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Fao Semantics Related Projects

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Margherita Sini

The document discusses several semantic projects involving FAO including the Agricultural Ontology Service (AOS), the International Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (IPGRFA) Portal, the Fisheries Ontology Service (FOS), and ontologies for crops, nutrition, and geopolitical data. It also covers ontology modeling methodologies used by FAO such as the AGROVOC Concept Server model and the Linguistic Information Repository (LIR) model.

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Semantic Technologies at FAO Bioversity International, Maccarese, Roma, Italy Margherita Sini 20 April 2009
Few words about myself
Just a very rapid introduction What? semantic, semantic web, semantic technologies ontologies, Knowledge Organization Systems, metadata Why? interoperability, exchange, share user orientation, precision and recall multilinguality, cultural views, context Who? everybody, all domains, all countries, all .org Which instruments? experts, NLP, methodologies and techniques
Outline Semantic projects involving FAO AOS IPFSAPH, FNA, CWR, Fisheries, Food & nutrition, Geopolitical ontology, AGROVOC Concept Server Thai Rice Onto, Agropedia Indica Methods and Methodologies Ontology models (AGROVOC Concept Server, LIR, ...) Modeling considerations What’s next networked ontologies ontology-based applications collaborations
Semantic projects involving FAO
Why AOS vessel? craft? boat? bateaux? barco? Terminology brokering Semantic navigation, Clustering, Ranking, ... Intelligent query expansion Interoperability Inferencing Reasoning Machine learning ship or container
Agricultural Ontology Service an FAO initiative for more coherence in Agricultural Information Systems multiple partners need of a semantic approach AOS elements: AGROVOC Concept Server KOS registry Mapping registries Metadata standards Tools (refinement tool, WB, ...) Built from AGROVOC Domain concepts Categories AGROVOC Concept Server Ontology registry Sub-domain ontologies Metadata ontologies
IPFSAPH
IPFSAPH
The Ontology
Creation of the core ontology 1600 concepts 3 languages Information Resources Brainstorming Codex Alimentarius SPS Agreement Ontology subject specialists AGROVOC Food Safety Documents Generic Documents Ontology Editor (OI-Modeler)
Features: Concept Search The same records will be retrieved regardless of the specific synonyms or singular/plural forms that the user uses to refer to a concept. Related concepts
Features: Multilinguality The system is also able to understand a concept even when different languages are used.
Features: Check spelling Spelling errors are corrected: e.g. “desease” into “disease”
Features: Paraphrasing “ mad cow disease symptoms” or “clinical signs of bovine spongiform encephalopathy”
give the same results, which are ranked.
Features: Semantic Navigation of Knowledge parent concept(s) children concept(s)
FNA
FNA
Creation of the core ontology FAO BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE FAO CORPORATE DOCUMENT REPOSITORY DATABASE MERGE RECORDS + TRANSFORM TO RDFS Ontology Editor (OI-Modeler) maintain
The ontology concepts Publication Issue Work Article Subject Term Category Author Region Language Year
Ontology Relationships
The ontology instances
Features Multilingual concept resolution Get suggestions for the navigation (e.g. synonyms) Guided query formulation Easy navigation of the objects by following the semantic links
RDFa
Features (cont.)
CWR
The project International partners (BGCI, Bioversity International, BLE, FAO, IUCN, UNEP WCMC) Developed in harmony with CWR descriptor list First version (English only) available by December 2006 About 800 core terms + acronyms + spelling variants Clearly definition of concepts (AGROVOC + other sources) Relationships: hierarchical + causative
The Ontology OWL Full http://www.fao.org/aims/aos/cwr.owl
More semantics Term: wild plants subclass of plants superclass of crop wild relatives adapted by domestication benefits from resource conservation
Ontology properties (1/2)
Ontology properties (2/2)
Fisheries
The project OneFish FIGIS AGROVOC Aquaculture Resource Water Area land strains Species life cycle Farming system management system Production center Spawning technique Breeding technique Hatchery technique Expl. form Regulation Farming technique Environment Institution Health monitoring technique diseases suppliers ASFA
Basic activities in FOS Catalog building PRECEDES PRECEDES PRECEDES Ontology Merging Wrapping Terminology Re-engineering Formatting Union Mapping Interfacing Exploitation Matching Discovery Consistency checking Formalization Conceptual Integration Analysis Importing Descriptors Terms Relations Scope notes Subjects Identifiers Codes DB specific links Concepts Relations Axioms Rules Lexicalization Annotations @ CNR
Foundational Ontology FOS core FOS integrated FOS merged FIGIS Reference Tables ASFA FIGIS DTD ONE FISH AGROVOC
The Ontology
Features Form versus meaning: Traditional Search Concept Search Implemented functionalities: synonym search multilingual capability terminology brokering disambiguation related concepts query expansion Basic natural language queries Semantic navigation of bibliographical metadata Semantic Navigation of Knowledge Alphabetic list ... Core Fishery Concepts ...
