File Sharing Should Not Be Illegal

File Sharing Should Not Be Illegal
Technology, now incorporated into almost every aspect of life, is constantly evolving. Technology
being so incorporated in daily life has caused some issues to come up in the past; one of the most
controversial uses of technology is file sharing. File sharing is the exchange of files over computer
networks. These files include all types of media, software, and books. While some file sharing is
legal, there are illegal downloads of copyrighted property widely available; there are intense debates
about the level of protection of intellectual properties that should be used for these files. The
increase of sharing copyrighted media over the internet has led to many lawsuits and court battles
(Oberholzer‐Gee and Strumpet). The sharing of files ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The music businesses succeed in these courts because federal judges reject that these sites are
protected by the digital copyright law (Alexander 152). However, where one is brought down, many
more will soon fill its place. It will be a never ending pattern of legal action taking a step forward to
stopping copyright infringement and then taking a step back once new file sharing sites pop up.
Recording companies were quick to assume that file sharing was to blame for the decline in sales, so
they began to sue the thousands that took part in illegal file sharing (Netanel 2–3). While copyright
laws may protect music in the United States and some foreign countries, what about all the other
countries? Most countries do not extend copyright protection to foreign works. So the downloading
of copyrighted music is legal in those countries, making it easy for these illegal downloads to make
their way back to America. Copyright industries' desperate attempts to shut down peer–to–peer file
sharing sites are just becoming ineffectual and costly (Netanel 8).
Protection of intellectual property is thought to be necessary to ensure innovation. While that is
accurate for many industries, innovation in the music industry will not decrease with weaker
property rights (Oberholzer‐Gee and Strumpet). Many people remix, cover, or even choreograph
copyrighted music; this boosts creativity in the industry. Stricter copyright laws would undoubtedly
lead to a decrease in self expression
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

The Ethics of File Sharing Software Essay
The Ethics of File Sharing Software
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to discuss the ethical problem that file sharing software
creates when used to transfer copy written material. It is contested that the very existence of this
software promotes piracy. The paper will focus on the creators of the file sharing software, knowing
that the user employs their product illegally. The software creators (Kazaa, Grokster, Morpheus, etc)
are claiming that they cannot control what the end user does with its product. In fact, this point has
been upheld by a recent court ruling.
As music and movies are now available almost exclusively in digital formats (CD and DVDs), the
ease of copying them to computers is easy. And ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was the entire concept behind the Napster model.
This approach worked great and made fantastic use of the Internet's architecture. By spreading the
load for file downloading across millions of machines, Napster accomplished what would have been
impossible any other way. The central database for song titles was Napster's Achilles' heel. When the
court ordered Napster to stop the music, the absence of a central database killed the entire Napster
network. With Napster gone, what you had at that point was something like 100 million people
around the world hungry to share more and more files. It was only a matter of time before another
system came along to fill the gap.[ii]
Napster made downloading music over the Internet common practice. Since the Federal
Government closed Napster, several new alternatives for file sharing have been creates. Kazaa,
Morpheus, Gnutella all rely on peer–to peer networking rather than a central server. Copyrighted
materials continue to be distributed through peer–to–peer file sharing, but these systems are more
difficult to shut down due to their decentralized control. Unlike Napster, which relied on central file
servers, most new systems use a decentralized approach that relies on the local networks and
computer resources of individual users. The peer–to–peer approach to file sharing requires
cooperation among users and depends on the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and network

Definition Of Hierarchical File System
Hierarchical File System
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
HFS
Developer Apple Computer
Full name Hierarchical File System
Introduced September 17, 1985 (System 2.1)
Partition identifier Apple_HFS (Apple Partition Map)
0xAF (MBR)
Structures
Directory contents B–tree
File allocation Bitmap
Bad blocks B–tree
Limits
Max. volume size 2 TB (2 × 10244 bytes)
Max. file size 2 GB (2 × 10243 bytes)
Max. number of files 65535
Max. filename length 31 characters
Allowed characters in filenames All 8–bit values except colon ":". Discouraged null and nonprints.
Features
Dates recorded Creation, modification, backup
Date range January 1, 1904 – February 6, 2040
Date resolution 1s
Forks Only 2 (data and resource)
Attributes Color (3 bits, all other flags 1 bit), locked, custom icon, bundle, invisible, alias, system,
stationery, inited, no INIT resources, shared, desktop
File system permissions AppleShare
Transparent compression Yes (third–party), Stacker
Transparent encryption No
Other
Supported operating systems Mac OS, OS X, Linux, Microsoft Windows (through MacDrive or
Boot Camp[citation needed] IFS drivers)
Hierarchical File System (HFS) is a proprietary file system developed by Apple Inc. for use in
computer systems running Mac OS. Originally designed for use on floppy and hard disks, it can also
be found on read–only media such as CD–ROMs. HFS is also referred to as Mac OS Standard (or,
erroneously, "HFS Standard"), while its successor, HFS Plus, is also called Mac OS Extended

