Fermentative metabolism and development of bioprocessing technology, processing and production of recombinant products
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The document presents an overview of fermentative metabolism and bioprocessing technology, highlighting the historical context and significance of fermentation processes in producing recombinant products. It details various fermentation techniques, including solid-state and submerged fermentation, their applications, and important fermentation pathways, alongside milestones in bioprocess technology development. The document emphasizes the industrial importance of bioprocessing, covering topics such as bioreactor design, product applications, and biofactory advancements.
Fermentative metabolism and development of bioprocessing technology, processing and production of recombinant products
- 1. UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURALSCIENCES,BANGALORE Presentation on “Fermentative metabolism and development of bioprocessing technology, processing and production of recombinant products” DEPARTMENTOF PLANTBIOTECHNOLOGY PBT-603- Advances in Microbial Biotechnology ANANYA 1ST PhD PAMB0077
- 4. GMOs came in picture! • More nutritious food • Tastier food • Disease- and drought- resistant plants that require fewer environmental resources (such as water and fertilizer) • Less use of pesticides • Increased supply of food with reduced cost and longer shelf life • Faster growing plants and animals.
- 5. 250kg 200gm (protein) 200g 25 tones (protein) In 24 hours https://byjus.com/biology/single-cell-protein/
- 7. Traditional fermentation Traditional fermentation technology, as mentioned in the literary texts, is more than 3000 year old in India . The fermentation technology employed a variety of processes and was put to a large number of uses. It also laid the foundation of chemistry. http://otfood.koreasme.com/fermented_soybean_lump.html
- 8. • Term fermentation is derived from the Latin word Fermentum that stands for boiling and is the process of digesting certain substances that leads to chemical conversion of organic substances into simpler compounds • Fermentation technology began with sweet substances (vegetable or animal) in different parts of the world • The process of fermentation was probably discovered by observing the changes in the juices of several fruits and other substances that had been kept for a day or more.
- 9. • The Rigveda (c.1500 BC) shows that fermentation technology took its first step in connection with the preparation of Soma juice in India . There is also another drink, known as Sura (wine/beer), prepared by fermentation • These two preparations have also been used in different medicinal preparations, surgical procedures and in many chemical operations. It is believed that acetic fermentation was known to India since the early times
- 10. • Curd is another very popular fermentation product described in the Rigveda . It still remains a popular food • The technology of curdling milk is also found in a number of texts associated with Yajurveda . In the beginning, fermentation was mainly associated with the preparation of spiritual drinks, but later on it was used for other purposes also.
- 11. Fermentation • Features of fermentation pathways • Pyruvic acid is reduced to form reduced organic acids or alcohols. • The final electron acceptor is a reduced derivative of pyruvic acid • NADH is oxidized to form NAD: Essential for continued operation of the glycolytic pathways. • O2 is not required.
- 12. Fermentation Pathways • Glycolysis is the first stage of fermentation • Forms 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2ATP • Pyruvate is converted to other molecules, but is not fully broken down to CO2 and water • Regenerates NAD+ but doesn’t produceATP • Provides enough energy for some single-celled anaerobic species
- 13. • ALCOHOLIC FERMENTATION • Pyruvate is split into acetaldehyde,CO2 • Acetaldehyde receives electrons and hydrogenfrom NADH, forming NAD+ and ethanol • LACTATE FERMENTATION • Pyruvate receives electrons and hydrogen from NADH, forming NAD+ and lactate Two Pathways ofFermentation
- 14. Fermentation Pathway as awhole
- 15. Why does fermentation requireextra steps after glycolysis? • In fermentation, after glycolysis, there are additional steps to oxidize NADH (into NAD+) • Electrons and hydrogen ions from the NADH that was produced by glycolysis are donated to another organic molecule • No more ATPis created through these additional steps • So, fermentation = glycolysis + recycling of NAD+
- 17. • Fermentation products are wastes to cells that make them, many are useful to humans(ethanol, acetic acid, and lactic acid).