Ontology properties
Example "tell me what vessels from a nearby country are currently in the marine area 50N060W within Atlantic Ocean, provided that also some Thunnus alalunga stock can be fished by those vessels, through allowed techniques"
Using multilingual lexicalizations ENGLISH SPANISH FRENCH
Using hierarchically related concepts hierarchically related concept Polyvalent Trawlers
Using non-hierarchically related concepts non-hierarchically related concept gears
Help the user formulate queries Original query: bateau de pêche To refine your query, click on the concepts you are interested in. They will appear to the left. Search:
Reconcile different vocabularies “ navire de p ê che”, “fishing vessel”, “ embarcaciones de pesca” AGROVOC or ASFA or other “ fishing vessels,” “ fishing boat,” AGROVOC: “fishing vessels”, “barco”, etc... ASFA: “fishing vessels”
Semantic Navigation of Knowledge: Thesaurus based Highlighting the originator thesaurus. User can select a specific thesaurus to look for.
 
Geopolitical ontology
Geopolitical ontology Incorporate geopolitical data Will serve as a bridge to allow communication between the various systems
Properties isValidFrom hasOfficialName hasCode isSuccessorOf hasBorderWith dependsOn
Nutrition Ontology
 
Procedure =CONCATENATE(&quot;<owl:Class rdf:ID=&quot;&quot;&quot;,J2,&quot;&quot;&quot;><rdfs:subClassOf><owl:Class rdf:ID=&quot;&quot;c_&quot;,B2,&quot;&quot;&quot;/></rdfs:subClassOf><rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;&quot;en&quot;&quot;><![CDATA[&quot;,D2,&quot;]]></rdfs:label><code><![CDATA[&quot;,J2,&quot;]]></code><TAGNAME><![CDATA[&quot;,J2,&quot;]]></TAGNAME>&quot;,S2, T2,&quot;</owl:Class>&quot;) <?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns=&quot;http://www.fao.org/aos/infoods#&quot; xmlns:protege=&quot;http://protege.stanford.edu/plugins/owl/protege#&quot; xmlns:rdf=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#&quot; xmlns:xsd=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#&quot; xmlns:rdfs=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#&quot; xmlns:owl=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#&quot; xmlns:daml=&quot;http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil#&quot; xmlns:dc=&quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/&quot; xml:base=&quot;http://www.fao.org/aos/infoods&quot;> <owl:Ontology rdf:about=&quot;&quot;> <owl:imports rdf:resource=&quot;http://protege.stanford.edu/plugins/owl/protege&quot;/> <owl:versionInfo rdf:datatype=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string&quot; >Revision 4.0</owl:versionInfo> <protege:defaultLanguage rdf:datatype=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string&quot; >en</protege:defaultLanguage> <rdfs:comment rdf:datatype=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string&quot; >International Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODS) was established in 1984 on the basis of the recommendations of an international group convened under the auspices of the United Nations University (UNU). Its goal was to .....</rdfs:comment> </owl:Ontology> <owl:Class rdf:ID=&quot;c_0413&quot;> <code rdf:datatype=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string&quot; >0413</code> <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Class rdf:ID=&quot;c_041&quot;/> </rdfs:subClassOf> <rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;>Vitamin D</rdfs:label> </owl:Class>
AGROVOC
AOS Core: the Concept Server Export mapping Terminology Workbench AGROVOC OWL AGROVOC RDFS formats (e.g. SKOS) and TagText ISO2709 Other thesauri and terminologies integration ABACA NT1 Food NT2 Apple ANIMAL BT Organ NT .... Other thesauri & terminologies ABACA NT1 Food NT2 Apple ANIMAL BT Organ NT ....