The Convergence Of Methods Of Storing Files
Americans today have seen the progression from old media to new media; majority, experiencing
for themselves the transition from pagers to cell phones, cassettes to iPods, or paper maps to GPS
devices. According to Henry Jenkins, who studies media convergence, this "Convergence [where old
and new media collide] represents a cultural shift as consumers are encouraged to seek out new
information and make connections among dispersed media content" (Jenkins 457). It is through the
help of convergence that old media has developed into the new media Americans see today. The
convergence of methods of storing files is an example of this. Storing files online, is taking the old
media, a USB Flash Drive, and converging it into a new digital ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Dropbox is a cloud storage service; a business that overlooks a users' data and makes that data
accessible online. Because Dropbox has introduced people to the idea of accessing wireless data,
this reveals how this type of new media has changed the way that content is produced, distributed,
and consumed. Although the use of either a USB Flash Drive (old media) or Dropbox (new media)
maintains the same objective, that is, to provide people with alternate methods of storing data,
Dropbox is becoming a standard way of accessing data with the use of the internet as a platform.
This in turn, benefits Dropbox users somewhat.
One benefit of transitioning from a USB Flash Drive to Dropbox is that Dropbox allows easy access
to documents. "Dropping" files into Dropbox essentially stores these files on the online cloud, where
users can access their files anywhere and at any time as long as users have access to internet
connection. There are three methods in which Dropbox users can easily access their documents. The
first is through the Dropbox website. Users could simply sign–in and upload a document they would
like to save or download an already saved file, make revisions to it, and upload the revised
document. Another way Dropbox allows easy access to documents is by linking a users' Dropbox
account to their mobile device. This could

Essay on Electronic File Sharing
Electronic File Sharing
Often times new technology enables completely new activities, discoveries, and ways of living, once
not possible without that particular technology. An example of this would be the microscope and
telescope, which now allow us to see things not possible before. Other times, new technology allows
us to do things which we did before, but in a different way.1 A good example of this is electronic file
sharing over the Internet. Unauthorized file sharing was possible before the Internet, but on a much
smaller scale. One person might have physically borrowed a music cd from another person and
made a copy. With the Internet, it became possible for a single person to share (more like distribute
without ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Napster) that were used for most illegal electronic file sharing were not a pure form of peer to peer
architecture because a client (peer) in search of a particular file (song), would first connect to a
centralized site, and then be directed to a peer who would have that particular file. So, in a system
like Napster, Napster did not provide songs to clients, it only provided a client with a place where it
could acquire the songs.
Now lets take a look at the legal issues involved with file sharing. In the recording industry, there
are two copyright laws involved. The first one is the copyright of the musical composition, which
deals with the lyrics and musical notes. This is usually owned by the songwriter or music publisher.4
The second law is the copyright in sound recording, which deals with the recording of the performer
singing or playing a given song. This is usually owned by the record company.5 The law that is
violated with electronic file sharing is the second one. Titles 17 and 18 of the U.S. Code protect
copyright owners from the unauthorized reproduction, adaptation or distribution of sound
recordings, as well as certain digital performances to the public.6 So, from the legal clauses, it can
be interpreted that users of popular online sites such as Napster are engaging in unauthorized
distribution of sound recordings. The online infringement of copyrighted music can be punished
with several years in prison. 7
The most popular system

File Sharing And The Internet
Introduction File sharing, or peer–to–peer software programs such as Limewire which uses protocol
Gnutella, BitTorrent, Internet Relay Chat (IRC), and programs that are Peer to Peer (P2P) such as
KaZaA which uses the protocol FastTrack and others can allow sharing of copyrighted music,
games, movies, software, and other files often without the knowledge or permission of the
consumer. Peer–to–Peer programs usually share files by default, to permit the full amount of sharing
across the web. Sharing this copyrighted information is illegal and has led to a considerable rise in
anti–piracy efforts and legislation. Organizations such as the Recording Industry Association of
America (RIAA), the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) and others keep an eye on
file sharing on the Internet and notify the University when a computer on its network is illegally
sharing copyrighted files (University of Pennsylvania, n.d.). File–sharing is the process of
exchanging files over the Internet. The most common forms of file–sharing are running an FTP
server or using an FTP program.
Overview of the Crime P2P networks mostly serve as a come and get it source on the Internet. In
using such a service, the consumer precisely searches for the item they want, for example images,
software, or music. The most important illegal activity involving P2P sharing centers mostly deals
with knowledgeable property rights such as software and music piracy issues. This is an area in
which the FBI has been

Essay On File Sharing
An Examination of File–sharing on the Internet
"Napster and its founder held the promise of everything the new medium of the Internet
encompassed: youth, radical change and the free exchange of information. But youthful exuberance
would soon give way to reality as the music industry placed a bull's–eye squarely on Napster."
I. Introduction
Today the use of a computer has provided many privileges to its users, and among those privileges
the main and largest one is the distribution of information across the internet. Through the internet,
the average person has the ability to access millions of databases of information at no cost. This is
the intent that the internet was founded on; that all people could come together ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus because no one realized the true potential of the internet (nor was the technology available at
the time), no great amount of information was transferred from computer to computer, at least by the
average person. Each file had to be transferred physically by floppy discs that could only hold an
insignificant 1.44 Megabytes. Sure, you could still share files back then, but this required the
physical act of getting the disk, transferring it to your computer, and then copying the file. All this
took a relatively large amount of effort compared to the "copy and paste" methods of copying files
today.
After a while around 1995, a small underground network of file–sharing developed through the use
of a medium known as mIRC. m–IRC is basically the early version of today's chat rooms with the
exception that most users' identities can be kept hidden from one another while still allowing the
users to exchange information freely. These users created their own private FTP sites which other
users could upload and download from. These users became labeled as internet "pirates", who
dedicated their time to obtaining the latest software and other such files to upload to FTP sites
whose IP addresses changed constantly so that they could not be tracked. These FTP sites grew to