- 19. Examples of fermentation pathways • Lactic acid fermentation • Found in many bacteria; e.g. Streptococcus sp, Lactobacillus acidophilus • Mixed acid fermentation • e.g. Escherichia coli • Basis of the methyl red test • 2,3-Butanediol fermentation • e.g. Enterobacter aerogenes
- 21. • Ethanol (Saccharomyces cerevesiae) • Propionic acid (Propionibacterium) • Acetone, buteraldehyde, and butanol (Clostridium acetobutylicum) Other important fermentation end products
- 22. Two broad fermentation techniques have emerged 1)Solid State Fermentation(SSF) 2) Submerged Fermentation(SmF)
- 23. • Solid state (substrate) fermentation (SSF) has been defined as the fermentation process occurring in the absence or near-absence of free water • Solid state fermentation (SSF) is production of enzymes, which another involves method used for the the cultivation of microorganisms on a solid substrate, such as grains, rice and wheat bran • SSF employs natural raw materials as carbon source such as cassava, barley, wheat bran, sugarcane bagasse, various oil cakes like palm kernel cake, soybean cake, ground nut oil cake, fruit pulps (e.g. apple pomace), saw dust, seeds (e.g. tamarind, jack fruit), coffee husk and coffee pulp, tea waste, spent brewing. Solid State Fermentation
- 25. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_fermentation Solid state fermentation process
- 26. Examples for Solid State Fermentation
- 27. Submerged fermentation • The substrate used for fermentation is always in liquid state which contains the nutrients needed for growth • The fermentor which contains the substrate is operated continuously and the product biomass is continuously harvested from the fermenter by using different techniques then the product is filtered or centrifuged and then dried • Submerged fermentation is a method of manufacturing biomolecules in which enzymes and other reactive compounds are submerged in a liquid such as alcohol, oil or a nutrient broth
- 28. Applications • Submerged Fermentation (SmF)/Liquid Fermentation (LF) SmF utilizes free flowing liquid substrates, such as molasses and broths • The bioactive compounds are secreted into the fermentation broth • The substrates are utilized quite rapidly; hence need to be constantly replaced/supplemented with nutrients.This fermentation technique is best suited for microorganisms such as bacteria that require high moisture. • An additional advantage of this technique is that purification of products is easier. • SmF is primarily used in the extraction of secondary metabolites that need to be used in liquid form
- 29. SOLID-STATE FERMENTATION SUBMERGEDFERMENTATION Utilizes solid substrates like bran, bagasse and paper pulp. Utilizes free flowing liquid substrates, such as molasses and broths Substrates are utilized very slowly, need not to be replaced. Substrates are utilized quite rapidly, need to be replaced constantly Best suited for fungi that require less moisture content. Best suited for bacteria that require high moisture content. Culture systems involves three phases, solid, liquid and gaseous Involves two phases ,liquid and gaseous phase Inoculum ration is always larger Inoculum ration is usually small. System may or may not involve agitation Agitation is often essential
- 30. Production of Penicillin via Batch Fermentation Production of Citric Acid via Continuous Fermentation https://ib.bioninja.com.au/options/untitled/b1-microbiology-organisms/batch-versus-continuous.html
- 32. Chronology Milestones 6000 BC Brewing (Sumeria, Babylonia) 2400 BC The first bioprocess complete description (ancient Egyptian) 1680 Yeast under the microscope (van Leeuwenhoek) 1835 Alcoholic fermentation associated with yeast 1857 Fermentation correlated with metabolism (Pasteur) 1877 Term “enzyme” (in yeast) introduced (Kühne) 1923 Industrial production of Citric acid 1930s Industrial production of Amino acids 1940s Industrial production of Antibiotics 1979 Monoclonal antibody production by hybridoma cell 1982 Industrial Production of rHuman Insulin in E. coli (Eli Lily) 1984 First commercial production of therapeutic MAb (Anti CD3) 1994 First commercial vaccine from recombinant yeast (Hepatitis B vaccine) 1996 Completion of the yeast genome project for S. cerevisiae. 2000 10 m3 STR for Mammalian cell culture 2002 Disposable bioreactors were used in industrial scale 2007 The Bioprocess products market exceeded 700 Billion US$. Only the Biopharmaceuticals market reached 70 Billion US$. Mammalian cell culture products reached 25 Billions US$ Milestones of Bioprocess Industry Development
- 33. Industrial Bioprocessing Vaccine Biopharmaceuticals Solvents Baker’s yeast Organic acids Amino acids Antibiotics Enzymes biopolymers rProteins MAb SCP Biosurfactants Probiotics Plant Bioactive compounds BioDiesel Pre 1940s Pre 1980s Post 1980s
- 34. Some of Major Industrial Fermentation Products Product Annual production Metric Tons Main Application Microorganism Citric acid 1,200,000 Food A. niger Ethanol 26,000,000 Fuel S. cerevisiae Glutamate 1,000,000 Flavoring C. glutamicum Lactic acid 400,000 Food, plastics Lactobacillus sp. Lysine 800,000 Feed C. glutamicum Penicillin 60,000 Pharmaceutical P. chrysogenum Xanthan Gum 100,000 Food, oil drilling X. campestris Ref. Bioprocessing-from Biotechnology to Biorefinery (S.T. Yang, Ed.), Elsevier Press, 2007.
