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Feedforward Presentation to the University of Illinois

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Amber

The document is a presentation by Amber Howard titled "Feedforward: Support Emotive Learning for Enduring Lifestyle Change". It discusses how design can help support lifestyle changes related to obesity prevention. It notes that while knowledge and access exist, people still struggle with changing behaviors long-term. It explores reasons for this, such as discounting future consequences and lack of self-control. The document argues that design must go beyond tactical tasks and address the emotional and cognitive biases underlying behaviors. It proposes a design theory of "feedforward" to anticipate the future and activate biases to facilitate motivation and goal pursuit for lifestyle changes.

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December 4, 2012 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Feedforward Support Emotive Learning for Enduring Lifestyle Change Amber Howard, Ph.D. Director of Research and Education New Kind Lecturer North Carolina State University College of Design, Graphic and Industrial Design amberhoward.net amber@amberhoward.net @amberkhoward
Overview Introduction Conceptual Framework Purpose Research Framework Research Methodology Results Conclusion December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 2 / 115
Change for good The designer What wasn’t now is. December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 3 / 115
Change for good The Hope Make the world better December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 4 / 115
Change for good The Hope Make the life world better December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 5 / 115
Change for good The predicament Make the life change world better December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 6 / 115
Change for good The predicament Make the life change = world better challenge the status quo December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 7 / 115
Change for good The predicament Make the life change = world better challenge the status quo view the situation differently December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 8 / 115
Change for good The promise Find a gap, don’t create a need. December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 9 / 115
Change for good Atmospheres of impact What change do you want to make? Find the gap in each atmosphere. culture beliefs behaviors things December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 10 / 115
Change for good Intended experiences What experiences do you want to create and reinforce? culture e nc iebeliefs r x pe e behaviors things December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 11 / 115
Change for good Experiences for change Current strategies focus on ability, will, and social pressure (Patterson, 2008) skill motivation social December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 12 / 115
Change for good Moving forward ... but there’s more to it. December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 13 / 115
The setting The Social Issue The Obstacles Design’s Role December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 14 / 115
The Social Issue Obesity affects millions of people each year 11% of the population will become obese in the next 7 years (Wang, et al., 2008) 30% obese 30% obese 7 YEARS 41% obese 41% obese 75% overweight 75% overweight 65% overweight 65% overweight 2008 2015 December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 15 / 115
The Social Issue Obesity affects millions of people each year 11% of the population will become more at risk for: Heart disease, High blood pressure, Diabetes, Cancers, and Premature mortality (CDC, 2009) 30% obese 30% obese 7 YEARS 41% obese 41% obese 75% overweight 75% overweight 65% overweight 65% overweight 2008 2015 December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 16 / 115
The Social Issue Obesity affects millions of people each year Currently costs $177 billion/year in medical expenses (CDC, 2009) other 30% obese Medicaid 7 YEARS 41% obese 41% obese Medicare out of 75% overweight 75% overweight 65% overweight pocket 2008 2015 December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 17 / 115
The Social Issue Obesity affects millions of people each year Minimized or prevented by changing daily behaviors 30% obese 30% obese 7 YEARS 41% obese 41% obese 75% overweight 75% overweight 65% overweight 65% overweight 2008 2015 December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 18 / 115
The Social Issue We know what to change Habits and behaviors are the key determinates of future health (Healey & Zimmerman, 2009) Depends on our willingness and ability to prioritize for our future health every day eating behaviors health / chronic disease December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 19 / 115
The Social Issue We know what to change Health issues pervade mainstream media Knowledge Access Support Online References Organic Food Products Food Movements Documentaries Dieting Food Products Weight loss Programs Best-selling Books Health-Conscious Restaurants Health Management Apps Magazines National Initiatives December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 20 / 115
The Social Issue We know what to change We know which behaviors and lifestyles are healthy We have access to appropriate resources We know how to perform the behaviors We care about our future health access + skill + motivation = change right? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 21 / 115
The Social Issue Lifestyle change is easier said than done Relapse despite knowing what we should do (Adolfsson, Carlson, Unden, & Rossner, 2002) 1/2yr 1yr 2yr n median weight loss -1 -2 80% -3 relapse December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 22 / 115
The Social Issue Lifestyle change is easier said than done Despite our best intentions, we fail to act on them (Orbell and Sheeran, 2009) We revert back to old habits without realizing it access + skill + motivation ≠ change December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 23 / 115
The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done The trainer knows, but the elephant is set in its ways. “Today this mind does not stray and is under the harmony of control, even as a wild elephant is controlled by the trainer.” — Buddha “If passion drives, let reason hold the reins.” — Benjamin Franklin December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 24 / 115
The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done We tend to attribute less emotional value to the future Intertemporal choice (Wilson, 2001) Current feelings bias predictions about future feelings present future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 25 / 115
The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done We tend to attribute less emotional value to the future Future Discounting (Gilbert, 2006) Care more about an immediate outcome than a future one present ≠ future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 26 / 115
The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done We tend to attribute less emotional value to the future Future Discounting (Receiving $20, Gilbert, 2006) today = 61.5 60 1 day = 53.6 7 days = 53.3 30 dayS = 50.9 50 185 dayS = 46.5 365 dayS = 42.2 05 01 00 150 200 250 300 350 400 days from now December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 27 / 115
The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done An exercise in self-control and will power Delayed Gratification The Marshmallow Study (Mischel, 1972) 1/3 succeed December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 28 / 115
The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done We tend to attribute less emotional value to the future “Time discounting plays an especially important role in decisions concerning health. Virtually all health-related decisions involve trade-offs between short-term and long-term gains.” — Economist George Lowenstein, Psychologists Daniel Read and Roy Baumeister December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 29 / 115
The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done An exercise in self-control and will power Cognitive load can distract us from our health goals (Baumeister & Muraven, 2000) or < 3 digits > 3 digits December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 30 / 115
The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done Physiological components of lifestyle Stress can distract us from our health goals (Epel et al., 2001) stress increases cravings for sweet foods fried fatty salty December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 31 / 115
The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done Physiological components of lifestyle Locus of Control (Tice, Bratslovsky, & Baumeister, 2001) Stress leads to short-term decisions (Rodrigues, LeDoux, & Sapolsky, 2009) internal control long-term decisions external control stress short-term decisions chance December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 32 / 115
Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Design mediates our relationship to the food we eat Monitoring our health progress Generating healthy recipes on the fly Referencing food information we experience and learn healthy lifestyles through designed conditions December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 33 / 115
Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Decentralized and self-initiated Tailored personal health management and coaching tools Body Area Network (BAN) technology We use tools to help us control health-related behaviors December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 34 / 115
Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Decentralized and self-initiated Tailored personal health management and coaching tools Body Area Network (BAN) technology December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 35 / 115
Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Decentralized and self-initiated Tailored personal health management and coaching tools Body Area Network (BAN) technology December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 36 / 115
Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Decentralized and self-initiated Tailored personal health management and coaching tools Body Area Network (BAN) technology December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 37 / 115
Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Tactical solutions We learn appropriate behaviors, but remain dependent on the system Prescribes disjointed tasks (though straightforward and easy to execute) Demands continual reminders, motivators, and feedback to ensure compliance Emphasizes reflective learning (data visualization) through designed conditions we manage tactics for health December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 38 / 115
Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Tactical solutions It’s all about enabling the trainer to control the elephant. culture beliefs behaviors things December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 39 / 115
Design’s Role Design can do better Strategic opportunities Address the emotive underpinnings of behavior and lifestyles Foster a different mindset/bias regarding eating practices “So much [of design] is focused on the moment of decision making. We need to create rewards around other (influences) on behavior…to motivate immediate and long-lasting behavior change.” — Robert Fabricant, Frog Design December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 40 / 115
Design’s Role Design can do better Strategic opportunities culture e nc iebeliefs r x pe e behaviors things December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 41 / 115
Design’s Role True lifestyle change Our biases align with our health goals We impulsively choose the healthy option We are not tempted by old habits December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 42 / 115
Design’s Role A design theory to support lifestyle change Change biases that guide preferences, interpretations, decisions, and actions Target emotive learning processes Function beyond the realm of conscious control “Do you like marshmallows?” December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 43 / 115
Conceptual Framework Feedforward: A Design Theory Conceptual Framework Diagram December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 44 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Timing matters Provide anticipatory conditions for a pre-experience Activate a mindset and associated biases Set the stage for behaviors to unfold past feedback present feedforward future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 45 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Timing matters Seek patterns among subtle cues Frame, or contextualize, situations with minimal information Automatically facilitate motivation and goal pursuit present activate bias December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 46 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Timing matters Anticipate what will likely happen within the given constraints Adapt behavior to prepare and/or adjust for change Develop subtle associations among cues present activate bias future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 47 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Timing matters Anticipate what will likely happen within the given constraints Adapt behavior to prepare and/or adjust for change Develop subtle associations among cues present activate bias future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 48 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Modulate the emotive learning process Anticipatory cues before the situation Skew the constraints from which the bias activates Modulates the perception of the situation present activate bias future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 49 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Modulate the emotive learning process Consolidate the associations as a predictive model increase the chances of achieving enduring lifestyle change sent activate bias future consolidate for predictive model December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 50 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Expose intermittently throughout the day passive exposure skews motivation & goal pursuit (thank you, pattern matching) December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 51 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Modulate the emotive learning process Develop preferred biases pervasively through daily routines Influence short- and long-term frame of reference, or worldview Decide which bias we want to embody going into a situation (not by happenstance) past feedback present feedforward future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 52 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Louis Cheskin, clinical psychologist and marketing innovator (Cheskin, 1947) How design mediates our subsequent experience of products Affects the taste of food Affects the value we attribute to eating it December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 53 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Priming Anticipatory cues activate implicit memory Frames the subsequent responses Does not require awareness or recollection of the priming stimuli “One remarkable feature of priming is that, unlike other forms of cognitive memory, it is nonconscious. A person perceiving a familiar object is not aware that what is perceived is as much an expression of memory as it is of perception.” — Endel Tulving and Daniel Schacter December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 54 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Priming Examples Elderly stereotype affects behavior (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996) December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 55 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Priming Examples Elderly stereotype affects behavior (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996) Faster recognition of “butter” when “bread” precedes it (Meyer & Schvaneveldt, 1971) Ambient sad music affects perceived slope of a hill (Proffitt, 2006) Images of eyes affect honesty at the coffee station (Bateson et al., 2006) Warm beverage affects perception of strangers (Wiliams & Bargh, 2008) Professor persona affects score in trivial pursuit (Dijksterhuis and Knippenberg, 2005) Rude/Polite and Cooperation/Competition (Bargh & Williams, 2006) December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 56 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Embodiment and Neuroplasticity Consciousness emerges from emotive processes (Ashby, 1956; McClelland & Rumelhart, 1986) Pleasure in anticipation (dopamine solidifies connections) (Hawkins, 2004; Carter et al., 2009) Deep-seated biases are not permanent (Kihlstrom, 1987; Hebb, 1949; Merzenich, 1984; LeDoux, 1999) “The brain knows more than the conscious mind reveals.” — Neuroscientist Antonio Damasio December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 57 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Embodiment and Neuroplasticity Examples The Iowa Gambling Task (Damasio, 2005) Anticipation • emotions • feel without knowing why (LeDoux, 1996) 70 cards later December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 58 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Calm Technology (Brown & Wieser, 1995) Ubiquitous computing as an ambient influence on our behaviors December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 59 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Louis Cheskin Priming Embodiment and Neuroplasticity Calm Technology formalizes a body of research regarding anticipatory cues December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 60 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory A design theory Leveraging design prior to decisions and actions Frame a mindset through which to interpret a situation Influence our ability to adopt healthy behaviors and achieve long-lasting lifestyle change informs design conditions for emotive learning December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 61 / 115
Constraint Matching Feedforward Bias goal state by introducing Identify Cues additional constraints to the system (Increase occurrence of goal state cues) Co nst ing rain eek As e t Int nt S sign pat set ind Constrai erpretin Antici Value M & Emotive Learning te g Sta Rapid Cycle oal Bias G r to Ex ing c tra ec Co at At ut ion d n el rge li st d so rai Mo Cha on nt tive in tC Tes Refine Predic tra ting Cons December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 62 / 115
Conceptual Framework Constraint Matching Seeking limits the range of stimuli Identify Cues we consider relevant and meaningful (Barrett et al., 2007) Co nst ing rain eek As e t Int nt S sign pat set ind Constrai erpretin Antici Value M & Emotive Learning te g Sta Rapid Cycle oal Bias G Progressive Cycle r to Ex ing c tra ec Co at At ut ion d n el rge li st d so rai Mo Cha on nt tive in tC Tes Refine Predic tra ting Cons December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 63 / 115