Concept Server project Refine semantics and enrich data pool and lexicon Develop a workbench for terminology and ontology development and maintenance Support information management specialists in the development, maintenance, and quality assurance of the AGROVOC CS Global knowledge vs Local knowledge
AGROVOC Concept Server AGROVOC cleaning and refinement Current AGROVOC MySQL Improved AGROVOC MySQL AGROVOC OWL Revision and Refinement
Modeling Conversion to UTF-8 Incorporated AGRIS/CARIS classification scheme (multilingual) and the mapping with AGROVOC keywords Modified structure to store multiple classification schemes Export to OWL format (v0.8a) Export to SKOS format (v0.8a) Revised RDBMS scheme for ontology representation Identified the ontological model + represent in OWL
Thai Rice Ontology
Thai Rice Onto metadata repository
Plant ontology: Relationship types Taxon <hasSuperclass> Taxon Taxon <has GrowthType> GrowthType Taxon <hasPropagationMethod> PropagationMethod Taxon <occursIn> Environment Taxon <hasPest> Taxon Taxon <hasDisease> Disease Disease <causedBy> Taxon TaxonPart <isa> AnatomicalPart TaxonPart <isa> AnatomicalTypeOfFruit TaxonPart <partOf> Taxon TaxonPart <usedAs> Use TaxonPart <usedToMake> ProductType Taxon <hasDescription> Text
Thai plant ontology: Example Mangifera indica Linn. <hasSuperclass> Mangifera Mangifera indica Linn. <hasGrowthType> tree Mangifera indica Linn. <hasPropagationMethod> seedling Mangifera indica Linn <hasDescription> &quot;leaves ...., flower ...... “ Mangifera indica Linn <occursIn> dry soil Mangifera indica Linn. <hasPest> Scirtothrips dosalis Hood Mangifera indica Linn <hasPest> Oidium mangiferae OR, instead of the last statement or in addition to it Mangifera indica Linn <hasDisease> Powdery Mildew Powdery mildew <caused by> Oidium mangiferae
Agropedia Indica
Agropedia Indica http://www.slideshare.net/marghe_rita/1-pantnagar http://www.slideshare.net/marghe_rita/2-pantnagar-w-guidelines http://www.slideshare.net/marghe_rita/3-pantnagar-w-exercices http:// agropedia.iitk.ac.in / Guidelines
Retrieval Navigate KM JAVA+ JENA results..... this is a document about rice and its pests..... Once the rice ap- pear in the world ..... Mad Cow Disea- se is the commonly used name for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) ....
And also...
Other projects Language ontology http://www.fao.org/aims/aos/languagecode.owl AGRIS metadata ontology ...
Ontology Construction Methodologies / Methods
Several points to consider Start from existing KOS Incorporate Terminology/Concepts from sources Different data models to homogenize / link / merge From RDBMS/excel to RDFS/OWL Make use of existing standards (Dublin Core) From unstructured data to formalized data Available tools
Modeling Identify use cases / Application needs Competency questions Identify the ontological model + Evaluate standards AGROVOC NeOn LIR Others Identify tools / APIs Performances! Development team! Maintenance team (domain experts)! Process Conversion to UTF-8 Merging schemes / data Automatic tools  expert revision! Guidelines
Ontology models: AGROVOC Concept Relationships between concepts Lexicalization/ Term String Relationships between strings Relationships between terms designated by manifested as Other information: language/culture subvocabulary/scope audience type, etc. Note annotation relationship Relationship Relationships between Relationships All terms are created as instances of the class o_terms. All at the same level. Only one language per term. term level string level concept level
LIR
Modeling (cont.) concepts from descriptors Synonym <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID=&quot;synonym&quot;> Acronyms <owl:AnnotationProperty rdf:about=&quot;http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/2005#acronym&quot;> <owl:Class rdf:about=&quot; http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/2005 #c_3&quot;> <rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;>ABA</rdfs:label> <rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;fr&quot;>ABA</rdfs:label> <rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;es&quot;>ABA</rdfs:label> <rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;ar&quot;>آبا</rdfs:label> <rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;zh&quot;>脱落酸</rdfs:label> <synonym xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;>[8565] Abscisic acid</synonym> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=&quot; http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/2005 #c_3397&quot;/> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=&quot; http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/2005 #c_32543&quot;/> </owl:Class>