Music File Sharing Research Paper
In 2018 a mother of a 12–year–old girl in New York settled a lawsuit of $2000 because she was
illegally sharing copyrighted music files according to www.pediatrics.about.com. Why would
someone want to do that? As the person, you're taking the money of someone else's hard work. The
artist that wrote the song took a lot of time and effort to make it. There are thousands of music artist
and stealing their money is not fair for all they do. To stop this from occurring there must be harsher
penalties or else artist will not have money to exist anymore or employees or money in return.
Artist these days don't earn as much money as they used to and the main reason is music files
getting shared when they ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Why would someone want to work when they're only going to get a bit of money for all the time
and effort they put into a song for example. No one would because they're not going to have enough
money to pay for mortgage, house, car, insurance, kids, food and many other things. Also, there
would be fewer employees in the music industry because no one is going to earn anything. A fact
shows that the file sharing not only has an impact on the one person but the all music industry and
the livelihood of the artist. such as new talented artist trying to make a new song. Why would the
new artist want to get employed then if this happens? Can you think that the person who is trying to
make a song will actually do this job? In reality, one wouldn't do that because one will think that I'm
not going to get any money so why should one waste his time on something pointless. According to
legendary songwriter Lamond Dozier he stated "I wish people who are practicing illegal file sharing
would stop for a moment and think about the damage that is being done here, and step in the shoes
of people who have families and children, who have been laid off from jobs they've held for over 20
years. In a time

File Sharing And Web Piracy Essay
In recent years, web piracy or "file sharing" of proprietary material has gained abundant quality. it 's
a subject that has endlessly sparked dialogue and has even received world attention. though on the
surface the act of file sharing could appear harmless, it 's aloof from it. Each year, film and record
production firms in addition as software system and game development firms suffer from billions of
greenbacks in lost profits. This loss comes as an instantaneous results of web piracy. several agree
that file sharing is unethical and take into account it to be no completely different than downright
thievery. On the opposite hand, there ar people who support file sharing and claim that their actions
ar simply even and moral. This essay can give a short summary and history of file sharing, can take
into account the arguments of every facet, and can provide my personal observations and stance on
the difficulty.
File sharing, put simply, is that the method of constructing offered and distributing files via the web.
several freely developed applications are created offered that alter this method, providing the
flexibility to simply look for, download, and transfer any piece of digital content possible. These
applications ar ordinarily remarked as P2P or peer–to–peer applications as they permit people
(peers) to directly connect with alternative peers to share files. By themselves, such applications ar
useless; a central network should be offered that enables every peer

The Common Internet File System
8. Data Storage Techniques
8.1 CIFS
The Common Internet File system (CIFS) is a native file sharing protocol used by computer users
across corporate intranets and Internet. It defines series of commands to pass the information
between the networked computers. CIFS implements the client/server programming model. A client
program sends a request to server program for access to a file or to pass a message to a program that
runs in the server computer, the server then takes the requested action and gives a response.
CIFS Functions are:
● Get access to files that are local to the server and read and write to them
● Share files with other clients using special locks
● Restore connections automatically in case of network failure.
● Unicode file names
Similar to SMB protocol, CIFS implements the Internet 's TCP/IP protocol. CIFS can be considered
as supplement of existing Internet application protocols such as the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and
the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).
Common Internet File System runs as an application–layer network protocol used for providing
shared access to files, printers, serial ports, and miscellaneous communications between nodes on a
network. It also facilitates an authenticated inter–process communication mechanism.
8.2 Network File System (NFS)
Sun Microsystems in 1984 developed a distributed file system protocol called Network File System
(NFS) allowing a user on a client computer to access files over a network much like local

File Management Paper
File Management Paper – Unix® File Permissions Joe Guckiean POS/355 April 15, 2013 Bob
O'Connor File Management Paper – Unix® File Permissions The name Unix® refers to a play on
words rather than being an acronym. During the mid–1960 an operating system was developed at
MIT that allowed multiple users to work on a system at any one time. It was called Multiplexed
Information and Computing System (MULTICS). In the late 1960s, closer to 1970, a couple
programmers at Bell Laboratories wrote an assembler to interface with a DEC PDP–7. Unlike
MULTICS, this version allowed only one user to access it at a time. One of the programmers
kiddingly called it Uniplexed Information and Computing System (UNICS) pronounced Unix. In the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Unix® there are three sets of permissions that can be modified at the folder and file level; user,
group, and the world. In this illustration, user and group permissions will be discussed. To begin, a
command at the console must be executed to create the user group. The syntax is: groupadd [g– gid
[–o]] [–r] [–f] groupname. Simply typing in: groupadd group_name will suffice. Groupname is
where you put in the specific name of the group. If you don't specify additional parameters, the
system will use the defaults. Following the creation of the group, the users must be added into it.
Execute this command to add the existing users to the new group, Usermod –G <newgroup>
<user>. Since there are 4990 user, a script would come in handy adding the users to the group.
The VI editor is a built in tool that allows the building of scripts. Now the real work begins, defining
the permissions for the file. From the console, navigate to the directory that contains the file that is
to be shared. Type in this command to view the current permissions on the file, ls –l (those are
lowercase L's). This command will allow the changing of permissions either at a user, group or
global level. Chmod {a,u,g,o} {+,–} {r,w,x} files a = all user u = the owner g = group o = others
(neither u or g) | Plus (+) =give permissionMinus(–) = remove permission | r = Read–onlyw =
Read/Writex = Execute | Files = single or multiple files |

