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Fieldbus Tutorial Part 7 - Fieldbus Communication

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The document discusses the foundation communications stack, emphasizing communication between devices and expected performance in high-speed Ethernet environments. It covers various aspects of fieldbus technology, such as the OSI model comparison, communication protocols, message encoding, error checking, and network parameters relevant to control systems. Additionally, it highlights the synchronization and scheduling of function blocks for optimal control performance in industrial applications.

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Foundation Communications
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 2 Agenda  Foundation Communications Stack  Communication Between Devices  Expected H1 Performance  High Speed Ethernet Support
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 3 DCS A Plant with Fieldbus High Speed Fieldbus Low Speed Fieldbus (31.25 Kbits/s) Maintenance Interoperable devices Information
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 4 PHYSICAL LAYER DATA LINK LAYER FIELDBUS ACCESS SUBLAYER FIELDBUS MESSAGING SPECIFICATION USER LAYER TRANSPORT LAYER SESSION LAYER PRESENTATION LAYER APPLICATION LAYER USER LAYER PHYSICAL LAYER DATA LINK LAYER NETWORK LAYER OSI MODEL FIELDBUS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fieldbus Technology - Communications Comparison to ISO OSI Model
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 5 PHYSICAL LAYER DATA LINK LAYER FIELDBUS ACCESS SUBLAYER FIELDBUS MESSAGING SPECIFICATION USER LAYER USER LAYER PHYSICAL LAYER COMMUNICATION STACK Fieldbus Technology
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 6 Fieldbus User Layer Physical Layer Communication Stack Communication Stack Physical Layer Fieldbus Technology User Layer All layers must interoperate.
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 7 Fieldbus Technology Physical Layer User Application System Management Network Management +DDs Data Link Layer Fieldbus Access Sub Layer Fieldbus Message Specification
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 8 Fieldbus Technology Physical Layer User Application System Management Network Management +DDs Data Link Layer Fieldbus Access Sub Layer Fieldbus Message Specification
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 9 Fieldbus Signal I (mA) 17.5 18 mA (approx.) Power Conditioner 100  1 F 100  1 F Zeq= 50  @ 31.25 KHz V = 50 x 18 = 900 mV (approx.) V (mV) 900 mV (approx.)
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 10 Signal Encoding 1 Bit Time Clock Data Manchester Biphase-L Encoding -T/2 +T/2 1 0 0 00111
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 11 Signal codification: preamble and delimiters 1 Bit Time 1 1 111 1 1 11 00 0000 0N+N+ N+N+ N-N- N-N- Clock Start Delimiter End Delimiter Preamble
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 12 USER Data FMS Encoding USER Data 4 0 to 244 Type FMS PDU 1 4 to 248 DLLAddressing FAS Frame Check PDU Sequence 5 5 to 249 2 Preamble Start DLL PDU End Delimiter Delimiter 1 1 12 to 256 1 Coding and decoding of messages 0 to 244 User Application Fieldbus Message Specification Fieldbus Access Sublayer Data Link Layer Physical Layer
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 13 Data Security  Sophisticated frame error checking. Hamming distance of 4 over the longest possible Fieldbus message, and Hamming distance 5 over tokens and all other short control messages (to about 15 bytes total length).  Messages are confirmed – acyclic communications  Stale data counter on loss of cyclic communications  Live list maintenance – devices detected on segment  Timeouts on confirmed communication  Network parameters defined to prevent message overlapping
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 14 Tree Topology A Device May Be Disconnected Without Impacting Other Devices Trunk Spur
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 15 Addressing Terminator Terminator Power Supply Power Filter Power Filter Operator Interface Configurator Local Operator Interface Passive Device No Address Permanent Device Addresses: 17 to 247 Visiting Device Addresses: 242 to 255 Host Addresses: 0 to 16 LAS Backup LAS Lowest Permanent Address Permanent Default Addresses: 248 to 251 Temporary Default Addresses: 252 to 255
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 16 Control in the field AO AI PID AI PID Fieldbus Visualization Trending Alarm Management Advanced Control Optimization DCS Regulatory Control Calculations Configuration
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 17 FF Allows Control Applications To Be Distributed Fieldbus Segment #2 Waste Water Process FI101 IP103A IP103B AT103A AT103A pH Control pH Meas. SelectLO Flow Monitor
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 18 Information Flow Between Function Blocks Forward Path AI Backward Path PID AO Function Block Inputs and Outputs Communicate Value + STATUS Where Status Indicates: Quality = Good, Uncertain, Bad Quality Substatus = Highest priority error or alarm condition Limit - limit condition associated with value
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 19 Cyclic and Acyclic Communication FC FT AO AI PID
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 20 Common sense of time  All devices in the network share a common sense of time, which allows precise scheduling of activities.  The Application Clock Time Distribution function synchronizes all fieldbus devices. The devices maintain their application clocks between synchronization messages.  The application time allows the devices to time stamp data (variables, alarms etc.).  Scheduling provides tighter control.
