ferrous metals and its classification
- 1. FERROUS METALS AND ITS CLASSIFICATION
- 2. METALS • Metals are elemental substance. • Metals are readily give up electrons to provide a metallic bond and electrical conductivity.
- 3. Characteristics of metals • Hardness • Strength • Rigidity • Formability • Machinability • Weldability • Conductivity and Dimensional stability
- 4. TYPES OF METALS • FERROUS METALS –Which contains IRON as their major constituent. • EXAMPLE: Cast iron ,Steel, etc., • NON FERROUS METALS –Which contain a metals other than iron as their main constituent. • EXAMPLE: Aluminium, Copper, Zinc, etc.,
- 5. FERROUS MATERIALS • Major constituent as iron • Iron based components are easily available and distributed throughout the world. • Ferrous materials can be produced very economically. • Ferrous materials achieve Mechanical and Physical properties. • DISADVANTAGE: CORROSION
- 6. CLASSIFICATION OF FERROUS MATERIALS
- 7. STEELS • Steels are alloys of IRON and CARBON, not only carbon other elements like silicon, manganese, sulphur, nickel, etc. • CLASSIFICATION OF STEELS 1. PLAIN CARBON (NON-ALLOY) STEELS 1. Low carbon steels 2. Medium carbon steels 3. High carbon steels 2. ALLOY STEELS 1. Low alloy steels 2. High alloy steels CARBON
- 8. PLAIN CARBON STEELS • DEF: Carbon is the alloying element that essentially controls the properties of alloys, and in which the amount of manganese cannot exceed 1.65% and copper and silicon must be less than 0.6% • COMPOSITION: – CARBON UP TO 1.5% COPPER UP TO 0.6% – MANGANESE UP TO 1.65% SILICON UP TO 0.6%
- 9. PLAIN CARBON STEELS • CHARACTERISTICS: – Moderately priced steels (Due to absence of large amount of alloying elements) – Sufficiently ductile – PRODUCTS: Sheet, Plates, Tube, Wire. • APPLICATIONS: – Mass production in automobile appliances. – Ball bearings, base plates, structural members, etc.
- 10. CLASSIFICATION OF PLAIN CARBON STEELS 1. LOW-CARBON STEELS – Less than 0.25% carbon containing 2. MEDIUM-CARBON STEELS – Containing between 0.25% to 0.60%carbon 3. HIGH-CARBON STEELS – Containing more than 0.60% carbon
- 11. LOW CARBON STEELS • Low carbon steels that contain less than 0.25% carbon • Low carbon steels are knows as MILD STEELS. • CHARACTERISTICS: – Soft and weak – Outstanding ductility and toughness – Good formability and weldability – Least expensive to produce • APPLICATIONS: – Automobile body components Bridges – Structural shapes( I- beams etc) – Pipelines, Buildings.
- 12. MEDIUM CARBON STEELS • Low carbon steels that contain between 0.25% and 0.60% carbon • These steels may be Heat treated by Austenitizing, Quenching and then tempering to improve MECHANICAL PROPERTIES. • CHARACTERISTICS: – Low hardenabilities – High strength and hardness properties are achieved.(Sacrifice of Ductility and Toughness) • APPLICATIONS: – Railway tracks, gears, crankshafts.
- 13. HIGH CARBON STEELS • HIGH carbon steels that contain more than 0.60% carbon. • CHARACTERISTICS: – Hardest and strongest Least ductile( more brittle) – More wear resistant – Sharp cutting edge tools. • APPLICATIONS: – Cutting tools and dies – Knives – Blades – High strength Wire
- 14. ALLOY STEELS • Alloy steels mean any steels other than CARBON STEELS. • ALLOYING ELEMENTS: – Chromium, nickel, tungsten – Molybdenium, vanadium, cobalt – Boron, copper others • PURPOSE OF ALLOYING: – To increase strength, To improve hardness – To improve Toughness, Machinability, Ductility – To improve resistance to abrasion and wear – To enhance grain size control.
- 15. CLASSIFICATION OF ALLOY STEELS 1. LOW ALLOY STEELS 1. AISI steels 2. HSLA steels 2. HIGH ALLOY STEELS 1. Tool and die steels 2. Stainless steels STEELS
- 16. LOW ALLOY STEELS • Low alloy steels are steels which contain upto 3 to 4% of one or more alloying elements • They have similar microstructure and require similar heat treatment like plain carbon steels. • Presence of alloying elements increase strength and hardenability.
- 17. TYPES OF LOW ALLOY STEELS 1. AISI STEELS • American Iron and Steel Institute steels that are generally used in machine construction. • AISI steels normally have LESS THAN 5% OF total addition elements such as Cr, Ni, V, etc,. 2. HSLA STEELS • High Strength and Low Alloy steels is also knows as micro alloyed steels • Elements are Al,V, etc.
- 18. HIGH ALLOY STEELS • High alloy steels are steels which contain 5% of one or more alloying elements • They have similar microstructure and require different heat treatment than of plain carbon steels. • The room temperature structures after normailising may be austenitic, martensitic
- 19. TYPES OF HIGH ALLOY STEELS 1. TOOLAND DIE STEELS • High quality alloys are used which require special characteristics like HARDENABILITY, WEAR RESISTANCE, TO SOFTENIG ON HEATING,. 2. STAINLESS STEELS • Used for improving corrosion resistance.