kV – 13,000 pC 12 kV – 20,000 pC Replace the section 8 kV – 7,000 pC 12 kV – 28,000 pC Replace the section
Jump to first page Results Example #3 / Section #2 Test location Chestnut St. MH 330/16 330/15 330/14 966/5 492B/16J 492B/15 492B/14 492/14 1523/6 1523/5 1523/4 1523/3 1523/2 1523/1 977B/58 977/58 977/57 977/56 977/55 977/54 977/53 977/52 977/51 977/50 977/49 977/48 977/47 977/46 977/45 977/43 977B/43 391B/4 391B/3 391B/2 237/1 1900B/31 8 kV – 12,500 pC 12 kV – 36,000 pC Replace the section 8 kV – 11,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Inspect the splices in manholes 977/52 and 977/53 8 kV – 4,000 pC 12 kV – 12,000 pC only for the manhole 1523/1, the rest of the zone not increased Replace splice in manhole 1523/1 Inspect the splices in manholes 977/58, 977B/58, 1523/2, and 1523/2. 8 kV – 12,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Inspect the splices in manholes 1523/5 and 1523/6 8 kV – 23,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Replace the section 8 kV – 7,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Inspect the splice
Jump to first page Results Example #3 / Section #3 Test location Chestnut Park Apt. Building A Test location Bridge St. MH 227/10 492B/14 492B/12 492B/13 492B/11 492B/10 492B/9 492B/8 492B/7 492B/6 492B/6M 277B/12M 277B/12 277B/11 492B/5 492B/4 492B/3 492B/2 492B/E1 492B/1 277B/10 8 kV – 18,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Replace the section. 8 kV – 6,000 pC 12 kV – 12,000 pC only for the “Y” splice in manhole 492B/E1, not increased in the termination. Replace the “Y” splice in manhole 492B/E1. Inspect the termination. 8 kV – 6,000 pC 12 kV – not increased. Inspect the “Y” splice in manhole 492B/2. 8 kV – 13,500 pC 12 kV – not increased Replace the section.
Jump to first page Included In Test Report  Maps As Shown  Text Describing “Zones”  Summary Table
Jump to first page COST/BENEFIT EVALUATIONS
Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING Cost vs Benefit evaluation factors to be considered  Cost of testing  Cost of repair of detected problem area(s)
Jump to first page WAITING FOR FAILURE  Cost of failure locating  Cost of repair of failure  Cost of other damage initiated by failure  Cost of loss of revenue  Loss of customer satisfaction
Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Utility tie to industrial customer in the Netherlands Cable circuit 18.000 ft of 10 kV PILC cable installed in 1996 Problem three failures in three months Proposed solutions  Replace 18,000 ft of cable  Perform or diagnostic testing
Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Cost (in NLG) To replace the cable 1.800.000 NLG Cost of diagnostic testing 8.000 NLG Cost of replacing 2,500 ft of cable 240.000 NLG Saving by diagnostic testing 1.550.000 NLG Percent savings: 86%
Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Industrial customer in the Netherlands Cable circuit 35.000 ft of 10 kV PILC cable with 28 splices Problem Six splice failures in three months Proposed solutions  Replace all 28 splices or  Diagnostic testing
Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Cost (in NLG) Replace another 22 splices 110.000 NLG Diagnostic testing 12.000 NLG Replace 9 splices 45.000 NLG Total cost of repair 57.000 NLG Savings: 110.000 - 57.000 = 53.000 NLG Percent savings: 48% Added benefit: Cable and 6 replaced splices tested OK
Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Preventive/predivtive maintenance diagnostic testing example from the Netherlands The cable: 10 kV PILC, 105 circuits, total of 500,000 ft Cost of testing 420.000 NLG Repair of 29 problems 145.000 NLG Total cost of testing and repair 565.000 NLG
Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Wait for failure Assume all 29 problem would fail in 1996 Fault locating cost (500 NLG ea.) 14.500 NLG Repair cost (8.500 NLG ea.) 246.500 NLG Customer damage cost (20.000 NLG ea.) 580.000 NLG Total cost 841.000 NLG Total savings performing diagnostic testing 841.000 - 565.000= 276.000 NLG Percent savings: 33%
Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Preliminary US cost benefit analysis Based on data compiled by US utility, the cost benefit ratio ranges from 1.5 to 1.9 based on actual utility cost data The assumptions include:  The circuits selected for testing have shown poor performance  The major discharge sites will fail within three years  The minor sites will fail within 20 years
Jump to first page New Developments  Multi terminal testing for long lenghts of cable and for branched circuits  Non-PDD testing for watertree aged cables  On-line testing using monitoring and expert systems