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 21 16 ~ 20 mA I (mA) Iq1 I (mA) Iq2 Iq3 I (mA) Total Current = Iq1 + Iq2 + Iq3 + ……... Iqn Link Active Scheduler Token Token Token
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 22 Backup LAS AO AI PID AI PID Fieldbus ADVANCED CONTROL OPTIMIZATION LAS PS LAS
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 23 Sample PID Execution & Communications Scheduled Cyclic • Alarms/Events • Maintenance/Diagnostic Information • Program Invocation • Permissives/Interlocks • Display Information • Trend Information • Configuration • Publish/Subscribe Acyclic Communication AO PID Function Block Scheduling AOPIDAI AI
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 24 Example – Cascade Control Temperature Transmitter Flow Transmitter TT100 TIC100 FT101 FIC101 FCV101 OUT OUT OUT OUT BCKCAL_OUT Positioner. IN IN CAS-IN CAS-IN BCKCAL_OUT BCKCAL_INBCKCAL_IN
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 25 Communiction Capability Publish Subscribe Link Master Time Publisher Registered Fieldbus Devices Basic Device = Publish or Publish & Subscribe Linkmaster Device = Basic + Capability to control communications on a fieldbus segment
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 26 Data sequence TT100.OUT TIC100.OUT FT101.OUT FIC101.OUT FIC101. BCKCAL_OUT FCV101. BCKCAL_OUT TT100.OUT TIC100.OUT Cyclic Acyclic TT FCV FT macro-cycle macro-cycle FIC101. BCKCAL_OUT FT101.OUT FIC101.OUT FCV101. BCKCAL_OUT
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 27 Macrocycle A Macrocycle is determined by: - Function Block Execution times. - Transmission time of the cyclic messages. -Gaps between messages determined by the Network parameters. -Time reserved for acyclic messages
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 28 Macrocycle  Function Block execution time depends on the type of block and on the hardware and software design.  The execution times from today will be reduced five times or more within two years.  In the time calculation, only blocks that must be executed consecutively are considered.  Block Execution Time = 30+45+45+80 = 200 ms  *Note that the AI in the flow device is executed in parallel. Cascade Control Example AI=30 PID=45 AI=30 PID=45 AO=80 TT FT FCV
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 29 Macrocycle FB FB CD DATA MID MRDxSLT MID As for the Function Blocks, the Network parameters will be reduced dramatically in the next two years SLT - Slot time MRD - Maximum Response Delay MID - Minimum Inter PDU Delay
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 30 Network Parameters Network Parameters establish how the network operates. The LAS must be set with the larger parameter values of the devices participating in the Network. SLT = 10 MRD= 3 MID = 12 SLT = 8 MRD= 3 MID = 10 SLT = 4 MRD= 4 MID = 8 SLT = 5 MRD= 4 MID = 8 LAS Backup LAS Link Settings 10 4 12
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 31 DATACD CD 2.3 24.5 5.4 3.1 35.4 ms 28 / s Ideal Max. SLT= 16 MRD=10 MID= 12 DATACD CD 2.3 6.14 5.4 3.1 58 / s Ideal Max.SLT= 8 MRD=3 MID=12 17 ms DATACD CD 2.3 5.4 SLT= 1 MRD=1 MID= 1 8 125 / s Ideal Max.