Conceptual Framework Constraint Matching identifies internal and external cues that correspond with the Identify Cues anticipated stimuli (Kosslyn S. , 1995) Co nst ing rain eek As e t Int nt S sign pat set nd Constrai erpretin Antici Value i M & te g Sta oal Bias G Progressive Cycle r to Ex ing c tra ec Co at At ut ion d n el rge li st d so rai Mo Cha on nt tive tC Tes Refine Predic rain ting Const December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 64 / 115
Conceptual Framework raint Interpreting assigns greater emotive value Const to the neural networks that Assign Value match expectancies (Oschner et al., 2004) g hin Con atc ues stra int M Exe fy C int Te cutio Identi Constra sting n Ch a Co te rg eA g pa ns kin i tic ttr tr An ain act ee tC or tS on ain sol str ida Con ting set Progressive Refin Mind Cycle December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 65 / 115 eP &
Conceptual Framework Constraint Testing Testing anticipatory behavior and action Execution (Butz, Sigaud, & Gerard, 2007) Co g nst tin rpre rain Ch arg e t Co Inte Valu e At nsolida Constraint Assign Re tractor fin Emotive Learning e ting P Rapid Cycle Progressiv Cycle es u An ing yC tic Co tif ch ipa n Iden at st rai te M nt int Se sG stra eki oal Con ng Stat e & Mindset December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 66 / 115
ictive Model red eP efin R Conceptual Framework Bia Progressive s Go Cycle traint Consolidating Cons al State & Mind Consolidating Connections within the Attractor Charge attractor network strengthen or weaken depending on the network’s accuracy set (Sutton & Barto, 1998) Co g nst stin rain Ant nt Te tion t See icipa Constrai Execu te king Emotive Learning Rapid Cycle de I e nt C alu g on ify tin nV s re tra Cu Assig es erp int Int Ma raint tch ing Const December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 67 / 115
ictive Model red eP efin R Conceptual Framework Bia Progressive s Go Cycle traint Consolidating Cons al State & Mind Predictive Model Attractor Charge accurate predictions are strengthened to enable more prominent and clear signals within the network set (Carter et al, 2009) Co g nst stin rain Ant nt Te tion t See icipa Constrai Execu te king Emotive Learning Rapid Cycle de I e nt C alu g on ify tin nV s re tra Cu Assig es erp int Int Ma raint tch ing Const December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 68 / 115
Conceptual Framework Constraint Matching Feedforward Bias goal state by introducing Identify Cues additional constraints to the system (Increase occurrence of goal state cues) Co nst ing rain eek As e t Int nt S sign pat set ind Constrai erpretin Antici Value M & Emotive Learning te g Sta Rapid Cycle oal Bias G Progressive Cycle r to Ex ing c tra ec Co at At ut ion d n el rge li st d so rai Mo Cha on nt tive in tC Tes Refine Predic tra ting Cons December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 69 / 115
Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Modulate the emotive learning process “When learning occurs in a way consistent with the laws that govern brain plasticity, the process of the brain can be improved so that we learn and perceive with greater precision, speed, and retention.” — Neuroscientist Michael Merzenich, Father of Neuroplasticity December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 70 / 115
Research Purpose of the Theory Purpose of the Study December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 71 / 115
Purpose of the Theory Propose a design theory for lifestyle change Feedforward Align design strategy with our emotive learning process Provide anticipatory cues that frame our perception of an emerging situation Align biases with intended lifestyle goals Foster preference, behavior, and bias change December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 72 / 115
Purpose of the study Test the theory Feedforward Deploy a mobile design strategy into a naturalistic setting Prime for a future health-oriented mindset Measure the preferential, behavioral, and bias effects of prolonged priming Analyze the short- and long-term effects December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 73 / 115
Research Research Questions December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 74 / 115
Central Research Question To what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times influence preferences, behaviors, and biases toward healthy eating practices among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 75 / 115
Central Research Question cause To what extent can designed mobile interaction that strategy primes for a future health-oriented mindset when before meal and snack times effect influence preferences, behaviors, and biases domain toward healthy eating practices who among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 76 / 115
Sub-Research Questions cause To what extent can designed mobile interaction that strategy primes for a future health-oriented mindset when before meal and snack times for one week Q1 influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods Q2 influence the proportion of healthy food consumed Q3 influence future health biases who among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 77 / 115
Research Methodology Participants Research Design Variables Instruments December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 78 / 115
Overview of Study Preference Repeated Measure ANOVA Survey: Rate appetite Margin of Error Survey: Rate craving ANCOVA Purposive Sampling Behavior Logistic Regression SMS Reported intake Repeated Measure ANOVA Conclusions about Survey: Food Choice Margin of Error the design theory Stratified Chi Square Test for Variance Random ANCOVA Assignment Bias Repeat Measure ANOVA IAT Response Times Margin of Error Survey: Time Perspective ANCOVA December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 79 / 115
Participants Recruitment Purposive Sampling IRB approval Recruited from 3 cross-disciplinary courses Received extra credit for participation Participation was voluntary Screened for ownership and usage of a mobile phone Similar settings, routines, and stress cycles December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 80 / 115
Participants Sample Size 117 participants completed the full study 58 treatment group / 59 control group 10% attrition rate (from 130 participants) 23% over minimum requirement December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 81 / 115
Participants Questionnaire Demographic, Personal Health, and Mobile Phone Behaviors December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 82 / 115
Participants Demographics 4% Latin 10% Amer. Other 40% 40% men 13%men African Amer. 60% women 60% Caucasian 3% 10% under- 14% obese weight cook 2+ meals/day December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 83 / 115
women 60% Caucasian Participants Demographics 3% 10% under- 14% obese weight cook 2+ meals/day 21% overweight 50% don’t cook 37% 65% cook 1 meal/day average 16% 14% currently 1 diet dieting December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 84 / 115
37% 65% cook 1 meal/day average Participants Demographics 16% 14% currently 1 diet dieting 56% 30% never dieted +2 diets 74% not currently dieting December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 85 / 115
Participants Group Assignment Stratified Random Assignment (matching) BMI Gender Zimbardo Dieting Phone Use Group M P F <18.5 P F F M P 18.5– F 24.9 P F F M P 25– F 29.9 P F F M P F >30 P F F December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 86 / 115
RESEARCH DESIGN Modified Solomon Group Design Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Baseline Treatment Follow up 1 Follow up 2 Group 1A 2A 3A 3B 1B 2B 3C ••___________________________________ ••________________ 1C 2C 3D ••________________ 1 X 3A 1A 2A 3B 3C 1B 2B _________________•• __________________________________ •• 3D 1C 2C ________________•• 2 1B 2B 3C ••________________ 1C 2C 3D ••________________ 3 3C 1B 2B 3D 1C 2C ________________•• ________________•• 4 R 1A 2A 3A 3B 1B 2B 3C 1C 2C 3D (X) ••___________________________________ ••________________ ••________________ 5 3A 1A 2A 3B 3C 1B 2B _________________•• __________________________________ •• 3D 1C 2C ________________•• 6 1B 2B 3C 1C 2C 3D ••________________ ••________________ 7 3C 1B 2B 3D 1C 2C ________________•• ________________•• 8 • : Preference 1 : Preference • : Bias 2 : Bias __ : Behavior 3 : Behavior December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 87 / 115
Variables Independent Variable (Treatment Condition) Prime for future health-oriented mindset Delivered through MMS within the hour preceding meal and snack times December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 88 / 115
Variables Control Variable Neutral point of comparison Delivered through MMS within the hour preceding meal and snack times December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 89 / 115
Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Perceived desirability of healthy foods Online survey How appetizing is the food in the photograph? How often do you crave the food in the photograph? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 90 / 115
Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Perceived desirability of healthy foods Pilot study to categorize the food items used as healthy or unhealthy ed Date breakfast-1 chicken-1 dessert-1 meat-1 pasta-1 pizza-1 salad-1 sandwich-1 seafood-1 snack-1 veg-1 breakfast-2 chicken-2 dessert-2 meat-2 seafood-2 sandwich-2 snack-2 veg-2 breakfast-3 chicken-3 dessert-3 meat-3 pasta-2 sandwich-3 seafood-3 snack-3 veg-3 breakfast-4 c , 2011 4:16 PM f 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off O , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 Off 0 0 1 0 1 0 , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 pdf , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 pdf , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0.125 0.25 0.125 0.5 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 0.875 0 0.25 0.625 0.75 0 0.7142857143 0.8571428571 0 0 0.8333333333 0.1428571429 0.5714285714 0.5714285714 0.2857142857 0.8571428571 0.1428571429 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0 -1 -1 t-1 t-1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -2 -2 t-2 t-2 2 2 2 2 -3 -3 t-3 t-3 -2 3 3 3 3 a- a- h- d- k- g- d- h- k- g- h- d- k- g- st n d st n st n a er ea er ea er ea ac ac ac st zz st ke ic ke ic ke ic ve ve ve la oo oo o a a a a fo ss ss ss w w w kf pa sa kf kf pa kf m m m pi sn sn sn ic ic ic af af a nd nd nd ea ea ea ea de de de ch ch ch se se se br sa br sa br sa br December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 91 / 115
Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Proportion of healthy foods consumed Self-Report food log through SMS: Please list the food you ate since the last prompt. Online survey: Which food would you rather eat for your next meal? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 92 / 115
Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Proportion of healthy foods consumed Self-Report food log through SMS: Please list the food you ate since the last prompt. Online survey: Which food would you rather eat for your next meal? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 93 / 115
Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Future health biases Implicit Association Test: Sort items as fast as possible. Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: Present and future-oriented questions IAT Blocks Futu Healthy bloc Unhealthy bloc Desirable bloc Undesirable bloc Sample Items Healthy Unhealthy Nutritious Fatty Fresh Greasy Natural Processed E I Organic Infirm December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 94 / 115
Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Future health biases Implicit Association Test: Sort items as fast as possible. Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: Present and future-oriented questions IAT Blocks Future Immediate Healthy Unhealthy Healthy block 1 block 2 Unhealthy block 2 block 1 Desirable block 3 block 4 block 5 block 6 Undesirable block 4 block 3 block 6 block 5 Sample Items Healthy Unhealthy Future Immediate Desirable Undesirable Nutritious Fatty Progress Instant Tasty Repulsive Fresh Greasy Goals Current Delicious Awful Natural Processed Planning Present Appetizing Gross Organic Infirm Outcome Now Tempting Disgusting December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 95 / 115
Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Future health biases Implicit Association Test: Sort items as fast as possible. Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: Present and future-oriented questions E I December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 96 / 115
Results Perceived Desirability of Health Food Consumption of Healthy Food Future Health Bias December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 97 / 115
Results Perceived desirability of healthy foods Analysis of Variance for Phase: Appetizing and Craving phase, treatment=1 Foods phase, treatment=1 crave Healthy Foods By phase, o ANOVA of app health By Treatment: Healthy ANOVA of Treatment: healthy ANOVA 5 5 5 4 4 4 appetizing craving 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 phase phase p > 0.0294* p > 0.0315* By treatment| Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 98 / 115 By treatment phase=2 unhealhtyANOVA o December 4, 2012 | Feedforward phase=2 ANOVA of app unhealthy ANOVA of crave By treatm
Results Perceived desirability of healthy foods Summary Short-term effects of treatment • Appetite for healthy foods • Cravings for healthy foods Participants who were dieting exhibited greater short-term effects Long-term effects of treatment (2 weeks after exposure) • Cravings for healthy foods Participants who were obese exhibited greater long-term effects *Variance in control group suggests the timing (without priming screens) has effect December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 99 / 115
Results Proportion of healthy foods consumed Summary Short-term effects of treatment No significant effect overall Long-term effects of treatment (2 weeks after exposure) • Consumption of healthy foods Participants who were average weight ate a greater proportion of healthy foods December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 100 / 115
200 100 Results 0 Future health bias 1 2 3 Analysis of Variance for Phase: Implicit Association Test phase ANOVA of IAT health/future By phase treatment=1 future/healthof IAT u ANOVA of IAT ANOVA By trea Treatment: Healthy / Future Phase 2: Healthy / Future 400 400 400 300 300 300 response time response time 200 200 200 100 100 100 0 0 0 1 2 3 control treatment 1 phase p > 0.004* ANOVA of IAT desirable/healthy By phase treatment=1 ANOVA of IAT u p > 0.001* 400 400 December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 101 / 115
Results Future health bias Summary Short-term effects of treatment • Future health biases (stronger associations between healthy, future, desirable) • associations between healthy, future, desirable • associations between unhealthy and undesirable • Present health biases Participants who were dieting held a stronger association between healthy and desirable Long-term effects of treatment (2 weeks after exposure) • or • Future health biases • Present health biases December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 102 / 115
Results Overall Summary Summary 1. Future health bias (short- and long-term effects) 2. Perceived desirability of healthy foods (short-term effects, some long-term effects) 3. Proportion of healthy food consumed (some long-term effects) December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 103 / 115
Conclusion Addressing the Research Questions Implications for Healthcare Implications of Design December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 104 / 115
Addressing the research questions cause To what extent can designed mobile interaction that strategy primes for a future health-oriented mindset when before meal and snack times for one week Q1 influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods Q2 influence the proportion of healthy food consumed Q3 influence future health biases who among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 105 / 115
Addressing the research questions cause To what extent can designed mobile interaction that strategy primes for a future health-oriented mindset when before meal and snack times for one week Q1 influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods There was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups Q2 influence the proportion of healthy food consumed Q3 influence future health biases who among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 106 / 115
Addressing the research questions cause To what extent can designed mobile interaction that strategy primes for a future health-oriented mindset when before meal and snack times for one week Q1 influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods There was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups Q2 influence the proportion of healthy food consumed There was not a significant difference Q3 influence future health biases who among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 107 / 115
Addressing the research questions cause To what extent can designed mobile interaction that strategy primes for a future health-oriented mindset when before meal and snack times for one week Q1 influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods There was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups Q2 influence the proportion of healthy food consumed There was not a significant difference Q3 influence future health biases There was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups who among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 108 / 115
Implications for Healthcare strategies Healthcare is part of our daily decisions Address mindsets and biases related to health in addition to management Lockscreen on the mobile phone is a convenient delivery space for feedforward Lifestyle change does not need to be about self-control and will power Change occurred without effort, but could be supplemented with reflective tools December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 109 / 115
Implications for the design discipline Research for design: Contributing to the knowledge base Offers a design theory for supporting emotive learning Responds to contemporary design approaches (feedback models) Grounded in empirical research Tested using a naturalistic experiment Applicable to contemporary social issues Identifies a territory for design within a multi-disciplinary conversation Accountability for the effects of design December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 110 / 115
Your turn The Hope Make the life world better December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 111 / 115
Your turn The predicament Make the life change world better December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 112 / 115
Your turn Atmospheres of impact What change do you want to make? Find the gap in each atmosphere. culture beliefs behaviors things December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 113 / 115
Your turn Intended experiences What experiences do you want to create and reinforce? culture e nc iebeliefs r x pe e behaviors things December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 114 / 115
Your turn December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 115 / 115

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Feedforward Presentation to the University of Illinois