Jump to first page Conclusions  VLF PDD is an experienced diagnostic method for distribution cable testing  Multi terminal testing is necessary for long lenghts of cable or branched cable circuits  Non-PDD field testing method has to be selected for detecting watertree aged cables  On-line testing has to be used in combination with monitoring/expert systems

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fall00_boone.ppt

  • 1. Jump to first page Willem Boone, KEMA Diagnostic Services, Chalfont, PA ICC Fall 2000 Educational Program on PD Cable Diagnostics November 1st 2000, St. Petersburg, Florida Very Low Frequency Partial Discharge Detection; an Experienced Diagnostic tool for Distribution Cables
  • 2. Jump to first page  Purpose of Diagnostic Testing  Principles of VLF testing Method  Test Results  Limitations and Innovative Developments  Cost/Benefit Evaluations  Future Developments  Conclusions
  • 3. Jump to first page MAINTENANCE OPTIONS  Reactive maintenance, “wait-and-see”  Active maintenance, “predictive maintenance”
  • 4. Jump to first page REACTIVE MAINTENANCE  To repair or replace if something is broken  Short term view (“no-health insurance”, “no-fire insurance”)  Short term benefit
  • 5. Jump to first page ACTIVE MAINTENANCE  To avoid service failures  To specify network quality  To target replacement money  To improve customer satisfaction  To avoid customer claims
  • 6. Jump to first page TO TRANSFER “MAINTENANCE” INTO “PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE” IN ORDER TO REDUCE COSTS
  • 7. Jump to first page HOW TO TRANSFER MAINTENANCE INTO PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE Maintenance + diagnostic testing = predictive maintenance
  • 8. Jump to first page PURPOSE OF DIAGNOSTIC TESTING  To avoid failures in service  To reduce costs  To target replacement money
  • 9. Jump to first page Principles of present VLF diagnostic testing of cables
  • 10. Jump to first page TRADITIONAL ONE-SIDED CABLE NETWORK DIAGNOSTICS 1 defect 1 time
  • 11. Jump to first page MEASUREMENT SETUP SCOPE PC PRINTER 0.1 Hz HV- supply CABLE
  • 12. Jump to first page CHARACTERISTICS VLF PDD  Sine wave  Non-destructive  Off-lin
  • 13. Jump to first page SYSTEM PARAMETERS  Maximum voltage 41kV, RMS  0,1 Hz, sine wave  Discharge-free  Maximum cable length to be tested 15,000 ft  All type of cable or accessory, however defect should generate P.D.  Non destructive test (maximum test voltage 2x phase-neutral voltage)
  • 14. Jump to first page KEMA VLF PD TESTING APPLICATIONS  PILC  All kinds of accessories  Both point to point and branched cable circuits  Very long cable lengths
  • 15. Jump to first page ADVANTAGES OF 0,1 Hz POWER SUPPLY OVER 60 Hz VOLTAGE  Longer lengths of cable to be tested  Compact voltage source
  • 16. Jump to first page TEST RESULTS  Test diagrams  Detected defects  Data base
  • 18. Jump to first page BURNED PAPER
  • 20. Jump to first page IMPLODED JOINT
  • 22. Jump to first page CRACKED HOUSING
  • 23. Jump to first page RECOMMENDATIONS  Replace/repair asap (<3 month)  Inspect asap  Retest (<2 year)  No action (retest < 5 year)
  • 24. Jump to first page VLF PD - DATABASE  A database application for storage and consulting measured data of MV- powercables  Data are used to diagnose cable system including splices and termination  Actual condition of cable and/or accessory can be predicted from the measured data stored
  • 25. Jump to first page Limitations of present VLF cable diagnostic testing  Only straight cable connections  Only cable lengths up to 14,000 ft
  • 26. Jump to first page Principle of multi-terminal cable circuit diagnostics:  Two-sided  Branched
  • 27. Jump to first page TWO-SIDED SYNCHRONISED CABLE NETWORK DIAGNOSTICS 1 defect 1 time 2 2
  • 28. Jump to first page BRANCHED CABLE NETWORK SYNCHRONISED DIAGNOSTICS 1 2 3 defect 1 2 3 time
  • 29. Jump to first page Trials in te USA to Test BCC-Diagnostics  September 1998  April 1999
  • 30. Jump to first page Improvements After First Trial  Coupling to the Tested Cable  Master/Slave Unit  Digital Filter
  • 31. Jump to first page Improvements After the Second Trial  Software to Analyze Data  Remote Switching of Phases
  • 32. Jump to first page KEMA - Diagnostic Services Branched Cable Testing
  • 33. Jump to first page Introduction  General Test Procedure  Example Cable Map  Cable Tested Procedure  Results  Examples Taken From Actual Tests, In The USA, During The Past Year
  • 34. Jump to first page General Test Procedure  Besides the 0.1 Hz voltage source used for the PTP testing, additional equipment is required such as a measuring node at each of the branches to be monitored. A node consist of:  GPS (Global Position System) Interface  Master-Slave Computer System  Communication Interface  Figure 1 is a schematic of a three-branched test set- up with one master node (#1) and two slave nodes (#2 and 3).