Modeling (cont.): Registries concepts, relationships Y <pest> X. An organism Y can be harmed by organism X. E.g. &quot;Litchi chinensis&quot; <pest> &quot;Bactrocera dorsalis&quot;; <pest> pest X <pest_of> Y. An organism X causes harm to organism Y. E.g. &quot;Bactrocera dorsalis&quot; <pest_of> &quot;Litchi chinensis&quot;; <pest_of> pest of Y <is_use_of> X. For use within the plant domain, {Use} <is_use_of> {Taxon},. and for chemical substances {use} <is_use_of> {chemical substance}. E.g.: &quot;fruit&quot; <is_use_of> &quot;apple&quot;; &quot;cleaner&quot; <is_use_of> &quot;alcohol&quot;; &quot;pesticide&quot; <is_use_of> &quot;ddt&quot;; <is_use_of> is use of X <used_as> Y. Thus far, restricted to plant domain, i.e., {Taxon} <used_as> {use}, and for uses of chemicals i.e., {chemical substance} <used_as> {use}. E.g.: &quot;apple&quot; <used_as> &quot;fruit&quot;; &quot;alcohol&quot; <used_as> &quot;cleaner&quot;; &quot;ddt&quot; <used_as> &quot;pesticide&quot;. <used_as used as X <part> Y. A composite entity X that can be identified as having one or more parts Y. Use this relationship when none of the other partitivity relations (<component>, <composed_of>, <portion>, <member>, <includes_subprocess>) apply. part part Y <part_of> X. Part Y is a constituent of entity X. Use this relationship when none of the other partitivity relations (<component>, <composed_of>, <portion>, <member>, <includes_subprocess>) apply. E.g. in a plant ontology: {PlantPart} <part_of> {taxon} partOf part of X <superclass_of> Y. X is more general than Y in the sense that X is characterized by having a subset of the features of Y. E.g. { milk } <superclass_of> { cow's milk }. superclassOf superclass of Y <subclass_of> X. Y has all the features of X plus additional ones which make it more specific than X. E.g. { cow's milk } <subclass_of> { milk }. subclassOf subclass of
What’s next
Networked ontologies: AOS Market [email_address] general Pest [email_address] Application Specific Layer Other Specific Ontologies Domain Specific Layer Agricultural Domain Specific Ontologies (may) import (may) import same URI Rice [email_address] Rice [email_address] general Pest [email_address] Plant [email_address] Rice [email_address] Indian Rice [email_address] Indian Rice Cultivation [email_address] Pest activity [email_address]
Ontology-based applications Better exploitation of the potentiality at the application level: powerful IR, reasoning No more words but URIs in IS Ontology Web services (OWS)
Ontology-based Application Search for: Search for: Providers Metadata Layer Ontology Layer Web Interface Search for: ok Stemming Disambiguation Check-spelling ... concepts resolution < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> <OWL .....> </OWL> dc:title dc:subject dc:author <OWL .....> </OWL> rights gmo
Future AOS Ontologies Grid internet Networked CS ontologies Health Modules CS Modules AGROVOC CS Workbench HEALTH CS Workbench My Personal CS Workbench My Personal CS Workbench My Personal CS Workbench .... organisms substances .... health medicine Thai Agriculture Ontology CS Workbench .... rice corn para rubber sugarcane .... rice mango sorghum IITK Modules Agropedia Indica Workbench
Collaborations With AOS partners Mapping projects NeOn SEMIC.EU GBIF Global Biodiversity Information Facility secretariat JRC + BGS Ecoterm
Take-home message There are many uses for terminology + ontology systems in food and agriculture, both for information access and information processing FAO has several projects using such systems FAO and partners are deploying the Agricultural Ontology Server (AOS) as a global resource
Questions? Thanks Margherita Sini: margherita.Sini@fao.org Johannes Keizer: Johannes.Keizer@fao.org Dagobert Soergel: dsoergel@umd.edu Asanee Kawtrakul: [email_address] But Also: Gudrun Johannsen, Boris Lauser, Claudio Baldassarre, Gauri Salokhe, Marta Iglesias, Caterina Caracciolo, Sachit Rajbhandari, Jeetendra Singh, Mary Redahan, Shrestha, Prashanta, Ton, Imm, Thanapth, Trakul, and many others...