  • 1. December 4, 2012 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Feedforward Support Emotive Learning for Enduring Lifestyle Change Amber Howard, Ph.D. Director of Research and Education New Kind Lecturer North Carolina State University College of Design, Graphic and Industrial Design amberhoward.net amber@amberhoward.net @amberkhoward
  • 2. Overview Introduction Conceptual Framework Purpose Research Framework Research Methodology Results Conclusion December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 2 / 115
  • 3. Change for good The designer What wasn’t now is. December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 3 / 115
  • 4. Change for good The Hope Make the world better December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 4 / 115
  • 5. Change for good The Hope Make the life world better December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 5 / 115
  • 6. Change for good The predicament Make the life change world better December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 6 / 115
  • 7. Change for good The predicament Make the life change = world better challenge the status quo December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 7 / 115
  • 8. Change for good The predicament Make the life change = world better challenge the status quo view the situation differently December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 8 / 115
  • 9. Change for good The promise Find a gap, don’t create a need. December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 9 / 115
  • 10. Change for good Atmospheres of impact What change do you want to make? Find the gap in each atmosphere. culture beliefs behaviors things December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 10 / 115
  • 11. Change for good Intended experiences What experiences do you want to create and reinforce? culture e nc iebeliefs r x pe e behaviors things December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 11 / 115
  • 12. Change for good Experiences for change Current strategies focus on ability, will, and social pressure (Patterson, 2008) skill motivation social December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 12 / 115
  • 13. Change for good Moving forward ... but there’s more to it. December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 13 / 115
  • 14. The setting The Social Issue The Obstacles Design’s Role December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 14 / 115
  • 15. The Social Issue Obesity affects millions of people each year 11% of the population will become obese in the next 7 years (Wang, et al., 2008) 30% obese 30% obese 7 YEARS 41% obese 41% obese 75% overweight 75% overweight 65% overweight 65% overweight 2008 2015 December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 15 / 115
  • 16. The Social Issue Obesity affects millions of people each year 11% of the population will become more at risk for: Heart disease, High blood pressure, Diabetes, Cancers, and Premature mortality (CDC, 2009) 30% obese 30% obese 7 YEARS 41% obese 41% obese 75% overweight 75% overweight 65% overweight 65% overweight 2008 2015 December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 16 / 115
  • 17. The Social Issue Obesity affects millions of people each year Currently costs $177 billion/year in medical expenses (CDC, 2009) other 30% obese Medicaid 7 YEARS 41% obese 41% obese Medicare out of 75% overweight 75% overweight 65% overweight pocket 2008 2015 December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 17 / 115
  • 18. The Social Issue Obesity affects millions of people each year Minimized or prevented by changing daily behaviors 30% obese 30% obese 7 YEARS 41% obese 41% obese 75% overweight 75% overweight 65% overweight 65% overweight 2008 2015 December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 18 / 115
  • 19. The Social Issue We know what to change Habits and behaviors are the key determinates of future health (Healey & Zimmerman, 2009) Depends on our willingness and ability to prioritize for our future health every day eating behaviors health / chronic disease December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 19 / 115
  • 20. The Social Issue We know what to change Health issues pervade mainstream media Knowledge Access Support Online References Organic Food Products Food Movements Documentaries Dieting Food Products Weight loss Programs Best-selling Books Health-Conscious Restaurants Health Management Apps Magazines National Initiatives December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 20 / 115
  • 21. The Social Issue We know what to change We know which behaviors and lifestyles are healthy We have access to appropriate resources We know how to perform the behaviors We care about our future health access + skill + motivation = change right? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 21 / 115
  • 22. The Social Issue Lifestyle change is easier said than done Relapse despite knowing what we should do (Adolfsson, Carlson, Unden, & Rossner, 2002) 1/2yr 1yr 2yr n median weight loss -1 -2 80% -3 relapse December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 22 / 115
  • 23. The Social Issue Lifestyle change is easier said than done Despite our best intentions, we fail to act on them (Orbell and Sheeran, 2009) We revert back to old habits without realizing it access + skill + motivation ≠ change December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 23 / 115
  • 24. The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done The trainer knows, but the elephant is set in its ways. “Today this mind does not stray and is under the harmony of control, even as a wild elephant is controlled by the trainer.” — Buddha “If passion drives, let reason hold the reins.” — Benjamin Franklin December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 24 / 115
  • 25. The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done We tend to attribute less emotional value to the future Intertemporal choice (Wilson, 2001) Current feelings bias predictions about future feelings present future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 25 / 115
  • 26. The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done We tend to attribute less emotional value to the future Future Discounting (Gilbert, 2006) Care more about an immediate outcome than a future one present ≠ future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 26 / 115
  • 27. The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done We tend to attribute less emotional value to the future Future Discounting (Receiving $20, Gilbert, 2006) today = 61.5 60 1 day = 53.6 7 days = 53.3 30 dayS = 50.9 50 185 dayS = 46.5 365 dayS = 42.2 05 01 00 150 200 250 300 350 400 days from now December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 27 / 115
  • 28. The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done An exercise in self-control and will power Delayed Gratification The Marshmallow Study (Mischel, 1972) 1/3 succeed December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 28 / 115
  • 29. The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done We tend to attribute less emotional value to the future “Time discounting plays an especially important role in decisions concerning health. Virtually all health-related decisions involve trade-offs between short-term and long-term gains.” — Economist George Lowenstein, Psychologists Daniel Read and Roy Baumeister December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 29 / 115
  • 30. The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done An exercise in self-control and will power Cognitive load can distract us from our health goals (Baumeister & Muraven, 2000) or < 3 digits > 3 digits December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 30 / 115
  • 31. The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done Physiological components of lifestyle Stress can distract us from our health goals (Epel et al., 2001) stress increases cravings for sweet foods fried fatty salty December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 31 / 115
  • 32. The obstacles Lifestyle change is easier said than done Physiological components of lifestyle Locus of Control (Tice, Bratslovsky, & Baumeister, 2001) Stress leads to short-term decisions (Rodrigues, LeDoux, & Sapolsky, 2009) internal control long-term decisions external control stress short-term decisions chance December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 32 / 115
  • 33. Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Design mediates our relationship to the food we eat Monitoring our health progress Generating healthy recipes on the fly Referencing food information we experience and learn healthy lifestyles through designed conditions December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 33 / 115
  • 34. Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Decentralized and self-initiated Tailored personal health management and coaching tools Body Area Network (BAN) technology We use tools to help us control health-related behaviors December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 34 / 115
  • 35. Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Decentralized and self-initiated Tailored personal health management and coaching tools Body Area Network (BAN) technology December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 35 / 115
  • 36. Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Decentralized and self-initiated Tailored personal health management and coaching tools Body Area Network (BAN) technology December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 36 / 115