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 32 Evolution Macro cycle AI Execution Time Maximum Reply Delay x Slot Time 100 30 10 97 99 01 160 24 1
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 33 Loop Execution of 250msec Number of Devices No of Control Loops 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 x x x x Screen Update 1 Second 2 Seconds x x x Increasing Macro-cycle
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 34 16 ~ 20 mA I (mA) Iq1 I (mA) Iq2 Iq3 I (mA) Total Current = Iq1 + Iq2 + Iq3 + ……... Iqn Link Active Scheduler Token Token Token
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 35 Backup LAS AO AI PID AI PID Fieldbus ADVANCED CONTROL OPTIMIZATION LAS
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 36 Set point Process variable PID control output Analogue Input Block sample interval PID Control Block sample interval Synchronised process sampling and control -Open Loop Time Importance of Synchronised Function Block Execution Result - smooth control
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 37 Set point Process variable PID control output Process variable sample interval Control sample interval Non-synchronised process sampling and control - Open Loop Time Importance of Synchronised Function Block Execution Result • Erratic control • Generates process disturbance • Loop has to be de-tuned • Poor performance
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 38 Set point Process variable PID control output Process variable sample interval Control sample interval Non-synchronised process sampling and control - Open Loop Time Result • Erratic control • Generates process disturbance • Loop has to be detuned • Poor performance Importance of Synchronised Function Block Execution
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 39 Multiple Hosts
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 40 Control Performance Achieve Using Fieldbus  Function block execution, maximum response time for compel data and slot time ( dependent of the device technology/design – specific to manufacturer)  Whether control is done in the field or in the control system (customer decision)  Scheduling of block execution and communications on the FF segment (dependent of control system design)
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 41 AI Function Block Execution Time AI Function Block Execution Time (Based on 22 manufacturers) 0-50msec 51-100msec 101-150msec 151-200msec
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 42 AO Function Block Execution Time AO Function Block Execution Time (Based on 13 manufacturers) 0-50msec 51-100msec 101-150msec 151-200msec
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 43 PID Function Block Execution Time PID Function Block Execution Time (Based on 16 manufacturers) 0-50msec 51-100msec 101-150msec 151-200msec
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 44 DI Function Block Execution Time DI Function Block Execution Time (Based on 9 Manufacturers) 0-25msec 26-50msec 51-75msec 76-100msec 101-125msec
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 45 DO Function Block Execution Time DO Function Block Execution Time (Based on 10 Manufacturers) 0-25msec 26-50msec 51-75msec 76-100msec 101-125msec
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 46 Calculation Block Execution Times Execution Time of Blocks Used in Calculations 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0-25msec 51-75msec 101-125msec Number of Manufacturers CHAR ARITH INTG ISEL
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 47 Third Generation Devices Offer Significant Improvement if Block Execution Time Example*: Second Generation Third Generation Improvement AI = 30ms AI = 20ms 33% PID = 45ms PID = 25ms 44% * Execution times based on Rosemount 3051
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 48 Variation in Device Response Time of Different Fieldbus Devices Maximum Response Delay Time (Based on 29 Manufacturers) 0-5msec 6-10msec 11-15msec 16-20msec
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 49 Typical Slot Time for Different Devices Slot Time (Based on 29 Manufacturers) <1.1msec 1.1-1.5msec 1.6-2.1msec
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 50 Control Execution is Scheduled Based on the Segment Macrocycle A Macrocycle is determined by: - Function Block Execution times. - Transmission time of the cyclic messages. -Gaps between messages determined by the Network parameters. -Time reserved for acyclic messages
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 51 Macrocycle  Function Block execution time depends on the type of block and on the hardware and software design.  In the time calculation, only blocks that must be executed consecutively are considered.  Block Execution Time = 30+45+45+80 = 200 ms  *Note that the AI in the flow device is executed in parallel. Cascade Control Example AI=30 PID=45 AI=30 PID=45 AO=80 TT FT FCV
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 52 Macrocycle FB FB CD DATA MID (MRD+ 2xSLT) MID Some manufactures may by default assume conservative constant values for MRD and SLT. The user may change these values. SLT - Slot time MRD - Maximum Response Delay MID - Minimum Inter PDU Delay DATA DATA
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 53 Network Parameters  Network Parameters establish how the network operates.  The LAS must be set with the larger parameter values of the devices participating in the Network. SLT = 10 MRD= 3 MID = 12 SLT = 8 MRD= 3 MID = 10 SLT = 4 MRD= 4 MID = 8 SLT = 5 MRD= 4 MID = 8 LAS Backup LAS Link Settings 10 4 12
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 54 Impact of Network Paramters on Maximum Number of Communcaions/Second 8 ms DATACD CD 2.3 41 5.4 3.1 49.50ms 20 / s Ideal Max.SLT= 16 MRD=10 MID= 12 DATACD CD 2.3 6.14 5.4 3.1 58 / s Ideal Max.SLT= 8 MRD=3 MID=12 17 ms DATACD CD 2.3 5.4 SLT= 1 MRD=1 MID= 1 125 / s Ideal Max.
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 55 Minimum Execution Time With Only One(1) Control Loop on an H1 Segment AI PID XFR XFRAO 20ms 25ms 30ms 60ms 30ms Macrocycle = 165 ms Assumptions: 3rd Generation Transmitter, AI&PID executed in Transmitter, Second generation Valve executes AO
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 56 Executing PID in the Valve Reduces the Nuber of Communications But Increases Loop Execution Time AI XFR PID 20ms 30ms 120ms 60ms Macrocycle = 230 ms Assumptions: 3rd Generation Transmitter, AI executed in Transmitter, Second generation Valve executes AO&PID AO
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 57 Minimum Execution Time With Only Two(2) Control Loop on an H1 Segment AI PID XFR XFRAO 20ms 25ms 30ms 30ms 60ms 30ms 55ms Macrocycle = 250 ms Assumptions: 3rd Generation Transmitter, AI&PID executed in Transmitter, Second generation Valve executes AO, 50ms for every 125ms of the execution schedule (for display update) AI PID XFR XFRAO ACYCLIC
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 59 An installation with Fieldbus Fieldbus Macrocycle Scheduled Control Cycle* *Not Synchronized with Macro cycle and subject to jitter
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 60 Why control in the field?  Control in the field provides loop integrity, increasing control loop availability and reliability.  Control in the field provides better performance than control in the DCS, reducing variability. Control in the field Control in DCS
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 61 Impact of Splitting Control Between Fieldbus and Control System  Execution in the control system is typically not synchronized with function block execution on fieldbus segments.  Lack of synchronization introduces a variable delay into the control loop as great as the segment macrocycle e.g. 1/2 sec loop may have up to 1/2 sec variable delay.  Added delay will increase variability in the control loop.