- 35. Stage Main product Vessels Process control Culture method Quality control Pilot Plant facilities Strain selection Pre 1900 -Alcohol -Vinegar Wooden vessels and copper used later Use of thermometer , hydrometer Batch Virtually Nil Nil Pure yeast and bacterial cultures 1900-1940 -Backer´s yeast -Glycerol -Citric acid -Lactic acid Vessels up to 200 m3 Mechanical stirring in small vessels Temp control pH control Batch Fed-batch Virtually Nil Virtually Nil Pure cultures 1940-date -Antibiotics -Amino acids -Transformation -Enzymes Stirred bioreac tor bioreac tor) tan k (tru e Sterilizable pH and DO electrodes Batch Fed- batch Continu ous Very important Becomes common Mutation an d selection programms 1964-date Single cell protein Pressure cycle and pressure jet vessels development Use of computer linked control loop Continu ous with recycli ng cultu re mediu m Very important Very important Genetic Engineering of producer strain attempted Stages of Industrial Biotechnology from 1900 to date
- 36. 1979-date Production of heterologous proteins by microbial, animal cells, monoclonal antibodies More development in bioreactor design, Hollow fiber bioreactor, Animal cell bioreactor More developme nt in sensors and Control system. Immobiliezed cells Animal cell process Very important Very important Introduction of foreign genes into microbial and animal hosts 1985-date More heterologous protein production of growth factors More development in bioreactor design And agitation systems. Animal cell bioreactor On line Autoclava ble biosensor s contro l, High cell cultivatio n densit y Very important Very important Utilization of fungal cells as host for heterologous protein production 1995-date Increase in heterologous protein production using different cell factories More development in traditio nal cultivation vessels and new vessels New era in online control sensor s (replacable during process), biosensors High cell density, perfusion culture Very important Very important More cell factories used such as invertebrate cells and insect cells
- 37. A typical growth curve consists of following stages a) Lag phase b) Acceleration phase c) Log or exponential phase d) Deceleration phase e) Stationary phase f) Death phase Growth Curve
- 38. (a) Lag phase: Immediately after inoculation, there is no increase in the numbers of the microbial cells for some time and this period is called lag phase. In this is phase the organisms adjust to the new environment in which it is inoculated into. (b) Acceleration phase: The period when the cells just start increasing in numbers is known as acceleration phase. (c) Log phase: This is the time period when the cell numbers steadily increase. (d) Deceleration phase: The duration when the steady growth declines.
- 39. (e) Stationary phase: The period where there is no change in the microbial cell number is the stationary phase. This phase is attained due to depletion of carbon source or accumulation of the end products. (f) Death phase: The period in which the cell numbers decrease steadily is the death phase. This is due to death of the cells because of cessation of metabolic activity and depletion of energy resources. Depending upon the product required the different phases of the cell growth are maintained. For microbial mass the log phase is preferred. For production of secondary metabolites i.e. antibiotics, the stationary phase is preferred.
- 40. Growth kinetics of batch culture The number of living cells (population of growth rate dN/dt)varies with time in a batch system as shown below:
- 41. where; LAG PHASE: Number of bacteria does not change with time in lag phase. LOG PHASE: Number of bacteria increases exponentially in log phase.