Windows File System Lab Report
The purpose of this lab activity is to get one used to the basics of Windows file systems including
RAID, Disk Spanning and Dynamic Disks. We also worked on Linux machine to explore the
processes of file system by working through LVM (Logical Volume Management).
We started by launching the Domain Controller server FluxWinDC01 instance and a new instance
FluxWindowsFSLab with additional four Elastic Block Store (EBS) drive storage. After remotely
connecting to the Domain Controller, we access the AD DS by launching server manager and
clicking AD Users and Computers to add Williard Johnson as a Domain Admin user. We connect to
the new windows instance, but as a new instance one will "Get Windows Password" and change it
after logging in as an ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To create a logical volume filesystem, we run "lvcreate –L 500M –n mylv0 VG0" to create 500MB
volume size named mylv0. "ll /dev/mapper" is run to list content of /dev/mapper. We run "mkdir
/mnt/lvm" and "mkfs –t ext4 /dev/mapper/VG)–mylv0" to create a mount point for the volume and
create file system on it respectively. We run "mount –t ext4 /dev/mapper/VG0–mylv0 /mnt/lvm/ " to
mount the device. Then, we test the file system by accessing the system and creating a backup if the
configuration folder.
We change the directory to ubuntu home directory to extend the logical volume and see its effect on
content of the logical volume. "lvextend –L +16G /dev/mapper/VG0–mylv0" is run to extend extend
the volume to 16GB and we check the disk space running "df –h" but the volume is still listed as its
original size. "resize2fs /dev/mapper/VG0–mylv0" is run to fix this. We run vgdisplay to find that
8GB is left in the volume group.
To reduce file system, we run "umount /mnt/lvm" and use "fsck –f /dev/mapper/VG0–mylv0" to
force a file system check. "resize2fs /dev/mapper/VG0–mylv0 500M" is used to shrink the file
system and "lvreduce –L 16G /dev/mapper/VG0–mylv0" is used to reduce the system to go back to
500MB. The file system is then remounted by running "mount –t ext4 /dev/mapper/VG0–mylv0
/mnt/lvm". "lvcreate –L 500M –s –n mysnap0 /dev/mapper/VGO–mylv0" is run to take backup of
the

Nt1310 Network File System
!
NETWORK FILE SYSTEM! !
Network File System was designed so that users could transparently and remotely access files on the
network in the same way as if the file was on the local disk. It can be easily ported to various
operating systems and architectures. Description of protocols in machines and systems is done in an
independent manner in NFS using the External Data Representation. Implementation of NFS takes
place on top of RPC so that implementation and maintenance of protocols is done in a simplified
way. ! !
The Network File System Interface is made of :!
1. Virtual File System (VFS )!
2. Virtual Node Interface (vnode)! !
The virtual file system states all the possible operations that can be performed on a file system.
On the other hand, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
!
NFS CLIENT SIDE:!
The client side runs using such an interface where files on the server can be easily and transparently
accessed by various applications. This is because of the combination of VFS and Vnode.
! !
The following diagram shows how NFS works. ! !!!!
!
! ! ! !!!
!i
SCSI (Internet Small Computer System Interface)! ! iSCSI is a transport layer protocol. How SCSI
packets are transported over a TCP/IP network is decided by this protocol. This protocol can be used
to send data over various area networks like
LANs, WANs and on the internet, and provide data storage independent of the location. ! ! iSCSI
transmits block–level data between a iSCSI server and a iSCSI client located in a storage device.
The iSCSI protocol provides encapsulation to SCSI commands and rearranged packet to the TCP/IP
layer. These encapsulated packets are then sent over the internet on a P2P connection.
When these packets arrive at the destination, the protocol strips down the extra headers in such a
way that the SCSI commands are seen by the operating system as a local SCSI device that can be
formatted as usual. ! ! iSCSI is popular in small and medium businesses because of the way server

File Sharing And The Internet Piracy
In recent years, internet piracy or "file sharing" of copyrighted material has gained much popularity.
It is a topic that has incessantly sparked debate and has even received global attention. Although on
the surface the act of file sharing may seem harmless, it is far from it. Each year, film and record
production companies as well as software and video game development companies suffer from
billions of dollars in lost profits. This loss comes as a direct result of internet piracy. Many agree
that file sharing is unethical and consider it to be no different than downright theft. On the other
hand, there are those that support file sharing and claim that their actions are easily justified and
ethical. This essay will provide a brief overview and history of file sharing, will consider the
arguments of each side, and will offer my personal observations and stance on the issue.
File sharing, put simply, is the process of making available and distributing files via the internet.
Many freely developed applications have been made available that simplify this process, providing
the ability to easily search for, download, and upload any piece of digital content imaginable. These
applications are commonly referred to as P2P or peer–to–peer applications as they allow individuals
(peers) to directly connect with other peers to share files. By themselves, such applications are
useless; a central network must be available that allows each peer to see one another. These