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 62 Recommendation on Splitting Control Between Fieldbus and Control System  Oversampling of the fieldbus measurement to compensate for lack of synchronization i.e. setting macrocycle faster than control execution is often not practical if the loop execution is fast  Conclusion: Execute control loops in Fieldbus for better performance.  If target execution is ½ sec or faster, then limit the number of control loops to no more than two(2) per segment.
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 63 PID BK_CAL IN OUT CAS_INAO BK_CAL OUT IN OUTAI HSE Scheduling Example HSE Fieldbus HSE Field Devices PLC Analyzers
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 64 Macrocycle Macrocycle Function Block Communication is Immediate HSE Scheduling Example AI PID AO CD PT PT AI PID AO CD PT Time Critical Function Block Execution (Scheduled) Request/Response Communication (Unscheduled)
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 65 HSE and H1 Function Block links HSE (High Speed Ethernet) HSE Field Device H1 H1 Fieldbus Devices HSE Device Linking Device Communication within H1 segment
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 66 HSE and H1 Function Block links HSE (High Speed Ethernet) HSE Field Device H1 H1 Fieldbus Devices HSE Device Linking Device Publish/Subscribe between devices in different H1 segments through a Linking Device Bridge H1
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 67 HSE and H1 Function Block links HSE (High Speed Ethernet) HSE Field Device H1 H1 Fieldbus Devices HSE Device Linking Device Publish/Subscribe between a HSE device and a H1 device
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 68 HSE and H1 Function Block links HSE (High Speed Ethernet) HSE Field Device H1 H1 Fieldbus Devices HSE Device Linking Device Block execution is synchronized only between devices on the same H1 or HSE segment.
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 69 Summary - Fieldbus Foundation Solution  Both Continuous and Discrete Requirements Are Met By FF Function Block Set Capability
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 70 Ethernet Field Device Data Server X X X X Publish Data X X X X Subscribe to Data X X X Alert and Tend Reporting X X X Basic Flexible FB X X Extended Flexible FB X 41a 41b 41c 41dCapability Device Class
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 71 Linking Device H1 Configuration by HSE Host X X X X Monitioring of H1 by HSE Host X X X Linking between HSE and/or H1 X X Flexible Function Block support X 42a 42b 42c 42dCapability Device Class
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 72 Interface and Host Devices  Class 43 - I/O Gateway Device Support of FMS services that are supported by Class 42c.  Class 44 - Simple Host This class of device is an HSE host of some kind, for example, it might be a Process Operator Workstation. It supports subscription to FB data and can be a report sink.  Class 45 - Configurator Host This class of device is an HSE host with configuration capabilities. It is capable of dealing with the MIBs in HSE and H1 devices and configuring HSE LAN Redundancy Information in HSE Devices. In practice, it may require multiple hosts to do all of the configuration implied by this profile class. In such cases all of the hosts would be registered as a group.
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 73 Device Characterization  Class 46 - Device Redundancy • D1 does not support device redundancy • D2 supports externally controlled device redundancy • D3 supports autonomous device redundancy  Class 47 - LAN Redundancy • I1 has one interface to the HSE network • I2 has two interfaces to the HSE network  Class 48 - Time Handling – Tc is capable of being a Time Client. For Linking Devices, is capable of synchronizing H1 Data Link time and SM Application time to HSE time – Ts is capable of being a Time Client and a Time Serve – TN Has no time synchronization capabilities  Class 49 – Obtaining IP Address – AY IP Address is obtained using DHCP – AN IP Address is obtained using local means
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 74 Link Device Certification Testing Since the HSE specification was released, the following manufacturers have successfully completed FF Linking device certification testing (class 42a)  Smar  ABB  Emerson Process Management
[File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 75  High speed backbone at 100 Mbit/s (1 Gbit/s future)  Ready availability of standard Ethernet equipment HSE field device running standard function blocks  Fault tolerant communications and linking devices  Interface to other protocols  Flexible Function Blocks  Wire and fiber optic media  Low cost High Speed Ethernet Summary

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Fieldbus Tutorial Part 7 - Fieldbus Communication

  • 2. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 2 Agenda  Foundation Communications Stack  Communication Between Devices  Expected H1 Performance  High Speed Ethernet Support
  • 3. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 3 DCS A Plant with Fieldbus High Speed Fieldbus Low Speed Fieldbus (31.25 Kbits/s) Maintenance Interoperable devices Information
  • 4. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 4 PHYSICAL LAYER DATA LINK LAYER FIELDBUS ACCESS SUBLAYER FIELDBUS MESSAGING SPECIFICATION USER LAYER TRANSPORT LAYER SESSION LAYER PRESENTATION LAYER APPLICATION LAYER USER LAYER PHYSICAL LAYER DATA LINK LAYER NETWORK LAYER OSI MODEL FIELDBUS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fieldbus Technology - Communications Comparison to ISO OSI Model
  • 5. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 5 PHYSICAL LAYER DATA LINK LAYER FIELDBUS ACCESS SUBLAYER FIELDBUS MESSAGING SPECIFICATION USER LAYER USER LAYER PHYSICAL LAYER COMMUNICATION STACK Fieldbus Technology
  • 6. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 6 Fieldbus User Layer Physical Layer Communication Stack Communication Stack Physical Layer Fieldbus Technology User Layer All layers must interoperate.