- 42. During log phase the number of organisms in the reactor at any time t can be calculated, by using rate equation shown below:
- 43. According to last equation, number of bacteria in the reactor at any time t during log phase can be calculated, as it is seen in the graph. This rate equation can be integrated:
- 44. STATIONARYPHASE: There is no net change in number of bacteria with time in stationary phase. Bacteria divide but also die at equal rate. Most of the important biological products (especially secondary metabolites like antibiotics) or biomass are produced during this phase. The biomass concentration at stationary phase is determined by following equation X = Y. SR X=cell concentration Y= yield factor for limiting nutrient SR = original nutrient concentration in themedium
- 45. Y’ measures the efficiency of a cellin converting nutrients into biomass So the biomass at a particular time in the during the fermentation is given by the following equation. X = Y (SR -s) S= nutrient concentration at particular time thus ‘Y’ is represented by the following equation Y = X/ (SR - s)
- 46. Bioprocess Development Industrial Bioprocessing: Microbial cells
- 47. Bioprocess development Objectives of bioprocess • Biomass production • Enzyme production • Metabolite production • Recombinant protein production • Metabolic biotransformation
- 48. Bioprocess Optimization in Lab. scale (Development of cultivation strategy to reach the maximal productivity) Scaling up of the Process Down Stream (Separation/Isolation/Purification and increase of product Stability) Determination of process bottleneck(s)
- 49. Stages in Bioprocess development • Upstream process- refers to the first step in which biomolecules are produced by biotic systems (micro-organism, cell-lines, or single cell chlorophytes) in bioreactors • Downstream process- refers to the recovery and purification of biosynthetic products, recycling salvageable components and proper effluent treatment and disposal. Bioprocess development and technology, Dr. Varsha C Mohanan, St.Mary’s College
- 50. Scale-up of Bioprocess The main problem area • • Inoculum development Medium sterilization Aeration- Agitation Stages of scale up • • • Shake flasks Laboratory stirred Fermenters (Smallbioreactors) and Pilot scale Fermenters (Industrial bioreactors)
- 51. From Petri-dish to Bioreactor
- 52. Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), recently established as an autonomous institute under Department of Science and Technology (DST), along with Ahmedabad based firms Hester Biosciences (poultry vaccine manufacturer) and OmniBRx have firmed up discussions with Bharat Biotech to scale up the COVAXIN technology and to produce minimum 20 million doses per month. Technology transfer agreement has been finalized. https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/73/18646/gujarat-supports-scale-up-of-covaxin-production.html Image credit- shutterstock.com
- 54. Since mid-1950s no major Change in STR Engineering Change mainly in: - Sampling system - Valves - Material Finish - Sensors (on-line, in-line and off- line) - Control system Bioreactor: The heart of Industrial Bioprocessing Facility
- 55. Manufacturing Cost in Bioprocess Industries
- 56. 1. Product 1. New Product discovery from different cell factories 2. Over-expression of certain metabolites (Pathways Engineering) 3. Production of new recombinant products 4. MAb revolution will continue 2. Biofactory 1. Discovery of new biofactories 2. Progress research in the omics approach for better pathways engineering 3. Expression system 1. Development of stronger expression systems 2. Process debottle-necking by genetic new approaches 4. Bioprocess 4.1 New economic media formulations (especially for higher Eukaryotic cells) 4. New Bioprocess design 5. Improved sensors and control system 6. Improvement in Downstream separation process (more solvent free processes) Applications
- 57. Medium component Defined Component Un-defined Component Carbon source (Glucose,Fructose,Glycerol,xylose) (Sucrose, Starch) Molasses, Meat extract, Peptone, Plant extracts and Materials (Cellulosic, lignoncellulosic and hemicellulosic materials,Starch complex, etc…) Nitrogen source Ammonium and Nitrate Salts Yeast extract, Amino acid complex, Casein Phosphate Mono and di-phosphate salts In traces of complex C- andN- sources Sulphur Ammonium and Magnesium sulphate In traces of complex C- andN- sources Magnesium Mainly Magnesium sulphate In traces of complex C- andN- sources Mn, Mo, Fe, Zn, etc… In form of Inorganic salts In traces of complex C- andN- sources Vitamin and Growth factors Added in pure form of vitaminand growth factors preparation Yeast extract, and may found also as traces in some C- and N-sources General Composition of Cultivation Media