Disadvantages Of Google File System
GOOGLE FILE SYSTEM (GFS)
Introduction
Google File System is a copyrighted distributed file system developed by google itself and it was
specially designed to provide better reliability access into data using large clusters of commodity
servers. If we are given to compare traditional file system with GFS, it is designed to run on data
centers that provide extreme high data throughputs and the ability to survive the individual system
failures if it occurs. In this report, we will explain how Google implemented GFS to the readers and
how it works in certain ways. Not only that, we will show the comparison of traditional file system
with GFS, advantages and disadvantages of GFS and why it is so special to us.
Background
What is a Google ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Imagine how does the Google's world of database look like? Therefore, nothing is small because
google provide everything a user need to find through the database. GFS is implemented to
encounter the rapid growing of demands of Google's data processing requirements. However,
Google have difficulties when it comes to managing large amount of data. Depending on the
average number of comparable small servers, GFS is mainly designed as a distributed file system
that can be run on clusters for more than a thousands of machines. To ease the GFS application
development, the file system includes a programming interface used to abstract the management and
distribution aspect. While commodity hardware is being tested, GFS does not only being challenged
by managing not only on the distribution but also needed to cope with the increased danger of
hardware problems. Developers of GFS made an assumptions during the design of GFS is to
consider handling the disk faults, machine faults and network faults as being the model rather than
the exception. The key challenges faced by GFS is the security of data while scaling up to more than
a thousands of computers while managing the multiple terabytes of data

The Morality Of Peer And File Sharing
Introduction
The purpose of this essay is to assess the morality of peer–to–peer file sharing. I will be addressing
the ethics of downloading media that is difficult or expensive to obtain legally. It is my considered
opinion that is morally acceptable to download files when media is extraordinarily difficult or
expensive to explain legally. I will defend my position with an appeal to law and an appeal to
consequences. In the United States, it is illegal to make or download copies of copyrighted material.
Argument
The internet completely changed the business of copyright infringement. While the internet makes it
easier to identify copyright violations, it also enables those same violators to a previously
unprecedented degree. This is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This despite the fact that pirates download episodes of one of their most expensive shows of all time
at a rate of 2.5 million downloads per episode. The president of programming for HBO has said that
piracy is not hurting the company and that the record setting piracy is "sort of a compliment." The
CEO of Time Warner, HBO 's parent company, went further saying that the piracy was "better than
an Emmy" as praise for the quality of the show. (Dewey)
The positive consequences of Game of Thrones piracy are not just limited to HBO and Time Warner,
HBO's parent company. There are the cable and satellite companies' profits of course. Even more
important are the millions of dollars spent on Game of Thrones merchandise and DVDs which are
profitable, not only to HBO because of licensing, but also to the manufacturers, distributors, and
retailers that sell them. Piracy boosts the popularity of the show, which in turn keeps actors, writers,
and production crews in several countries employed. Even the nations that host production sites also
have positive economic benefits because of profit sharing, tourism, and the increased spending at
local businesses. If all of the consequences of pirating Game of Thrones are good then how can
downloading it be immoral?
Next, we need to examine the motivations of pirates. In the case of Game of

File System and Configuration File Essay
Final Exam Study Guide
1. Which runlevel is textual multi–user mode? Pg 431
3
2. Which system script contains the default runlevel? Pg425
/etc/inittab
Use the following information for study points 3–5:
A system administrator is manually setting up a new daemon named analyzed. The daemon should
be set to run at runlevel 3 and be the very last daemon to load.
3. What should the link to start the daemon be named? Pg 426,427
s99analyzed
4. What command would stop the analyzed daemon? Pg 427
service analyzed stop
5. What command would tell the system at which runlevels to start analyzed? Pg 430
chkconfig –level 35 analyzed
6. What command would let you most safely switch to runlevel 2 without rebooting ... Show more
Pg 794
/var/named/chroot/var/named
34. Know all of the record types that maps a host name to an IP address and is used for forward
lookups. Pg 780

A (address), Cname, MX, NS, PTR, SOA
35. Know all of the record types maps an alias to a host name. Pg 780
CNAME
36. Which configuration file would an administrator normally modify in order to change the IP
address that sendmail listens on? Pg 673 sendmail.mc
37. What port does sendmail listen on? Pg 671
25
38. Which file allows sendmail to host accounts for multiple domains? Pg 681
virtusertable
39. Dovecot provides which two protocols? Pg 689
IMAP and POP
40. Know all of the examples of an MTA. Pg 669
sendmail
41. What file is used to tell a Linux system which resources to use (and in what order) for services
such as authentication and name resolution? Pg 696
/etc/nsswitch.conf
42. The main configuration file for LDAP is __________. Pg 711
/etc/openldap/ldap.conf
43. The root, or top–level, domain in an LDAP hierarchy is called the _______. Pg 711
DSE
44. What port does LDAP use for unencrypted traffic . Pg 713
389
45. What represents a fully Distinguished Name? Pg 711
cn=joe.ou=workers;dc=factory.dc=com

46. What can be best described as a divider between fields in a data file? Pg 1024
Delimiter
47. In regular expressions, which character is used to tell a utility to look for the given