  • 7. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 7 Fieldbus Technology Physical Layer User Application System Management Network Management +DDs Data Link Layer Fieldbus Access Sub Layer Fieldbus Message Specification
  • 8. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 8 Fieldbus Technology Physical Layer User Application System Management Network Management +DDs Data Link Layer Fieldbus Access Sub Layer Fieldbus Message Specification
  • 9. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 9 Fieldbus Signal I (mA) 17.5 18 mA (approx.) Power Conditioner 100  1 F 100  1 F Zeq= 50  @ 31.25 KHz V = 50 x 18 = 900 mV (approx.) V (mV) 900 mV (approx.)
  • 10. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 10 Signal Encoding 1 Bit Time Clock Data Manchester Biphase-L Encoding -T/2 +T/2 1 0 0 00111
  • 11. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 11 Signal codification: preamble and delimiters 1 Bit Time 1 1 111 1 1 11 00 0000 0N+N+ N+N+ N-N- N-N- Clock Start Delimiter End Delimiter Preamble
  • 12. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 12 USER Data FMS Encoding USER Data 4 0 to 244 Type FMS PDU 1 4 to 248 DLLAddressing FAS Frame Check PDU Sequence 5 5 to 249 2 Preamble Start DLL PDU End Delimiter Delimiter 1 1 12 to 256 1 Coding and decoding of messages 0 to 244 User Application Fieldbus Message Specification Fieldbus Access Sublayer Data Link Layer Physical Layer
  • 13. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 13 Data Security  Sophisticated frame error checking. Hamming distance of 4 over the longest possible Fieldbus message, and Hamming distance 5 over tokens and all other short control messages (to about 15 bytes total length).  Messages are confirmed – acyclic communications  Stale data counter on loss of cyclic communications  Live list maintenance – devices detected on segment  Timeouts on confirmed communication  Network parameters defined to prevent message overlapping
  • 14. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 14 Tree Topology A Device May Be Disconnected Without Impacting Other Devices Trunk Spur
  • 15. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 15 Addressing Terminator Terminator Power Supply Power Filter Power Filter Operator Interface Configurator Local Operator Interface Passive Device No Address Permanent Device Addresses: 17 to 247 Visiting Device Addresses: 242 to 255 Host Addresses: 0 to 16 LAS Backup LAS Lowest Permanent Address Permanent Default Addresses: 248 to 251 Temporary Default Addresses: 252 to 255
  • 16. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 16 Control in the field AO AI PID AI PID Fieldbus Visualization Trending Alarm Management Advanced Control Optimization DCS Regulatory Control Calculations Configuration
  • 17. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 17 FF Allows Control Applications To Be Distributed Fieldbus Segment #2 Waste Water Process FI101 IP103A IP103B AT103A AT103A pH Control pH Meas. SelectLO Flow Monitor
  • 18. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 18 Information Flow Between Function Blocks Forward Path AI Backward Path PID AO Function Block Inputs and Outputs Communicate Value + STATUS Where Status Indicates: Quality = Good, Uncertain, Bad Quality Substatus = Highest priority error or alarm condition Limit - limit condition associated with value
  • 19. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 19 Cyclic and Acyclic Communication FC FT AO AI PID
  • 20. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 20 Common sense of time  All devices in the network share a common sense of time, which allows precise scheduling of activities.  The Application Clock Time Distribution function synchronizes all fieldbus devices. The devices maintain their application clocks between synchronization messages.  The application time allows the devices to time stamp data (variables, alarms etc.).  Scheduling provides tighter control.