  • 37. Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Decentralized and self-initiated Tailored personal health management and coaching tools Body Area Network (BAN) technology December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 37 / 115
  • 38. Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Tactical solutions We learn appropriate behaviors, but remain dependent on the system Prescribes disjointed tasks (though straightforward and easy to execute) Demands continual reminders, motivators, and feedback to ensure compliance Emphasizes reflective learning (data visualization) through designed conditions we manage tactics for health December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 38 / 115
  • 39. Design’s Role Redefining Healthcare Tactical solutions It’s all about enabling the trainer to control the elephant. culture beliefs behaviors things December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 39 / 115
  • 40. Design’s Role Design can do better Strategic opportunities Address the emotive underpinnings of behavior and lifestyles Foster a different mindset/bias regarding eating practices “So much [of design] is focused on the moment of decision making. We need to create rewards around other (influences) on behavior…to motivate immediate and long-lasting behavior change.” — Robert Fabricant, Frog Design December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 40 / 115
  • 41. Design’s Role Design can do better Strategic opportunities culture e nc iebeliefs r x pe e behaviors things December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 41 / 115
  • 42. Design’s Role True lifestyle change Our biases align with our health goals We impulsively choose the healthy option We are not tempted by old habits December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 42 / 115
  • 43. Design’s Role A design theory to support lifestyle change Change biases that guide preferences, interpretations, decisions, and actions Target emotive learning processes Function beyond the realm of conscious control “Do you like marshmallows?” December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 43 / 115
  • 44. Conceptual Framework Feedforward: A Design Theory Conceptual Framework Diagram December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 44 / 115
  • 45. Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Timing matters Provide anticipatory conditions for a pre-experience Activate a mindset and associated biases Set the stage for behaviors to unfold past feedback present feedforward future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 45 / 115
  • 46. Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Timing matters Seek patterns among subtle cues Frame, or contextualize, situations with minimal information Automatically facilitate motivation and goal pursuit present activate bias December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 46 / 115
  • 47. Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Timing matters Anticipate what will likely happen within the given constraints Adapt behavior to prepare and/or adjust for change Develop subtle associations among cues present activate bias future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 47 / 115
  • 48. Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Timing matters Anticipate what will likely happen within the given constraints Adapt behavior to prepare and/or adjust for change Develop subtle associations among cues present activate bias future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 48 / 115
  • 49. Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Modulate the emotive learning process Anticipatory cues before the situation Skew the constraints from which the bias activates Modulates the perception of the situation present activate bias future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 49 / 115
  • 50. Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Modulate the emotive learning process Consolidate the associations as a predictive model increase the chances of achieving enduring lifestyle change sent activate bias future consolidate for predictive model December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 50 / 115
  • 51. Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Expose intermittently throughout the day passive exposure skews motivation & goal pursuit (thank you, pattern matching) December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 51 / 115
  • 52. Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Modulate the emotive learning process Develop preferred biases pervasively through daily routines Influence short- and long-term frame of reference, or worldview Decide which bias we want to embody going into a situation (not by happenstance) past feedback present feedforward future December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 52 / 115
  • 53. Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Louis Cheskin, clinical psychologist and marketing innovator (Cheskin, 1947) How design mediates our subsequent experience of products Affects the taste of food Affects the value we attribute to eating it December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 53 / 115
  • 54. Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Priming Anticipatory cues activate implicit memory Frames the subsequent responses Does not require awareness or recollection of the priming stimuli “One remarkable feature of priming is that, unlike other forms of cognitive memory, it is nonconscious. A person perceiving a familiar object is not aware that what is perceived is as much an expression of memory as it is of perception.” — Endel Tulving and Daniel Schacter December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 54 / 115
  • 55. Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Priming Examples Elderly stereotype affects behavior (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996) December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 55 / 115
  • 56. Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Priming Examples Elderly stereotype affects behavior (Bargh, Chen, & Burrows, 1996) Faster recognition of “butter” when “bread” precedes it (Meyer & Schvaneveldt, 1971) Ambient sad music affects perceived slope of a hill (Proffitt, 2006) Images of eyes affect honesty at the coffee station (Bateson et al., 2006) Warm beverage affects perception of strangers (Wiliams & Bargh, 2008) Professor persona affects score in trivial pursuit (Dijksterhuis and Knippenberg, 2005) Rude/Polite and Cooperation/Competition (Bargh & Williams, 2006) December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 56 / 115
  • 57. Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Embodiment and Neuroplasticity Consciousness emerges from emotive processes (Ashby, 1956; McClelland & Rumelhart, 1986) Pleasure in anticipation (dopamine solidifies connections) (Hawkins, 2004; Carter et al., 2009) Deep-seated biases are not permanent (Kihlstrom, 1987; Hebb, 1949; Merzenich, 1984; LeDoux, 1999) “The brain knows more than the conscious mind reveals.” — Neuroscientist Antonio Damasio December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 57 / 115
  • 58. Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Embodiment and Neuroplasticity Examples The Iowa Gambling Task (Damasio, 2005) Anticipation • emotions • feel without knowing why (LeDoux, 1996) 70 cards later December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 58 / 115
  • 59. Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Calm Technology (Brown & Wieser, 1995) Ubiquitous computing as an ambient influence on our behaviors December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 59 / 115
  • 60. Feedforward: A Design Theory Research informing the theory Louis Cheskin Priming Embodiment and Neuroplasticity Calm Technology formalizes a body of research regarding anticipatory cues December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 60 / 115
  • 61. Feedforward: A Design Theory A design theory Leveraging design prior to decisions and actions Frame a mindset through which to interpret a situation Influence our ability to adopt healthy behaviors and achieve long-lasting lifestyle change informs design conditions for emotive learning December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 61 / 115
  • 62. Constraint Matching Feedforward Bias goal state by introducing Identify Cues additional constraints to the system (Increase occurrence of goal state cues) Co nst ing rain eek As e t Int nt S sign pat set ind Constrai erpretin Antici Value M & Emotive Learning te g Sta Rapid Cycle oal Bias G r to Ex ing c tra ec Co at At ut ion d n el rge li st d so rai Mo Cha on nt tive in tC Tes Refine Predic tra ting Cons December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 62 / 115
  • 63. Conceptual Framework Constraint Matching Seeking limits the range of stimuli Identify Cues we consider relevant and meaningful (Barrett et al., 2007) Co nst ing rain eek As e t Int nt S sign pat set ind Constrai erpretin Antici Value M & Emotive Learning te g Sta Rapid Cycle oal Bias G Progressive Cycle r to Ex ing c tra ec Co at At ut ion d n el rge li st d so rai Mo Cha on nt tive in tC Tes Refine Predic tra ting Cons December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 63 / 115
  • 64. Conceptual Framework Constraint Matching identifies internal and external cues that correspond with the Identify Cues anticipated stimuli (Kosslyn S. , 1995) Co nst ing rain eek As e t Int nt S sign pat set nd Constrai erpretin Antici Value i M & te g Sta oal Bias G Progressive Cycle r to Ex ing c tra ec Co at At ut ion d n el rge li st d so rai Mo Cha on nt tive tC Tes Refine Predic rain ting Const December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 64 / 115