File Sharing And The Internet
File Sharing
"I 'd like to propose another toast to you, the listener. It doesn 't matter how you got this, you bought
it, you downloaded it, and your grandma gave it to you." (Jones). Chances are anybody who has
ever used the internet has downloaded copyrighted material. Many people view downloading
copyrighted material from the internet as stealing, but others see it as a distribution of human
knowledge and information. File sharing, more formally known today as torrents, should be legal.
File sharing is only illegal if the material that is being distributed is copyrighted. Even then if the
creator of the content chooses to distribute their material in this format it is also legal. Companies
argue that the unwanted sharing of their ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Floppy disks had shrunk down to their final format which was three and a half inches. "In 1992
floppy disk piracy was so popular that a campaign called 'Don't Copy That Floppy' started" (Smith).
The campaign mainly featured little white kids rapping about floppy disks.
"The controversy which defined file sharing for this period surrounded one file format – the mp3"
(Smith). In the late 1990s, Napster, a web service that provided mp3 files to people who paid a small
subscription fee, was founded and was known for hosting a large amount of mp3 files that anybody
could download. That same year a service called Audiogalaxy was created as well. The two sites had
friendly competitions to see who could get more web traffic and downloads. Napster was shut down
due to copyright infringement in 2001. Audiogalaxy closed soon after due to pressure caused by the
RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) and was sold to Vivendi Universal, a company
that would later turn the service into Rhapsody.
In the same year that Napster was shut down, Windows released its new software version which
would replace Windows 98. "Windows XP, released in 2001, included a feature called Simple File
Sharing which made it easy for Windows users to file shares among computers on a local network."
(Smith). In simpler terms, if one family used more than one computer in their household they could
get any file from one computer to another.

Peer On Peer File Sharing
Peer to Peer File Sharing
Have you ever heard of peer to peer file sharing technology or P2P? What is P2P? According to J.A
Pouwelse. P. Garbacki and his article "The Bittorrent P2P File–Sharing System: Measurements and
Analysis", "P2P is the transfer of a digital file from one "peer" to another. "peer" refers to computer
clients. This transfer can be as simple as the File Transfer Protocol(FTP), which transfer a file
directly to a visitor's personal computer through a server–hosted website (Pouwelse, Garbacki,
Epema, Sip, 2005)." File sharing create many ethical issues, but these ethical issues can be different
if we are looking at it morally, ethically or legally. Moral is an individual's belief about right or
wrong. Not everyone will have the same moral beliefs because they have different background or
culture. For examples, we can see many people streaming many document online and or sharing this
document and these people do not consider this issue a problem. If we look at it in an author stand
point we might consider this issue a problem since it influences our benefit. On the other hand, if we
are looking at a user standpoint, we do not think it is a problem because we are not paying for the
information we are accessing. We can conclude, that It depends on your cultural belief. Ethic is a
belief that depends on the society. The society or a group determines if a situation is good or bad. An
individual cannot change the ethical belief unless a group. This can be

Questions On Google File System
4 Modern Distributed File System
4.1 GFS (Google File System)
Google File System (GFS) as a proprietary file system was first published by ACM 2003 Article,
and was developed by Google for its own use. Its design goal was to provide efficient, reliable
access to a large amount of data using clusters of commodity hardware. Those cheap "commodity"
computers will bring the high failure rate of individual nodes and the subsequent data loss. So GFS
has some strategies to deal with the system failure. GFS also supports for high data throughputs,
even when it comes at the cost of latency.
In GFS, files are extremely rarely overwritten, or shrunk. When these files need to be modified, it
only adds append to those files.
A GFS cluster consists ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only when all chunk servers send back acknowledge, the changes can be saved on the system. This
strategy guarantees the completion and atomicity of the operation.
Client application accesses the files by first querying the Master server for the locations of the
desired chunks; with these information the client can contact with the chunk servers directly for
further operations. But if the chunks are being operated on (i.e. there are outstanding leases exist),
the client cannot access those files at this time.
GFS is not implemented in the kernel of an operating system, but is instead provided as a user space
library.
4.2 HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System)
Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is developed from GFS, so it has almost the same
architecture with GFS, master/slave architecture. HDFS is designed to hold large amount of data
(terabytes or even petabytes) and distributes the data in a cluster of connected computers. HDFS, as
the important part of Hadoop, usually handles those data with large size. It puts the large data into
small chunks, which is usually 64 megabytes, and stores three copies of each chunk into different
data nodes (chunk servers). By fragmenting the large data and distributing them into different
datanodes allow client application to read data from distributed files and perform operations by
using MapReduce. but is an open source system developed using GFS as a

It Is Not Necessary For Type All File
Fortunately, it is not necessary to type all file's name. That is because "md5sum" command offers a
feature that allows the user to compute a checksum for multiple files with same type or extension.
All the user needs to do is to specify the format of the file within the [file] section in the command.
Assume that there are four files in the current directory: "1.txt", "2.txt", "abc.iso" and "edf.iso". If
the user wants to compute the checksum for all ".txt" files under the current directory, the user can
put "*.txt" in the command for file's name which represents all ".txt" files under the same directory.
This action results in the following output:
In the output above, the terminal display the checksum for all ".txt" files. Also, the ... Show more
Notice that this new checksum may be or may be not the same as the associated checksum in
"save.md5" file. If a file's new checksum does not match the one in "save.md5" file, this file fails the
test. Otherwise, the file passes the test. The command checks all the file types that the user includes
in the command. The output message includes the file's name and testing result. If there is a pass,
the output gives a file name and an "OK" message. Otherwise, there is a "FAILED" message that
indicates the file failed the test. The following example gives a view of returned output that all tests
have passed. [5]
If any change is made on the content in these files, running "–c" will give a failing result. Assume
that the content on "1.txt" is changed, if the user run the checksum test again will get the following:
Getting a failing result after running "–c" option should catch user's attention. That is because if the
user did not make any change on these file, it is possible that an unauthorized party modifies the file.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . As the user
only concern about mismatched checksum, sometimes it is not necessary to generate the "OK"
message for every successfully checked file. The "––quite" option is very helpful when the user is
verifying a large