  • 21. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 21 16 ~ 20 mA I (mA) Iq1 I (mA) Iq2 Iq3 I (mA) Total Current = Iq1 + Iq2 + Iq3 + ……... Iqn Link Active Scheduler Token Token Token
  • 22. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 22 Backup LAS AO AI PID AI PID Fieldbus ADVANCED CONTROL OPTIMIZATION LAS PS LAS
  • 23. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 23 Sample PID Execution & Communications Scheduled Cyclic • Alarms/Events • Maintenance/Diagnostic Information • Program Invocation • Permissives/Interlocks • Display Information • Trend Information • Configuration • Publish/Subscribe Acyclic Communication AO PID Function Block Scheduling AOPIDAI AI
  • 24. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 24 Example – Cascade Control Temperature Transmitter Flow Transmitter TT100 TIC100 FT101 FIC101 FCV101 OUT OUT OUT OUT BCKCAL_OUT Positioner. IN IN CAS-IN CAS-IN BCKCAL_OUT BCKCAL_INBCKCAL_IN
  • 25. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 25 Communiction Capability Publish Subscribe Link Master Time Publisher Registered Fieldbus Devices Basic Device = Publish or Publish & Subscribe Linkmaster Device = Basic + Capability to control communications on a fieldbus segment
  • 26. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 26 Data sequence TT100.OUT TIC100.OUT FT101.OUT FIC101.OUT FIC101. BCKCAL_OUT FCV101. BCKCAL_OUT TT100.OUT TIC100.OUT Cyclic Acyclic TT FCV FT macro-cycle macro-cycle FIC101. BCKCAL_OUT FT101.OUT FIC101.OUT FCV101. BCKCAL_OUT
  • 27. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 27 Macrocycle A Macrocycle is determined by: - Function Block Execution times. - Transmission time of the cyclic messages. -Gaps between messages determined by the Network parameters. -Time reserved for acyclic messages
  • 28. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 28 Macrocycle  Function Block execution time depends on the type of block and on the hardware and software design.  The execution times from today will be reduced five times or more within two years.  In the time calculation, only blocks that must be executed consecutively are considered.  Block Execution Time = 30+45+45+80 = 200 ms  *Note that the AI in the flow device is executed in parallel. Cascade Control Example AI=30 PID=45 AI=30 PID=45 AO=80 TT FT FCV
  • 29. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 29 Macrocycle FB FB CD DATA MID MRDxSLT MID As for the Function Blocks, the Network parameters will be reduced dramatically in the next two years SLT - Slot time MRD - Maximum Response Delay MID - Minimum Inter PDU Delay
  • 30. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 30 Network Parameters Network Parameters establish how the network operates. The LAS must be set with the larger parameter values of the devices participating in the Network. SLT = 10 MRD= 3 MID = 12 SLT = 8 MRD= 3 MID = 10 SLT = 4 MRD= 4 MID = 8 SLT = 5 MRD= 4 MID = 8 LAS Backup LAS Link Settings 10 4 12
  • 31. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 31 DATACD CD 2.3 24.5 5.4 3.1 35.4 ms 28 / s Ideal Max. SLT= 16 MRD=10 MID= 12 DATACD CD 2.3 6.14 5.4 3.1 58 / s Ideal Max.SLT= 8 MRD=3 MID=12 17 ms DATACD CD 2.3 5.4 SLT= 1 MRD=1 MID= 1 8 125 / s Ideal Max.
  • 32. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 32 Evolution Macro cycle AI Execution Time Maximum Reply Delay x Slot Time 100 30 10 97 99 01 160 24 1
  • 33. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 33 Loop Execution of 250msec Number of Devices No of Control Loops 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 x x x x Screen Update 1 Second 2 Seconds x x x Increasing Macro-cycle
  • 34. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 34 16 ~ 20 mA I (mA) Iq1 I (mA) Iq2 Iq3 I (mA) Total Current = Iq1 + Iq2 + Iq3 + ……... Iqn Link Active Scheduler Token Token Token
  • 35. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 35 Backup LAS AO AI PID AI PID Fieldbus ADVANCED CONTROL OPTIMIZATION LAS
  • 36. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 36 Set point Process variable PID control output Analogue Input Block sample interval PID Control Block sample interval Synchronised process sampling and control -Open Loop Time Importance of Synchronised Function Block Execution Result - smooth control
  • 37. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 37 Set point Process variable PID control output Process variable sample interval Control sample interval Non-synchronised process sampling and control - Open Loop Time Importance of Synchronised Function Block Execution Result • Erratic control • Generates process disturbance • Loop has to be de-tuned • Poor performance
  • 38. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 38 Set point Process variable PID control output Process variable sample interval Control sample interval Non-synchronised process sampling and control - Open Loop Time Result • Erratic control • Generates process disturbance • Loop has to be detuned • Poor performance Importance of Synchronised Function Block Execution
  • 39. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 39 Multiple Hosts
  • 40. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 40 Control Performance Achieve Using Fieldbus  Function block execution, maximum response time for compel data and slot time ( dependent of the device technology/design – specific to manufacturer)  Whether control is done in the field or in the control system (customer decision)  Scheduling of block execution and communications on the FF segment (dependent of control system design)
  • 41. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 41 AI Function Block Execution Time AI Function Block Execution Time (Based on 22 manufacturers) 0-50msec 51-100msec 101-150msec 151-200msec