  • 35. Jump to first page General Test Procedure Figure 1 Three-Node BCC Synchronized Test Set-Up
  • 36. Jump to first page Sample Cable Map Example #1  5 Ended Distribution Cable  4 Ends Have Cable Access  All Underground  Required 2 tests Test #1 location Test #2 location Test Cap Test #1 location Substation # Test #2 location
  • 37. Jump to first page Cable Tested Procedure Example #1 Test #1 Location A Test #2 Location B Test Cap Test #1 Location B Test #2 Location A 644975 108498 078627 191638 122472 055384 055238 04886 080570 125765 6964741 540504 124605 138843 1210186 44975 139202 114843 648505 828507 868510 988507 037505 826503 740503 505501 425500 245504 702252 Test #2 Test #1
  • 38. Jump to first page Results Example #1 Test #1 Location B Test #2 Location B Test Cap Test #1 Location B Substation Test #2 Location B 644975 108498 078627 191638 122472 055384 055238 04886 080570 125765 6964741 540504 124605 138843 1210186 44975 139202 114843 648505 828507 868510 988507 037505 826503 740503 505501 425500 245504 702252 8 kV – 4,300 pC 12 kV – 7,700 pC Retest or replace the section in 1 year 8 kV – 2,100 pC 12 kV – 3,500 pC Inspect the splice 8 kV – 2,100 pC 12 kV – 3,300 pC Inspect the splice. Retest the section in 1 year 8 kV – 2,100 pC 12 kV – 3,300 pC Inspect the splice 8 kV – 3,300 pC 12 kV – 6,000 pC Inspect the splice 8 kV – no PD 12 kV – 3,000 pC Retest the section in 1 year 8 kV – 5,200 pC 12 kV – did not increase Inspect the splice 8 kV – 2,500 pC 12 kV – did not increase Retest the section in 1 year Results are shown on the mapping diagram for test #2. All distances are shown from Location A to Location B. Results are shown on the mapping diagram for test #1. All distances are shown from Location A to Location B. PD Zone
  • 39. Jump to first page Included In Test Report  Maps As Shown  Text Describing “Zones”  Summary Table
  • 40. Jump to first page Sample Cable Map #2  Multiple Ended Distribution Cable  4 Ends Have Cable Access  All Underground  Required 3 Tests
  • 41. Jump to first page Sample Cable Map/Test Procedure Test location #2 High School Test location #3 Hospital Test location #1. Substation. Test location #4 Substation - Section 1 - Section 2 - Section 3
  • 42. Jump to first page Results Example #2  The network was virtually divided into three Sections for the reporting purposes.  Test results and Mapping diagrams are presented individually for each Section.