Benefits Of The File Sharing Technology
The technology in nineteenth century is referred to the practical arts used to create physical products
everything from wagon to steam engine. But in twentieth century the word was expanded to include
everything involved in satisfying human material wants. In this we can see the concepts and
significance of the technology, how the technology emerged, what is the internal process of
technology, and classification of technology. For this term project I would like to talk about the file
sharing technology. There are many advantages of the file sharing technology, when compare to the
past years it provides many services like cloud and internet services that we can use in terms of our
work, and make it easier for the studies.
CONCEPT & DEFINITION OF TECHNOLOGY:
Technology is a Greek word where techno means systematic skill needed to make something.
Technology means discussion or knowledge of something. With various definitions technology it
also means a systematic skilled knowledge & action. Usually used in industrial process, but it is
applicable to any process of activity. Technology can be defined as the sum of knowledge which
allows things to be done in a better way. Technology is the technical means people use to improve
their surroundings. It is people using knowledge, tools, and systems to make their lives easier and
better. It is the process by which humans modify nature to meet their needs & wants.
Out of many technologies I would like to choose "File Sharing

The Ethics Of File Sharing
CMSC 350 second paper Michael Montgomery
The Ethics of File Sharing
File sharing is the act of someone making a copy of a file and sending it to another person. The
method of sharing includes Internet peer to peer transfers, but also includes physical CD copies,
emails, and mobile storage devices. Companies are justified in focusing on physical CD sales and
online peer to peer file sharing, as their sales have potential to cause harm. Loss of sales is indeed
what is happening. Consumers need to be more aware of the risks of file sharing. File sharing
increases risks of viruses or loss of personal info. Education on the risks and side effects of file
sharing need to exist or be clearer to the younger audience. File sharing spreads hundreds ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Taiwan 1997, music sales hit 12 billion in their country specific currency. That statistic dropped
to 2 billion at 2012 due to the increasing amount of internet usage. (3) On further study via
surveying usage, riskiness, and preferences of media, people told an activity is likely to get caught
doing and has a large fine is 7% likely to continue performing. This statistic is vs 75% likely to
continue performing illegal acts if low risk of getting caught and low fines. (3) Using this
information, increasing estimated risk and increasing actual fines will have a great reduction in
piracy (3). To do that, high schools and colleges need to push the possibilities of getting caught and
the severity of penalties. Education on the risks of file sharing for consumers can lead to reduction
of piracy, and increased safety for users as well. File sharing doesn't just affect big companies.
Single artists and small bands have always strived to get their work out and hopefully also for sales
to continue making work. If consumers knew how businesses worked and the years of time it takes
for a product to become available, then they'd be less likely to steal via pirating. Piracy has
protections, "Recent research done by the Vienna University of Technology shows that distributing
infected cracks or keygens is one of the ways malware can spread... Their analysis shows that about
50% of collected cracks and keygens tested are infected with malware" (8). If customers

Architecture Of Glusterfs As A Scalable File System
GlusterFS is scalable file system which is implemented in C language. Since it is an open source its
features can be extended [8]. Architecture of GlusterFS is a powerful network written in user space
which uses FUSE to connect itself with virtual file system layer [9].
Features in GlusterFS can be easily added or removed [8]. GlusterFS has following components:
GlusterFs server storage pool – it is created of storage nodes to make a single global namespace.
Members can be dynamically added and removed from the pool.
GlusterFs storage client – client can connect with any Linux file system with any of NFS, CFS,
HTTP and FTP protocols. Fuse – fully functional Fs can be designed using Fuse and it will include
features like: simple ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
That somehow defeats the purpose of a high–availability storage cluster, must synchronize the
system time of all bricks, clearly the lack of accessible disk space wasn't GlusterFS's fault, and is
probably not a common scenario either, but it should spit out at least an error message.
2.4. HDFS File System
Hadoop distributed file system is written in Java for Hadoop framework, it is scalable and portable
FS. HDFS provide shell commands and Java application programming interface (API). [12] Data in
a Hadoop cluster is broken down into smaller pieces (called blocks) and distributed throughout the
cluster. In this way, the map and reduce functions can be executed on smaller subsets of larger data
sets, and this provides the scalability that is needed for big data processing. [12] A Hadoop cluster
has nominally a single namenode plus a cluster of datanodes, although redundancy options are
available for the namenode due to its criticality. Each datanode serves up blocks of data over the
network using a block protocol specific to HDFS. The file system uses TCP/IP sockets for
communication. Clients use remote procedure calls (RPC) to communicate with each other.
Fig 5. HDFS Architecture [19]
HDFS stores large files across multiple machines. It achieves reliability by replicating the data
across multiple hosts, and hence theoretically does not require redundant array of independent disks
(RAID) storage on