  • 42. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 42 AO Function Block Execution Time AO Function Block Execution Time (Based on 13 manufacturers) 0-50msec 51-100msec 101-150msec 151-200msec
  • 43. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 43 PID Function Block Execution Time PID Function Block Execution Time (Based on 16 manufacturers) 0-50msec 51-100msec 101-150msec 151-200msec
  • 44. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 44 DI Function Block Execution Time DI Function Block Execution Time (Based on 9 Manufacturers) 0-25msec 26-50msec 51-75msec 76-100msec 101-125msec
  • 45. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 45 DO Function Block Execution Time DO Function Block Execution Time (Based on 10 Manufacturers) 0-25msec 26-50msec 51-75msec 76-100msec 101-125msec
  • 46. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 46 Calculation Block Execution Times Execution Time of Blocks Used in Calculations 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 0-25msec 51-75msec 101-125msec Number of Manufacturers CHAR ARITH INTG ISEL
  • 47. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 47 Third Generation Devices Offer Significant Improvement if Block Execution Time Example*: Second Generation Third Generation Improvement AI = 30ms AI = 20ms 33% PID = 45ms PID = 25ms 44% * Execution times based on Rosemount 3051
  • 48. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 48 Variation in Device Response Time of Different Fieldbus Devices Maximum Response Delay Time (Based on 29 Manufacturers) 0-5msec 6-10msec 11-15msec 16-20msec
  • 49. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 49 Typical Slot Time for Different Devices Slot Time (Based on 29 Manufacturers) <1.1msec 1.1-1.5msec 1.6-2.1msec
  • 50. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 50 Control Execution is Scheduled Based on the Segment Macrocycle A Macrocycle is determined by: - Function Block Execution times. - Transmission time of the cyclic messages. -Gaps between messages determined by the Network parameters. -Time reserved for acyclic messages
  • 51. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 51 Macrocycle  Function Block execution time depends on the type of block and on the hardware and software design.  In the time calculation, only blocks that must be executed consecutively are considered.  Block Execution Time = 30+45+45+80 = 200 ms  *Note that the AI in the flow device is executed in parallel. Cascade Control Example AI=30 PID=45 AI=30 PID=45 AO=80 TT FT FCV
  • 52. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 52 Macrocycle FB FB CD DATA MID (MRD+ 2xSLT) MID Some manufactures may by default assume conservative constant values for MRD and SLT. The user may change these values. SLT - Slot time MRD - Maximum Response Delay MID - Minimum Inter PDU Delay DATA DATA
  • 53. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 53 Network Parameters  Network Parameters establish how the network operates.  The LAS must be set with the larger parameter values of the devices participating in the Network. SLT = 10 MRD= 3 MID = 12 SLT = 8 MRD= 3 MID = 10 SLT = 4 MRD= 4 MID = 8 SLT = 5 MRD= 4 MID = 8 LAS Backup LAS Link Settings 10 4 12
  • 54. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 54 Impact of Network Paramters on Maximum Number of Communcaions/Second 8 ms DATACD CD 2.3 41 5.4 3.1 49.50ms 20 / s Ideal Max.SLT= 16 MRD=10 MID= 12 DATACD CD 2.3 6.14 5.4 3.1 58 / s Ideal Max.SLT= 8 MRD=3 MID=12 17 ms DATACD CD 2.3 5.4 SLT= 1 MRD=1 MID= 1 125 / s Ideal Max.
  • 55. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 55 Minimum Execution Time With Only One(1) Control Loop on an H1 Segment AI PID XFR XFRAO 20ms 25ms 30ms 60ms 30ms Macrocycle = 165 ms Assumptions: 3rd Generation Transmitter, AI&PID executed in Transmitter, Second generation Valve executes AO
  • 56. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 56 Executing PID in the Valve Reduces the Nuber of Communications But Increases Loop Execution Time AI XFR PID 20ms 30ms 120ms 60ms Macrocycle = 230 ms Assumptions: 3rd Generation Transmitter, AI executed in Transmitter, Second generation Valve executes AO&PID AO
  • 57. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 57 Minimum Execution Time With Only Two(2) Control Loop on an H1 Segment AI PID XFR XFRAO 20ms 25ms 30ms 30ms 60ms 30ms 55ms Macrocycle = 250 ms Assumptions: 3rd Generation Transmitter, AI&PID executed in Transmitter, Second generation Valve executes AO, 50ms for every 125ms of the execution schedule (for display update) AI PID XFR XFRAO ACYCLIC
  • 58. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 59 An installation with Fieldbus Fieldbus Macrocycle Scheduled Control Cycle* *Not Synchronized with Macro cycle and subject to jitter
  • 59. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 60 Why control in the field?  Control in the field provides loop integrity, increasing control loop availability and reliability.  Control in the field provides better performance than control in the DCS, reducing variability. Control in the field Control in DCS
  • 60. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 61 Impact of Splitting Control Between Fieldbus and Control System  Execution in the control system is typically not synchronized with function block execution on fieldbus segments.  Lack of synchronization introduces a variable delay into the control loop as great as the segment macrocycle e.g. 1/2 sec loop may have up to 1/2 sec variable delay.  Added delay will increase variability in the control loop.