  • 43. Jump to first page Results Example #2 / Section #1 16 kV – 3,800 pC 24 kV – not increased Inspect the splice To High School Test Location Test location Substation 16 kV – 8,500 pC 24 kV – not increased Replace the section 16 kV – 5,200 pC 24 kV – not increased Replace the section 16 kV – 1,700 pC 24 kV – not increased Retest in one year 132 129 133 225 130 128 116 148 147 127 72 256 255 150 149 253 254 131 117 257 16 kV – 6,300 pC 24 kV – not increased Replace the section 16 kV – 3,500 pC 24 kV – not increased Retest in one year To Hospital and Substation
  • 44. Jump to first page Results Example #2 / Section #2 16 kV – 2,800 pC 24 kV – not increased Retest in one year 16 kV – 3,300 pC 24 kV – 4,000 pC Retest in one year 124 16 kV – 8,500 pC 24 kV – not increased Inspect the splice Test location High School Test location Hospital 16 kV – 3,300 pC 24 kV – 4,000 pC Inspect the splice 16 kV – 2,700 pC 24 kV – not increased Retest in one year 16 kV – 4,000 pC 24 kV – not increased Retest in one year 249 246 250 247 223 126 305 125 222 251 119 306 220 248 221 No name 3 253 No name 1 No name 2 252 336 To Byram Substation To Substation 16 kV – 1,500 pC 24 kV – 2,000 pC Not critical Short branch to VLT 222
  • 45. Jump to first page Results Example #2 / Section #3 124 16 kV – 4,300 pC 24 kV – not increased Inspect the splice Branch to VLT 214 16 kV – 800 pC 24 kV – not increased Not critical 245 137 Test location Substation To Hospital Test Location 16 kV – 4,300 pC 24 kV – not increased Retest in one year 16 kV – 4,300 pC 24 kV – not increased Inspect the splice in manhole 138 Test the branch originated in manhole 138 with the BCC nodes set at the network transformers in order to locate possible PD sources and measure PD magnitudes in a more accurate way 235 230 232 233 228 227 231 236 229 226 234 238 244 243 242 219 241 240 239 237 118 123 136 138 No name 314 Branch to Greenwich Ave. Branch to Pickwick Pl. To Substation and High School 16 kV – 5,300 pC 24 kV – not increased Inspect the splice 16 kV – 5,300 pC 24 kV – not increased Inspect the splice
  • 46. Jump to first page Included In Test Report  Maps As Shown  Text Describing “Zones”  Summary Table
  • 47. Jump to first page Sample Cable Map #3  Multiple Ended Distribution Cable  2 Ends Had Cable Access  All Other Connections Required Utility To Cut Cable  All Underground  Required 4 Tests  Three Recording Nodes Were Used On Some Tests Sessions
  • 48. Jump to first page Sample Cable Map Test location Saratoga St. MH 1399/2 Test location Chestnut Park Apt. Building A Test location Bridge St. MH 227/10 Test location Chestnut St. MH 330/16 Test location Columbus Ave. MH 1900/12 Test location Power Plant Branched Network
  • 49. Jump to first page Cable Tested Example #3 / Test #1 Test location Columbus Ave. MH 1900/12 Test location Power Plant Branched Network
  • 50. Jump to first page Test location Saratoga St. MH 1399/2 Test location Chestnut St. MH 330/16 Test location Power Plant Branched Network Cable Tested Example #3 / Test #2
  • 51. Jump to first page Cable Tested Example #3 / Test #3 Test location Chestnut Park Apt. Building A Test location Bridge St. MH 227/10 Test location Chestnut St. MH 330/16 Branched Network
  • 52. Jump to first page Cable Tested Example #3 / Test #4 Test location Chestnut Park Apt. Building A Test location Bridge St. MH 227/10 Branched Network
  • 53. Jump to first page Results Example #3  The network was virtually divided into three Sections for the reporting purposes.  Test results and Mapping diagrams are presented individually for each Section.
  • 54. Jump to first page Results Split Into 3 Sections Test location Saratoga St. MH 1399/2 Test location Chestnut Park Apt. Building A Test location Bridge St. MH 227/10 Test location Chestnut St. MH 330/16 Test location Columbus Ave. MH 1900/12 Test location Power Plant Branched Network - Section 1 - Section 2 - Section 3
  • 55. Jump to first page Results Example #3 / Section #1 Test location Power Plant Test location Saratoga St. MH 1399/2 Test location Columbus Ave. MH 1900/12 1900/30 1900/29 1900/31 1900/24 1900/28 1900/27 1900/26 1900/25 1900B/24 1900B/23 1900B/22 1900B/21 1900B/20 947/1 1119/2 977/26 1399/2 1900B/19 1900/17 1900/16 1900/18 1900/13 1900/14 1900/15 8 kV – 23,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Replace the section Scattered PD’s with no separable zones 8 kV – 16,000 pC 12 kV – 20,000 pC Retest after all other replacements 8 kV – 23,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Replace the section 8 kV – 7,000 pC 12 kV – 36,000 pC Replace the section 8 kV – 13,000 pC 12 kV – 20,000 pC Replace the section 8 kV – 7,000 pC 12 kV – 28,000 pC Replace the section