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Fao Semantics Related Projects

  • 1. Semantic Technologies at FAO Bioversity International, Maccarese, Roma, Italy Margherita Sini 20 April 2009
  • 3. Just a very rapid introduction What? semantic, semantic web, semantic technologies ontologies, Knowledge Organization Systems, metadata Why? interoperability, exchange, share user orientation, precision and recall multilinguality, cultural views, context Who? everybody, all domains, all countries, all .org Which instruments? experts, NLP, methodologies and techniques
  • 4. Outline Semantic projects involving FAO AOS IPFSAPH, FNA, CWR, Fisheries, Food & nutrition, Geopolitical ontology, AGROVOC Concept Server Thai Rice Onto, Agropedia Indica Methods and Methodologies Ontology models (AGROVOC Concept Server, LIR, ...) Modeling considerations What’s next networked ontologies ontology-based applications collaborations
  • 6. Why AOS vessel? craft? boat? bateaux? barco? Terminology brokering Semantic navigation, Clustering, Ranking, ... Intelligent query expansion Interoperability Inferencing Reasoning Machine learning ship or container
  • 7. Agricultural Ontology Service an FAO initiative for more coherence in Agricultural Information Systems multiple partners need of a semantic approach AOS elements: AGROVOC Concept Server KOS registry Mapping registries Metadata standards Tools (refinement tool, WB, ...) Built from AGROVOC Domain concepts Categories AGROVOC Concept Server Ontology registry Sub-domain ontologies Metadata ontologies
  • 11. Creation of the core ontology 1600 concepts 3 languages Information Resources Brainstorming Codex Alimentarius SPS Agreement Ontology subject specialists AGROVOC Food Safety Documents Generic Documents Ontology Editor (OI-Modeler)
  • 12. Features: Concept Search The same records will be retrieved regardless of the specific synonyms or singular/plural forms that the user uses to refer to a concept. Related concepts
  • 13. Features: Multilinguality The system is also able to understand a concept even when different languages are used.
  • 14. Features: Check spelling Spelling errors are corrected: e.g. “desease” into “disease”
  • 15. Features: Paraphrasing “ mad cow disease symptoms” or “clinical signs of bovine spongiform encephalopathy”
  • 16. give the same results, which are ranked.
  • 17. Features: Semantic Navigation of Knowledge parent concept(s) children concept(s)
  • 18. FNA
  • 19. FNA
  • 20. Creation of the core ontology FAO BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE FAO CORPORATE DOCUMENT REPOSITORY DATABASE MERGE RECORDS + TRANSFORM TO RDFS Ontology Editor (OI-Modeler) maintain
  • 21. The ontology concepts Publication Issue Work Article Subject Term Category Author Region Language Year
  • 24. Features Multilingual concept resolution Get suggestions for the navigation (e.g. synonyms) Guided query formulation Easy navigation of the objects by following the semantic links
  • 25. RDFa
  • 27. CWR
  • 28. The project International partners (BGCI, Bioversity International, BLE, FAO, IUCN, UNEP WCMC) Developed in harmony with CWR descriptor list First version (English only) available by December 2006 About 800 core terms + acronyms + spelling variants Clearly definition of concepts (AGROVOC + other sources) Relationships: hierarchical + causative
  • 29. The Ontology OWL Full http://www.fao.org/aims/aos/cwr.owl
  • 30. More semantics Term: wild plants subclass of plants superclass of crop wild relatives adapted by domestication benefits from resource conservation
  • 34. The project OneFish FIGIS AGROVOC Aquaculture Resource Water Area land strains Species life cycle Farming system management system Production center Spawning technique Breeding technique Hatchery technique Expl. form Regulation Farming technique Environment Institution Health monitoring technique diseases suppliers ASFA
  • 35. Basic activities in FOS Catalog building PRECEDES PRECEDES PRECEDES Ontology Merging Wrapping Terminology Re-engineering Formatting Union Mapping Interfacing Exploitation Matching Discovery Consistency checking Formalization Conceptual Integration Analysis Importing Descriptors Terms Relations Scope notes Subjects Identifiers Codes DB specific links Concepts Relations Axioms Rules Lexicalization Annotations @ CNR
  • 36. Foundational Ontology FOS core FOS integrated FOS merged FIGIS Reference Tables ASFA FIGIS DTD ONE FISH AGROVOC
  • 38. Features Form versus meaning: Traditional Search Concept Search Implemented functionalities: synonym search multilingual capability terminology brokering disambiguation related concepts query expansion Basic natural language queries Semantic navigation of bibliographical metadata Semantic Navigation of Knowledge Alphabetic list ... Core Fishery Concepts ...