  • 65. Conceptual Framework raint Interpreting assigns greater emotive value Const to the neural networks that Assign Value match expectancies (Oschner et al., 2004) g hin Con atc ues stra int M Exe fy C int Te cutio Identi Constra sting n Ch a Co te rg eA g pa ns kin i tic ttr tr An ain act ee tC or tS on ain sol str ida Con ting set Progressive Refin Mind Cycle December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 65 / 115 eP &
  • 66. Conceptual Framework Constraint Testing Testing anticipatory behavior and action Execution (Butz, Sigaud, & Gerard, 2007) Co g nst tin rpre rain Ch arg e t Co Inte Valu e At nsolida Constraint Assign Re tractor fin Emotive Learning e ting P Rapid Cycle Progressiv Cycle es u An ing yC tic Co tif ch ipa n Iden at st rai te M nt int Se sG stra eki oal Con ng Stat e & Mindset December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 66 / 115
  • 67. ictive Model red eP efin R Conceptual Framework Bia Progressive s Go Cycle traint Consolidating Cons al State & Mind Consolidating Connections within the Attractor Charge attractor network strengthen or weaken depending on the network’s accuracy set (Sutton & Barto, 1998) Co g nst stin rain Ant nt Te tion t See icipa Constrai Execu te king Emotive Learning Rapid Cycle de I e nt C alu g on ify tin nV s re tra Cu Assig es erp int Int Ma raint tch ing Const December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 67 / 115
  • 68. ictive Model red eP efin R Conceptual Framework Bia Progressive s Go Cycle traint Consolidating Cons al State & Mind Predictive Model Attractor Charge accurate predictions are strengthened to enable more prominent and clear signals within the network set (Carter et al, 2009) Co g nst stin rain Ant nt Te tion t See icipa Constrai Execu te king Emotive Learning Rapid Cycle de I e nt C alu g on ify tin nV s re tra Cu Assig es erp int Int Ma raint tch ing Const December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 68 / 115
  • 69. Conceptual Framework Constraint Matching Feedforward Bias goal state by introducing Identify Cues additional constraints to the system (Increase occurrence of goal state cues) Co nst ing rain eek As e t Int nt S sign pat set ind Constrai erpretin Antici Value M & Emotive Learning te g Sta Rapid Cycle oal Bias G Progressive Cycle r to Ex ing c tra ec Co at At ut ion d n el rge li st d so rai Mo Cha on nt tive in tC Tes Refine Predic tra ting Cons December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 69 / 115
  • 70. Feedforward: A Design Theory Conditions for emotive learning Modulate the emotive learning process “When learning occurs in a way consistent with the laws that govern brain plasticity, the process of the brain can be improved so that we learn and perceive with greater precision, speed, and retention.” — Neuroscientist Michael Merzenich, Father of Neuroplasticity December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 70 / 115
  • 71. Research Purpose of the Theory Purpose of the Study December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 71 / 115
  • 72. Purpose of the Theory Propose a design theory for lifestyle change Feedforward Align design strategy with our emotive learning process Provide anticipatory cues that frame our perception of an emerging situation Align biases with intended lifestyle goals Foster preference, behavior, and bias change December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 72 / 115
  • 73. Purpose of the study Test the theory Feedforward Deploy a mobile design strategy into a naturalistic setting Prime for a future health-oriented mindset Measure the preferential, behavioral, and bias effects of prolonged priming Analyze the short- and long-term effects December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 73 / 115
  • 74. Research Research Questions December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 74 / 115
  • 75. Central Research Question To what extent can designed mobile interaction that primes for a future health-oriented mindset before meal and snack times influence preferences, behaviors, and biases toward healthy eating practices among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 75 / 115
  • 76. Central Research Question cause To what extent can designed mobile interaction that strategy primes for a future health-oriented mindset when before meal and snack times effect influence preferences, behaviors, and biases domain toward healthy eating practices who among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 76 / 115
  • 77. Sub-Research Questions cause To what extent can designed mobile interaction that strategy primes for a future health-oriented mindset when before meal and snack times for one week Q1 influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods Q2 influence the proportion of healthy food consumed Q3 influence future health biases who among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 77 / 115
  • 78. Research Methodology Participants Research Design Variables Instruments December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 78 / 115
  • 79. Overview of Study Preference Repeated Measure ANOVA Survey: Rate appetite Margin of Error Survey: Rate craving ANCOVA Purposive Sampling Behavior Logistic Regression SMS Reported intake Repeated Measure ANOVA Conclusions about Survey: Food Choice Margin of Error the design theory Stratified Chi Square Test for Variance Random ANCOVA Assignment Bias Repeat Measure ANOVA IAT Response Times Margin of Error Survey: Time Perspective ANCOVA December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 79 / 115
  • 80. Participants Recruitment Purposive Sampling IRB approval Recruited from 3 cross-disciplinary courses Received extra credit for participation Participation was voluntary Screened for ownership and usage of a mobile phone Similar settings, routines, and stress cycles December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 80 / 115
  • 81. Participants Sample Size 117 participants completed the full study 58 treatment group / 59 control group 10% attrition rate (from 130 participants) 23% over minimum requirement December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 81 / 115
  • 82. Participants Questionnaire Demographic, Personal Health, and Mobile Phone Behaviors December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 82 / 115
  • 83. Participants Demographics 4% Latin 10% Amer. Other 40% 40% men 13%men African Amer. 60% women 60% Caucasian 3% 10% under- 14% obese weight cook 2+ meals/day December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 83 / 115
  • 84. women 60% Caucasian Participants Demographics 3% 10% under- 14% obese weight cook 2+ meals/day 21% overweight 50% don’t cook 37% 65% cook 1 meal/day average 16% 14% currently 1 diet dieting December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 84 / 115
  • 85. 37% 65% cook 1 meal/day average Participants Demographics 16% 14% currently 1 diet dieting 56% 30% never dieted +2 diets 74% not currently dieting December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 85 / 115
  • 86. Participants Group Assignment Stratified Random Assignment (matching) BMI Gender Zimbardo Dieting Phone Use Group M P F <18.5 P F F M P 18.5– F 24.9 P F F M P 25– F 29.9 P F F M P F >30 P F F December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 86 / 115
  • 87. RESEARCH DESIGN Modified Solomon Group Design Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Baseline Treatment Follow up 1 Follow up 2 Group 1A 2A 3A 3B 1B 2B 3C ••___________________________________ ••________________ 1C 2C 3D ••________________ 1 X 3A 1A 2A 3B 3C 1B 2B _________________•• __________________________________ •• 3D 1C 2C ________________•• 2 1B 2B 3C ••________________ 1C 2C 3D ••________________ 3 3C 1B 2B 3D 1C 2C ________________•• ________________•• 4 R 1A 2A 3A 3B 1B 2B 3C 1C 2C 3D (X) ••___________________________________ ••________________ ••________________ 5 3A 1A 2A 3B 3C 1B 2B _________________•• __________________________________ •• 3D 1C 2C ________________•• 6 1B 2B 3C 1C 2C 3D ••________________ ••________________ 7 3C 1B 2B 3D 1C 2C ________________•• ________________•• 8 • : Preference 1 : Preference • : Bias 2 : Bias __ : Behavior 3 : Behavior December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 87 / 115
  • 88. Variables Independent Variable (Treatment Condition) Prime for future health-oriented mindset Delivered through MMS within the hour preceding meal and snack times December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 88 / 115
  • 89. Variables Control Variable Neutral point of comparison Delivered through MMS within the hour preceding meal and snack times December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 89 / 115
  • 90. Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Perceived desirability of healthy foods Online survey How appetizing is the food in the photograph? How often do you crave the food in the photograph? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 90 / 115
  • 91. Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Perceived desirability of healthy foods Pilot study to categorize the food items used as healthy or unhealthy ed Date breakfast-1 chicken-1 dessert-1 meat-1 pasta-1 pizza-1 salad-1 sandwich-1 seafood-1 snack-1 veg-1 breakfast-2 chicken-2 dessert-2 meat-2 seafood-2 sandwich-2 snack-2 veg-2 breakfast-3 chicken-3 dessert-3 meat-3 pasta-2 sandwich-3 seafood-3 snack-3 veg-3 breakfast-4 c , 2011 4:16 PM f 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off Off O , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 Off 0 0 1 0 1 0 , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 pdf , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 pdf , 2011 4:16 PM 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0.125 0.25 0.125 0.5 1 1 1 0.5 1 1 0.875 0 0.25 0.625 0.75 0 0.7142857143 0.8571428571 0 0 0.8333333333 0.1428571429 0.5714285714 0.5714285714 0.2857142857 0.8571428571 0.1428571429 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0 -1 -1 t-1 t-1 1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 -2 -2 t-2 t-2 2 2 2 2 -3 -3 t-3 t-3 -2 3 3 3 3 a- a- h- d- k- g- d- h- k- g- h- d- k- g- st n d st n st n a er ea er ea er ea ac ac ac st zz st ke ic ke ic ke ic ve ve ve la oo oo o a a a a fo ss ss ss w w w kf pa sa kf kf pa kf m m m pi sn sn sn ic ic ic af af a nd nd nd ea ea ea ea de de de ch ch ch se se se br sa br sa br sa br December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 91 / 115