  • 56. Jump to first page Results Example #3 / Section #2 Test location Chestnut St. MH 330/16 330/15 330/14 966/5 492B/16J 492B/15 492B/14 492/14 1523/6 1523/5 1523/4 1523/3 1523/2 1523/1 977B/58 977/58 977/57 977/56 977/55 977/54 977/53 977/52 977/51 977/50 977/49 977/48 977/47 977/46 977/45 977/43 977B/43 391B/4 391B/3 391B/2 237/1 1900B/31 8 kV – 12,500 pC 12 kV – 36,000 pC Replace the section 8 kV – 11,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Inspect the splices in manholes 977/52 and 977/53 8 kV – 4,000 pC 12 kV – 12,000 pC only for the manhole 1523/1, the rest of the zone not increased Replace splice in manhole 1523/1 Inspect the splices in manholes 977/58, 977B/58, 1523/2, and 1523/2. 8 kV – 12,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Inspect the splices in manholes 1523/5 and 1523/6 8 kV – 23,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Replace the section 8 kV – 7,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Inspect the splice
  • 57. Jump to first page Results Example #3 / Section #3 Test location Chestnut Park Apt. Building A Test location Bridge St. MH 227/10 492B/14 492B/12 492B/13 492B/11 492B/10 492B/9 492B/8 492B/7 492B/6 492B/6M 277B/12M 277B/12 277B/11 492B/5 492B/4 492B/3 492B/2 492B/E1 492B/1 277B/10 8 kV – 18,000 pC 12 kV – not increased Replace the section. 8 kV – 6,000 pC 12 kV – 12,000 pC only for the “Y” splice in manhole 492B/E1, not increased in the termination. Replace the “Y” splice in manhole 492B/E1. Inspect the termination. 8 kV – 6,000 pC 12 kV – not increased. Inspect the “Y” splice in manhole 492B/2. 8 kV – 13,500 pC 12 kV – not increased Replace the section.
  • 58. Jump to first page Included In Test Report  Maps As Shown  Text Describing “Zones”  Summary Table
  • 59. Jump to first page COST/BENEFIT EVALUATIONS
  • 60. Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING Cost vs Benefit evaluation factors to be considered  Cost of testing  Cost of repair of detected problem area(s)
  • 61. Jump to first page WAITING FOR FAILURE  Cost of failure locating  Cost of repair of failure  Cost of other damage initiated by failure  Cost of loss of revenue  Loss of customer satisfaction
  • 62. Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Utility tie to industrial customer in the Netherlands Cable circuit 18.000 ft of 10 kV PILC cable installed in 1996 Problem three failures in three months Proposed solutions  Replace 18,000 ft of cable  Perform or diagnostic testing
  • 63. Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Cost (in NLG) To replace the cable 1.800.000 NLG Cost of diagnostic testing 8.000 NLG Cost of replacing 2,500 ft of cable 240.000 NLG Saving by diagnostic testing 1.550.000 NLG Percent savings: 86%
  • 64. Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Industrial customer in the Netherlands Cable circuit 35.000 ft of 10 kV PILC cable with 28 splices Problem Six splice failures in three months Proposed solutions  Replace all 28 splices or  Diagnostic testing
  • 65. Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Cost (in NLG) Replace another 22 splices 110.000 NLG Diagnostic testing 12.000 NLG Replace 9 splices 45.000 NLG Total cost of repair 57.000 NLG Savings: 110.000 - 57.000 = 53.000 NLG Percent savings: 48% Added benefit: Cable and 6 replaced splices tested OK
  • 66. Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Preventive/predivtive maintenance diagnostic testing example from the Netherlands The cable: 10 kV PILC, 105 circuits, total of 500,000 ft Cost of testing 420.000 NLG Repair of 29 problems 145.000 NLG Total cost of testing and repair 565.000 NLG
  • 67. Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Wait for failure Assume all 29 problem would fail in 1996 Fault locating cost (500 NLG ea.) 14.500 NLG Repair cost (8.500 NLG ea.) 246.500 NLG Customer damage cost (20.000 NLG ea.) 580.000 NLG Total cost 841.000 NLG Total savings performing diagnostic testing 841.000 - 565.000= 276.000 NLG Percent savings: 33%
  • 68. Jump to first page DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF DISTRIBUTION CABLE SYSTEMS Preliminary US cost benefit analysis Based on data compiled by US utility, the cost benefit ratio ranges from 1.5 to 1.9 based on actual utility cost data The assumptions include:  The circuits selected for testing have shown poor performance  The major discharge sites will fail within three years  The minor sites will fail within 20 years
  • 69. Jump to first page New Developments  Multi terminal testing for long lenghts of cable and for branched circuits  Non-PDD testing for watertree aged cables  On-line testing using monitoring and expert systems
  • 70. Jump to first page Conclusions  VLF PDD is an experienced diagnostic method for distribution cable testing  Multi terminal testing is necessary for long lenghts of cable or branched cable circuits  Non-PDD field testing method has to be selected for detecting watertree aged cables  On-line testing has to be used in combination with monitoring/expert systems

Editor's Notes