  • 40. Example &quot;tell me what vessels from a nearby country are currently in the marine area 50N060W within Atlantic Ocean, provided that also some Thunnus alalunga stock can be fished by those vessels, through allowed techniques&quot;
  • 41. Using multilingual lexicalizations ENGLISH SPANISH FRENCH
  • 42. Using hierarchically related concepts hierarchically related concept Polyvalent Trawlers
  • 43. Using non-hierarchically related concepts non-hierarchically related concept gears
  • 44. Help the user formulate queries Original query: bateau de pêche To refine your query, click on the concepts you are interested in. They will appear to the left. Search:
  • 45. Reconcile different vocabularies “ navire de p ê che”, “fishing vessel”, “ embarcaciones de pesca” AGROVOC or ASFA or other “ fishing vessels,” “ fishing boat,” AGROVOC: “fishing vessels”, “barco”, etc... ASFA: “fishing vessels”
  • 46. Semantic Navigation of Knowledge: Thesaurus based Highlighting the originator thesaurus. User can select a specific thesaurus to look for.
  • 47.  
  • 49. Geopolitical ontology Incorporate geopolitical data Will serve as a bridge to allow communication between the various systems
  • 50. Properties isValidFrom hasOfficialName hasCode isSuccessorOf hasBorderWith dependsOn
  • 52.  
  • 53. Procedure =CONCATENATE(&quot;<owl:Class rdf:ID=&quot;&quot;&quot;,J2,&quot;&quot;&quot;><rdfs:subClassOf><owl:Class rdf:ID=&quot;&quot;c_&quot;,B2,&quot;&quot;&quot;/></rdfs:subClassOf><rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;&quot;en&quot;&quot;><![CDATA[&quot;,D2,&quot;]]></rdfs:label><code><![CDATA[&quot;,J2,&quot;]]></code><TAGNAME><![CDATA[&quot;,J2,&quot;]]></TAGNAME>&quot;,S2, T2,&quot;</owl:Class>&quot;) <?xml version=&quot;1.0&quot;?> <rdf:RDF xmlns=&quot;http://www.fao.org/aos/infoods#&quot; xmlns:protege=&quot;http://protege.stanford.edu/plugins/owl/protege#&quot; xmlns:rdf=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#&quot; xmlns:xsd=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#&quot; xmlns:rdfs=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#&quot; xmlns:owl=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#&quot; xmlns:daml=&quot;http://www.daml.org/2001/03/daml+oil#&quot; xmlns:dc=&quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/&quot; xml:base=&quot;http://www.fao.org/aos/infoods&quot;> <owl:Ontology rdf:about=&quot;&quot;> <owl:imports rdf:resource=&quot;http://protege.stanford.edu/plugins/owl/protege&quot;/> <owl:versionInfo rdf:datatype=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string&quot; >Revision 4.0</owl:versionInfo> <protege:defaultLanguage rdf:datatype=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string&quot; >en</protege:defaultLanguage> <rdfs:comment rdf:datatype=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string&quot; >International Network of Food Data Systems (INFOODS) was established in 1984 on the basis of the recommendations of an international group convened under the auspices of the United Nations University (UNU). Its goal was to .....</rdfs:comment> </owl:Ontology> <owl:Class rdf:ID=&quot;c_0413&quot;> <code rdf:datatype=&quot;http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string&quot; >0413</code> <rdfs:subClassOf> <owl:Class rdf:ID=&quot;c_041&quot;/> </rdfs:subClassOf> <rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;>Vitamin D</rdfs:label> </owl:Class>
  • 55. AOS Core: the Concept Server Export mapping Terminology Workbench AGROVOC OWL AGROVOC RDFS formats (e.g. SKOS) and TagText ISO2709 Other thesauri and terminologies integration ABACA NT1 Food NT2 Apple ANIMAL BT Organ NT .... Other thesauri & terminologies ABACA NT1 Food NT2 Apple ANIMAL BT Organ NT ....