- 58. Element % (w/w) of cell dry weight Bacteria Yeast Filamentous fungi Carbon 46-52 46-52 45-55 Nitrogen 10-14 6-9 4-7 Phosphorus 2-4 0.8-2.6 0.4-4.5 Sulphur 0.2-1.0 0.01-0.25 0.1-0.5 Magnesium 0.1-0.5 0.1-0.5 0.1-0.3 Sodium 0.5-1.0 0.01-0.1 0.02-0.5 Calcium 0.01-1.1 0.1-0.3 0.1-1.4 Iron 0.02-0.2 0.01-0.5 0.1-0.2 Manganese 0.001-0.01 0.0005-0.007 - Molybdenum- - 0.0001-0.0005 - Overviews on the elemental composition of the microorganisms
- 59. Products of Industrial biotechnology Primary metabolites Secondary metabolites Organic acids and Polymers Alcohols Vitamins and Nutraceuticals Antibiotics Biopharmaceuticals Enzymes SCPs, Biofuels and Bioenergy Fine and specialty chemicals New materials Amino acids Microbial biomass Microbial Enzymes Recombinant proteins Biotransformation
- 60. Color Essential oils Mint oil Mentha piperata Chamomile oil Ma. Chamomilla Jasmine oil Jasmine officinale Anissed oil Pim. anisum Anthocyanins V. vinifera Betalaines B. vulgaris Crocetins Gardenia jasminoides Anthraquinones Cinchon ledgeriana Flavors Sweeteners Stevioside Stevia rebaudiana Glycyrrhizin Glycyrrhiza glabra Thaumatin Thaumatococcus danielli Vanillin Va. Planifolia Garlic Allium sativum Onion Allium cepa Basmati Oryza sativa Citrus Citrus spp. Cocoa flavour Theobromo cacao Pharmaceuticals Hepato-protective Ligustrum robustum Anti-oxidant Artemisia judaica Anti-inflammatory Harpagophytum procumbens Anti-cancer Catharanthus roseus Anti-bacterial Ficus microcarpa Anti-fungal Backhousia citriodora Anti-ulcer Different plants Recombinant products Therapeutic proteins hGM-CSF HBsAg Interleukin-12 Ginseng h-lactoferrin vaccine production MAb Plant: Natural source of metabolites
- 61. New Process for Plant Metabolites Production
- 62. • It is independent of geographical and seasonal variations and various environmental factors • It offers a defined production system, which ensure continuous supply of products, uniform quality and yield • It is possible to produce novel compounds that are not normally found in parent plant • Efficient downstream recovery with low cost and minimum number of steps • High efficient production rate with significant short production time
- 64. Cells as an end product Cells-derived product Artificial skin Growth factors Artificial organ -Hepatocyte (liver) -Beta-islet cells (pancreas) Hormones -Human growth hormones -Insulin Bone Marrow Interferons Lymphocytes Monoclonal antibodies Mammalian Cells Tissue Engineering Cell Culture
- 65. Different levels for mammalian cells / insect cells cultivation Scaling up
- 66. Different levels of cells cultivation Small scale (T-flask, 24 well) Spinner flask Rolling bottles Bioreactor Level (STR, Air-Lift, Hollow fiber) Shear Stress Mixing Cell Productivity Non- Optimized Semi- Optimized Fully- Optimized
- 67. Processing and Production of recombinant products
- 68. Recombinant DNATechnology • Revolutionized biology • Manipulation of DNA sequences and the construction of chimeric molecules, provides a means of studying how a specific segment of DNAworks • Studies in bacteria and bacterial viruses have led to methods to manipulate and recombine DNA • Once properly identified, the recombinant DNA molecules can be used in various ways useful in medicine and human biology
- 69. OVERVIEW
- 71. Recombinant Pharmaceuticals • A number of human disorders can betraced to the absence or malfunction of a protein normally synthesized in the body • Most of these disorders can be treated by supplying the patient with the correct version of the protein • Hence, modern pharmaceutical manufacturing frequently relies upon recombinant drugs
- 72. Recombinant Pharmaceuticals • Human Insulin • Human Growth Hormone • Human blood clotting factors • Vaccines • MonoclonalAntibodies • Interferons • Antibiotics & other secondary metabolites
- 73. Human Insulin • Earliest use of recombinant technology • Modify E.coli cells to produce insulin; performed by Genentech in 1978 • Prior, bovine and porcine insulin used but induced immunogenic reactions • Also, there were many purification and contamination issues • Toovercome these problems, researchers inserted human insulin genes into a suitable vector (E.coli)
- 75. Human Growth Hormones • Somatostatin and Somatotrophin are two proteins that act in conjunction to control growth processes in the human body, their malfunction leading to painful and disabling disorders such as Acromegaly (uncontrolled bone growth) and Dwarfism (Katznelson et al., 2014) • Somatostatin was the first human protein to be synthesized in E. coli. Being a very short protein, only 14 amino acids in length (Patel et al 1999), it was ideally suited for artificial gene synthesis • It’s production involves insertion of the artificial gene into a lacZ′ vector, synthesis of a fusion protein, and cleavage with cyanogen bromide
- 76. Recombinant Blood Clotting Factors • Human factor VIII is a protein that plays a central role in blood clotting. • The commonest form of haemophilia in humans results from an inability to synthesize factor VIII • The complete human cDNA has been attached to the promoter for the whey acidic protein gene of pig, leading to synthesis of human factor VIII in pig mammary tissue and subsequent secretion of the protein in the milk. • The factor VIII produced in this way appears to be exactly the same as the native protein