  • 61. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 62 Recommendation on Splitting Control Between Fieldbus and Control System  Oversampling of the fieldbus measurement to compensate for lack of synchronization i.e. setting macrocycle faster than control execution is often not practical if the loop execution is fast  Conclusion: Execute control loops in Fieldbus for better performance.  If target execution is ½ sec or faster, then limit the number of control loops to no more than two(2) per segment.
  • 62. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 63 PID BK_CAL IN OUT CAS_INAO BK_CAL OUT IN OUTAI HSE Scheduling Example HSE Fieldbus HSE Field Devices PLC Analyzers
  • 63. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 64 Macrocycle Macrocycle Function Block Communication is Immediate HSE Scheduling Example AI PID AO CD PT PT AI PID AO CD PT Time Critical Function Block Execution (Scheduled) Request/Response Communication (Unscheduled)
  • 64. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 65 HSE and H1 Function Block links HSE (High Speed Ethernet) HSE Field Device H1 H1 Fieldbus Devices HSE Device Linking Device Communication within H1 segment
  • 65. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 66 HSE and H1 Function Block links HSE (High Speed Ethernet) HSE Field Device H1 H1 Fieldbus Devices HSE Device Linking Device Publish/Subscribe between devices in different H1 segments through a Linking Device Bridge H1
  • 66. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 67 HSE and H1 Function Block links HSE (High Speed Ethernet) HSE Field Device H1 H1 Fieldbus Devices HSE Device Linking Device Publish/Subscribe between a HSE device and a H1 device
  • 67. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 68 HSE and H1 Function Block links HSE (High Speed Ethernet) HSE Field Device H1 H1 Fieldbus Devices HSE Device Linking Device Block execution is synchronized only between devices on the same H1 or HSE segment.
  • 68. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 69 Summary - Fieldbus Foundation Solution  Both Continuous and Discrete Requirements Are Met By FF Function Block Set Capability
  • 69. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 70 Ethernet Field Device Data Server X X X X Publish Data X X X X Subscribe to Data X X X Alert and Tend Reporting X X X Basic Flexible FB X X Extended Flexible FB X 41a 41b 41c 41dCapability Device Class
  • 70. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 71 Linking Device H1 Configuration by HSE Host X X X X Monitioring of H1 by HSE Host X X X Linking between HSE and/or H1 X X Flexible Function Block support X 42a 42b 42c 42dCapability Device Class
  • 71. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 72 Interface and Host Devices  Class 43 - I/O Gateway Device Support of FMS services that are supported by Class 42c.  Class 44 - Simple Host This class of device is an HSE host of some kind, for example, it might be a Process Operator Workstation. It supports subscription to FB data and can be a report sink.  Class 45 - Configurator Host This class of device is an HSE host with configuration capabilities. It is capable of dealing with the MIBs in HSE and H1 devices and configuring HSE LAN Redundancy Information in HSE Devices. In practice, it may require multiple hosts to do all of the configuration implied by this profile class. In such cases all of the hosts would be registered as a group.
  • 72. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 73 Device Characterization  Class 46 - Device Redundancy • D1 does not support device redundancy • D2 supports externally controlled device redundancy • D3 supports autonomous device redundancy  Class 47 - LAN Redundancy • I1 has one interface to the HSE network • I2 has two interfaces to the HSE network  Class 48 - Time Handling – Tc is capable of being a Time Client. For Linking Devices, is capable of synchronizing H1 Data Link time and SM Application time to HSE time – Ts is capable of being a Time Client and a Time Serve – TN Has no time synchronization capabilities  Class 49 – Obtaining IP Address – AY IP Address is obtained using DHCP – AN IP Address is obtained using local means
  • 73. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 74 Link Device Certification Testing Since the HSE specification was released, the following manufacturers have successfully completed FF Linking device certification testing (class 42a)  Smar  ABB  Emerson Process Management
  • 74. [File Name or Event] Emerson Confidential 27-Jun-01, Slide 75  High speed backbone at 100 Mbit/s (1 Gbit/s future)  Ready availability of standard Ethernet equipment HSE field device running standard function blocks  Fault tolerant communications and linking devices  Interface to other protocols  Flexible Function Blocks  Wire and fiber optic media  Low cost High Speed Ethernet Summary