  • 56. Concept Server project Refine semantics and enrich data pool and lexicon Develop a workbench for terminology and ontology development and maintenance Support information management specialists in the development, maintenance, and quality assurance of the AGROVOC CS Global knowledge vs Local knowledge
  • 57. AGROVOC Concept Server AGROVOC cleaning and refinement Current AGROVOC MySQL Improved AGROVOC MySQL AGROVOC OWL Revision and Refinement
  • 58. Modeling Conversion to UTF-8 Incorporated AGRIS/CARIS classification scheme (multilingual) and the mapping with AGROVOC keywords Modified structure to store multiple classification schemes Export to OWL format (v0.8a) Export to SKOS format (v0.8a) Revised RDBMS scheme for ontology representation Identified the ontological model + represent in OWL
  • 60. Thai Rice Onto metadata repository
  • 61. Plant ontology: Relationship types Taxon <hasSuperclass> Taxon Taxon <has GrowthType> GrowthType Taxon <hasPropagationMethod> PropagationMethod Taxon <occursIn> Environment Taxon <hasPest> Taxon Taxon <hasDisease> Disease Disease <causedBy> Taxon TaxonPart <isa> AnatomicalPart TaxonPart <isa> AnatomicalTypeOfFruit TaxonPart <partOf> Taxon TaxonPart <usedAs> Use TaxonPart <usedToMake> ProductType Taxon <hasDescription> Text
  • 62. Thai plant ontology: Example Mangifera indica Linn. <hasSuperclass> Mangifera Mangifera indica Linn. <hasGrowthType> tree Mangifera indica Linn. <hasPropagationMethod> seedling Mangifera indica Linn <hasDescription> &quot;leaves ...., flower ...... “ Mangifera indica Linn <occursIn> dry soil Mangifera indica Linn. <hasPest> Scirtothrips dosalis Hood Mangifera indica Linn <hasPest> Oidium mangiferae OR, instead of the last statement or in addition to it Mangifera indica Linn <hasDisease> Powdery Mildew Powdery mildew <caused by> Oidium mangiferae
  • 64. Agropedia Indica http://www.slideshare.net/marghe_rita/1-pantnagar http://www.slideshare.net/marghe_rita/2-pantnagar-w-guidelines http://www.slideshare.net/marghe_rita/3-pantnagar-w-exercices http:// agropedia.iitk.ac.in / Guidelines
  • 65. Retrieval Navigate KM JAVA+ JENA results..... this is a document about rice and its pests..... Once the rice ap- pear in the world ..... Mad Cow Disea- se is the commonly used name for Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) ....
  • 67. Other projects Language ontology http://www.fao.org/aims/aos/languagecode.owl AGRIS metadata ontology ...
  • 69. Several points to consider Start from existing KOS Incorporate Terminology/Concepts from sources Different data models to homogenize / link / merge From RDBMS/excel to RDFS/OWL Make use of existing standards (Dublin Core) From unstructured data to formalized data Available tools
  • 70. Modeling Identify use cases / Application needs Competency questions Identify the ontological model + Evaluate standards AGROVOC NeOn LIR Others Identify tools / APIs Performances! Development team! Maintenance team (domain experts)! Process Conversion to UTF-8 Merging schemes / data Automatic tools  expert revision! Guidelines
  • 71. Ontology models: AGROVOC Concept Relationships between concepts Lexicalization/ Term String Relationships between strings Relationships between terms designated by manifested as Other information: language/culture subvocabulary/scope audience type, etc. Note annotation relationship Relationship Relationships between Relationships All terms are created as instances of the class o_terms. All at the same level. Only one language per term. term level string level concept level
  • 72. LIR
  • 73. Modeling (cont.) concepts from descriptors Synonym <owl:DatatypeProperty rdf:ID=&quot;synonym&quot;> Acronyms <owl:AnnotationProperty rdf:about=&quot;http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/2005#acronym&quot;> <owl:Class rdf:about=&quot; http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/2005 #c_3&quot;> <rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;>ABA</rdfs:label> <rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;fr&quot;>ABA</rdfs:label> <rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;es&quot;>ABA</rdfs:label> <rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;ar&quot;>آبا</rdfs:label> <rdfs:label xml:lang=&quot;zh&quot;>脱落酸</rdfs:label> <synonym xml:lang=&quot;en&quot;>[8565] Abscisic acid</synonym> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=&quot; http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/2005 #c_3397&quot;/> <rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=&quot; http://www.fao.org/aos/agrovoc/2005 #c_32543&quot;/> </owl:Class>