- 77. Recombinant Vaccines • Two types: (i)Recombinant protein vaccines: This is based on production of recombinant DNA which is expressed to release the specific protein used in vaccine preparation (Soler et al., 2007) (ii)DNA vaccines: Here the gene encoding for immunogenic protein is isolated and used to produce recombinant DNA which acts as vaccine to be injected into the individual (Z Cui et al 2005)
- 79. Recombinant protein vaccines: • Pathogen produces its proteins in the body which elicit an immune response from the infected body • The gene encoding such a protein is isolated from the causative organism • This DNA is expressed in another host organism, like genetically engineered microbes; animal cells; plant cells; insect larvae etc, resulting in the release of appropriate proteins • These when injected into the body, causes immunogenic response against the corresponding disease providing immunity
- 80. DNAvaccines • Recombinant vaccines in which the DNA is used as a vaccine. • The gene responsible for the immunogenic protein is identified, isolated and cloned with corresponding expression vector • Upon introduction into the individuals to be immunized, it produces a recombinant DNA • This DNA when expressed triggers an immune response and the person becomes successfully vaccinated • The mode of delivery of DNA vaccines include: direct injection into muscle; use of vectors like adenovirus, retrovirus etc; invitro transfer of the gene into autologous cells and reimplantation of the same and particle gun delivery of the DNA
- 82. RecombinantAntibodies • An immunoglobulin which produced because of the introduction of an antigen into the body, and which possesses the ability to recognize the antigen. • No animals are needed in the manufacturing procedure of the recombinant antibodies, in addition, the manufacturing time is relatively short compared with the conventional method • Also, he quality of the final product is higher
- 83. Production of RecombinantAntibodies The production of non-animal recombinant antibodies involves five steps: (1) creation of an antibody gene library (2) display of the library on phage coats or cell surfaces (3) isolation of antibodies against an antigen of interest (4) modification of the isolated antibodies and (5) scaled up production of selected antibodies in a cell culture expression system.
- 84. Recombinant Secondary Metabolites • The importance of antibiotics to medicine has led to much research into their discovery and production • The importance of antibiotics to medicine has led to much research into their discovery and production • GM micro-organisms are used to increase production • Another technique used to increase yields is gene amplification, where copies of genes coding for enzymes involved in the antibiotic production can be inserted back into a cell, via vectors such as plasmids
- 85. • GM micro-organisms are used to increase production • Another technique used to increase yields is gene amplification, where copies of genes coding for enzymes involved in the antibiotic production can be inserted back into a cell, via vectors such as plasmids • Plant secondary metabolites can also be produced by rDNA technology in plant suspension cultures, micro- organism cultures and hairy root cultures • A. rhizogenes mediated transformation which can transfer foreign genes into the transformed hairy root • E.g.: 6-hydroxylase gene of Hyoscyamus muticus which was introduced to Atropa belladonna using A. rhizogenes • Engineered roots showed an increased amount of enzyme activity and a five-fold higher concentration of scopolamine
- 87. Challenges in Industrial bioprocessing •Agricultural raw materials are expensive •Lowcost materials like cellulose cannot be readily used for microbialprocess •Bioprocessis still not effective aschemical processing •Bioprocessingisanexpensiveaffair
- 88. •Make Agriculture more competitive and sustainable •Improve quality of life of people while reducing impact by development of innovative and affordable products (common people can afford luxurious products) •Helps increase industrial economy and environmental efficiency and sustainability Benefits
- 89. References • https://www.biospectrumindia.com/news/73/18646/g ujarat-supports-scale-up-of-covaxin-production.html • https://www.slideshare.net/SMCTCR/biotechnologybio process-development-and-technology • https://www.slideshare.net/tanvipotluri/production- of-recombinant-pharmaceuticals • https://www.slideshare.net/yongkangbirdnest/lecture- 2-introduction-to-bioprocess • https://www.slideshare.net/SripatiAbhiramSahoo/ferm entative-metabolism • https://www.slideshare.net/shashikala221977/ferment ation-technology-77873936