  • 92. Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Proportion of healthy foods consumed Self-Report food log through SMS: Please list the food you ate since the last prompt. Online survey: Which food would you rather eat for your next meal? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 92 / 115
  • 93. Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Proportion of healthy foods consumed Self-Report food log through SMS: Please list the food you ate since the last prompt. Online survey: Which food would you rather eat for your next meal? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 93 / 115
  • 94. Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Future health biases Implicit Association Test: Sort items as fast as possible. Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: Present and future-oriented questions IAT Blocks Futu Healthy bloc Unhealthy bloc Desirable bloc Undesirable bloc Sample Items Healthy Unhealthy Nutritious Fatty Fresh Greasy Natural Processed E I Organic Infirm December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 94 / 115
  • 95. Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Future health biases Implicit Association Test: Sort items as fast as possible. Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: Present and future-oriented questions IAT Blocks Future Immediate Healthy Unhealthy Healthy block 1 block 2 Unhealthy block 2 block 1 Desirable block 3 block 4 block 5 block 6 Undesirable block 4 block 3 block 6 block 5 Sample Items Healthy Unhealthy Future Immediate Desirable Undesirable Nutritious Fatty Progress Instant Tasty Repulsive Fresh Greasy Goals Current Delicious Awful Natural Processed Planning Present Appetizing Gross Organic Infirm Outcome Now Tempting Disgusting December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 95 / 115
  • 96. Variables / Instruments Dependent Variables (Effects) Future health biases Implicit Association Test: Sort items as fast as possible. Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: Present and future-oriented questions E I December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 96 / 115
  • 97. Results Perceived Desirability of Health Food Consumption of Healthy Food Future Health Bias December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 97 / 115
  • 98. Results Perceived desirability of healthy foods Analysis of Variance for Phase: Appetizing and Craving phase, treatment=1 Foods phase, treatment=1 crave Healthy Foods By phase, o ANOVA of app health By Treatment: Healthy ANOVA of Treatment: healthy ANOVA 5 5 5 4 4 4 appetizing craving 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 phase phase p > 0.0294* p > 0.0315* By treatment| Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 98 / 115 By treatment phase=2 unhealhtyANOVA o December 4, 2012 | Feedforward phase=2 ANOVA of app unhealthy ANOVA of crave By treatm
  • 99. Results Perceived desirability of healthy foods Summary Short-term effects of treatment • Appetite for healthy foods • Cravings for healthy foods Participants who were dieting exhibited greater short-term effects Long-term effects of treatment (2 weeks after exposure) • Cravings for healthy foods Participants who were obese exhibited greater long-term effects *Variance in control group suggests the timing (without priming screens) has effect December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 99 / 115
  • 100. Results Proportion of healthy foods consumed Summary Short-term effects of treatment No significant effect overall Long-term effects of treatment (2 weeks after exposure) • Consumption of healthy foods Participants who were average weight ate a greater proportion of healthy foods December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 100 / 115
  • 101. 200 100 Results 0 Future health bias 1 2 3 Analysis of Variance for Phase: Implicit Association Test phase ANOVA of IAT health/future By phase treatment=1 future/healthof IAT u ANOVA of IAT ANOVA By trea Treatment: Healthy / Future Phase 2: Healthy / Future 400 400 400 300 300 300 response time response time 200 200 200 100 100 100 0 0 0 1 2 3 control treatment 1 phase p > 0.004* ANOVA of IAT desirable/healthy By phase treatment=1 ANOVA of IAT u p > 0.001* 400 400 December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 101 / 115
  • 102. Results Future health bias Summary Short-term effects of treatment • Future health biases (stronger associations between healthy, future, desirable) • associations between healthy, future, desirable • associations between unhealthy and undesirable • Present health biases Participants who were dieting held a stronger association between healthy and desirable Long-term effects of treatment (2 weeks after exposure) • or • Future health biases • Present health biases December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 102 / 115
  • 103. Results Overall Summary Summary 1. Future health bias (short- and long-term effects) 2. Perceived desirability of healthy foods (short-term effects, some long-term effects) 3. Proportion of healthy food consumed (some long-term effects) December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 103 / 115
  • 104. Conclusion Addressing the Research Questions Implications for Healthcare Implications of Design December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 104 / 115
  • 105. Addressing the research questions cause To what extent can designed mobile interaction that strategy primes for a future health-oriented mindset when before meal and snack times for one week Q1 influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods Q2 influence the proportion of healthy food consumed Q3 influence future health biases who among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 105 / 115
  • 106. Addressing the research questions cause To what extent can designed mobile interaction that strategy primes for a future health-oriented mindset when before meal and snack times for one week Q1 influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods There was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups Q2 influence the proportion of healthy food consumed Q3 influence future health biases who among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 106 / 115
  • 107. Addressing the research questions cause To what extent can designed mobile interaction that strategy primes for a future health-oriented mindset when before meal and snack times for one week Q1 influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods There was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups Q2 influence the proportion of healthy food consumed There was not a significant difference Q3 influence future health biases who among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 107 / 115
  • 108. Addressing the research questions cause To what extent can designed mobile interaction that strategy primes for a future health-oriented mindset when before meal and snack times for one week Q1 influence the perceived desirability of healthy foods There was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups Q2 influence the proportion of healthy food consumed There was not a significant difference Q3 influence future health biases There was a significant difference within and between the treatment groups who among young adult college students at risk for obesity? December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 108 / 115
  • 109. Implications for Healthcare strategies Healthcare is part of our daily decisions Address mindsets and biases related to health in addition to management Lockscreen on the mobile phone is a convenient delivery space for feedforward Lifestyle change does not need to be about self-control and will power Change occurred without effort, but could be supplemented with reflective tools December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 109 / 115
  • 110. Implications for the design discipline Research for design: Contributing to the knowledge base Offers a design theory for supporting emotive learning Responds to contemporary design approaches (feedback models) Grounded in empirical research Tested using a naturalistic experiment Applicable to contemporary social issues Identifies a territory for design within a multi-disciplinary conversation Accountability for the effects of design December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 110 / 115
  • 111. Your turn The Hope Make the life world better December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 111 / 115
  • 112. Your turn The predicament Make the life change world better December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 112 / 115
  • 113. Your turn Atmospheres of impact What change do you want to make? Find the gap in each atmosphere. culture beliefs behaviors things December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 113 / 115
  • 114. Your turn Intended experiences What experiences do you want to create and reinforce? culture e nc iebeliefs r x pe e behaviors things December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 114 / 115
  • 115. Your turn December 4, 2012 | Feedforward | Amber Howard, Ph.D. | 115 / 115