  • 74. Modeling (cont.): Registries concepts, relationships Y <pest> X. An organism Y can be harmed by organism X. E.g. &quot;Litchi chinensis&quot; <pest> &quot;Bactrocera dorsalis&quot;; <pest> pest X <pest_of> Y. An organism X causes harm to organism Y. E.g. &quot;Bactrocera dorsalis&quot; <pest_of> &quot;Litchi chinensis&quot;; <pest_of> pest of Y <is_use_of> X. For use within the plant domain, {Use} <is_use_of> {Taxon},. and for chemical substances {use} <is_use_of> {chemical substance}. E.g.: &quot;fruit&quot; <is_use_of> &quot;apple&quot;; &quot;cleaner&quot; <is_use_of> &quot;alcohol&quot;; &quot;pesticide&quot; <is_use_of> &quot;ddt&quot;; <is_use_of> is use of X <used_as> Y. Thus far, restricted to plant domain, i.e., {Taxon} <used_as> {use}, and for uses of chemicals i.e., {chemical substance} <used_as> {use}. E.g.: &quot;apple&quot; <used_as> &quot;fruit&quot;; &quot;alcohol&quot; <used_as> &quot;cleaner&quot;; &quot;ddt&quot; <used_as> &quot;pesticide&quot;. <used_as used as X <part> Y. A composite entity X that can be identified as having one or more parts Y. Use this relationship when none of the other partitivity relations (<component>, <composed_of>, <portion>, <member>, <includes_subprocess>) apply. part part Y <part_of> X. Part Y is a constituent of entity X. Use this relationship when none of the other partitivity relations (<component>, <composed_of>, <portion>, <member>, <includes_subprocess>) apply. E.g. in a plant ontology: {PlantPart} <part_of> {taxon} partOf part of X <superclass_of> Y. X is more general than Y in the sense that X is characterized by having a subset of the features of Y. E.g. { milk } <superclass_of> { cow's milk }. superclassOf superclass of Y <subclass_of> X. Y has all the features of X plus additional ones which make it more specific than X. E.g. { cow's milk } <subclass_of> { milk }. subclassOf subclass of
  • 76. Networked ontologies: AOS Market [email_address] general Pest [email_address] Application Specific Layer Other Specific Ontologies Domain Specific Layer Agricultural Domain Specific Ontologies (may) import (may) import same URI Rice [email_address] Rice [email_address] general Pest [email_address] Plant [email_address] Rice [email_address] Indian Rice [email_address] Indian Rice Cultivation [email_address] Pest activity [email_address]
  • 77. Ontology-based applications Better exploitation of the potentiality at the application level: powerful IR, reasoning No more words but URIs in IS Ontology Web services (OWS)
  • 78. Ontology-based Application Search for: Search for: Providers Metadata Layer Ontology Layer Web Interface Search for: ok Stemming Disambiguation Check-spelling ... concepts resolution < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> < dc:title /> < /> < /> < /> < /> <OWL .....> </OWL> dc:title dc:subject dc:author <OWL .....> </OWL> rights gmo
  • 79. Future AOS Ontologies Grid internet Networked CS ontologies Health Modules CS Modules AGROVOC CS Workbench HEALTH CS Workbench My Personal CS Workbench My Personal CS Workbench My Personal CS Workbench .... organisms substances .... health medicine Thai Agriculture Ontology CS Workbench .... rice corn para rubber sugarcane .... rice mango sorghum IITK Modules Agropedia Indica Workbench
  • 80. Collaborations With AOS partners Mapping projects NeOn SEMIC.EU GBIF Global Biodiversity Information Facility secretariat JRC + BGS Ecoterm
  • 81. Take-home message There are many uses for terminology + ontology systems in food and agriculture, both for information access and information processing FAO has several projects using such systems FAO and partners are deploying the Agricultural Ontology Server (AOS) as a global resource
  • 82. Questions? Thanks Margherita Sini: margherita.Sini@fao.org Johannes Keizer: Johannes.Keizer@fao.org Dagobert Soergel: dsoergel@umd.edu Asanee Kawtrakul: [email_address] But Also: Gudrun Johannsen, Boris Lauser, Claudio Baldassarre, Gauri Salokhe, Marta Iglesias, Caterina Caracciolo, Sachit Rajbhandari, Jeetendra Singh, Mary Redahan, Shrestha, Prashanta, Ton, Imm, Thanapth, Trakul, and many others...