Dropbox Inc. Is A Hosting File Service
DropBox Inc. is a hosting file service by DropBox Inc, its headquarters are located in San Francisco,
California. They were started in 2007 by two students as a startup company which created success
for them immediately. They offer file synchronization, personal cloud, cloud storage, and client
software. Dropbox makes it easy and quick to create a folder on their personal laptop or desktops,
which DropBox synchronizes so it shows to be the same folder with the exact same information. It
makes it easy to share files with other people on other computers. It doesn 't make a difference
which device you are using to view it. The files which you place in this folder are accessible from
many different devices such as the DropBox website and with today 's tech savvy users on your
mobile apps. DropBox makes it easy to share large files with anyone even if they don 't have their
own account. Target Market DropBox failed when they created their first product because they didn
't realize who their target market was. They later learned that to make people want your product one
must produce something of value to the consumer. You have to understand people 's need and
provide them with a quick and easy solution. According to the case study Dropbox went from
100,000 to many million registered users in just about 18 months. That number has been
significantly growing since 2008. Dropbox serves over 500,000 worldwide users. When Dropbox
created dropbox for business they are targeting

Advanced Activity: File Sharing
Simran Singh
DLDMD 5th hour
Advanced Activity
File sharing allows users to use software that connects into a network to search for shared files from
other users. You are allowed to download any of the content that is on the file sharing account. Peer
to peer, P2P, is sharing that allows you to access files such as books, music, movies, and games. Bit
torrent is a peer–to–peer file transfer protocol for sharing large amounts of data over the Internet. All
of these resources are surprisingly not illegal and can be used by anyone.
Bit torrent transfers data between each other without the need for a central server. P2P disburses
application architecture that divides tasks or work–loads between others. File sharing is when you
simply share a file without going through a server. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, P2P allows sharing of movies, books, music, etc. This is breaking copyright laws.
Copyright laws state that buying music, books, movies, etc. is illegal. You could go to jail for
breaking copyright laws.
Bit torrent breaks copyright laws because it allows you to share excessive amounts of information. If
you use this information and don't put it in your own words you are plagiarizing. Plagiarisism is
illegal. Although it is illegal it does not have any civil or criminal offenses.
File sharing is not illegal. But, if you are sharing copyrighted information it is illegal. Sharing and
downloading any computer software is an example of an illegal way to use file sharing. TV shows,
songs, movies, etc. is also an illegal way to use file sharing.
In conclusion, although P2P, file sharing, and bit torrent are legal they can be used illegally. Using
copyrighted TV shows, songs, etc. without paying for it is illegal and you could get severe

Clyde Bruckman's The X-Files
"Curious, Desperate, and Gullible" "The X–Files is an American science fiction drama television
series created by Chris Carter, which originally aired from September 10, 1993 to May 19, 2002 on
Fox." The X Files had nine seasons with approximately 202 episodes featuring different elements
such as suspense, science fiction, etc. Focusing on one episode known as "Clyde Bruckman's Final
Repose" which was released on October 13, 1995 which goes on to talk about two FBI officers who
track a serial killer of fortunetellers but encounter a genuine physic. The episode showed to watchers
a realistic aspect of the show that was brought to the light. The episode goes to show how people
react the search for/need for control over their lives. "Clyde Bruckman's ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
People are desperate in the nature in doing anything to find out what will happen next or what will
happen in the future. This reaction of feeling desperate to find out what will happen seems to be
more of an accumulated feeling of wanting to have a sense of control. Instead of allowing the future
to just to be the future they are desperate on finding answers to unknown answers about their lives to
gain of power of control over their lives. Desperate measures could be going to mediums and
fortunetellers just like the character (serial killer) to feel a sense of control. Finally, the episode
showed that people in reaction for searching for the control over their lives become gullible. Being
gullible in the fact that they basically believe anything anybody says about knowing an aspect of
their future. For an example in the episode, when the FBI officers brought in a fortuneteller to help
on a lead on finding a serial killer the man was naming broad tips that was almost believable by the
officers. It wasn't the fact that they were desperate it was the fact that they got a breath of fresh air
knowing even a small glimpse of where they were going with the case in the

File Naming Conventions
Naming records in a consistent and predictable manner will distinguish similar files/records at a
glance. Facilitating the storage and retrieval of records which allows users to browse file names
more effectively and accurately. A standardized naming record according to an agreed convention
should make file naming easier, whether in a personal or professional setting. A good file naming
convention can help you to stay organized by making file identification easier and by grouping
similar files close together. Also can help others to easily navigate your work/files. Files with
naming convention provide a preview of content, are organized in a logical way (usually by date),
identifies responsible party, and shows work history. In a professional (business) setting,
standardized file naming conventions are a must, in my opinion. You and your co workers would
need a system to follow as to prevent confusion or errors in retrieving files/information. In a
personal setting, a file naming conventions probably wouldn't be as important. Although, with
school and being in my fourth semester, my documents and downloads were getting pretty cluttered.
So I created folders for each class, at the end of each semester I created a folder for that semester to
cut down on the amount of space taken ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I was so confused, as another classmate stated, I couldn't find the start menu to save my life! I was
so irritated. It took some time and some digging around (mainly an accident) to find the start screen,
which was a tab in the bottom left corner before. The biggest difference between Windows 7 and 8
is definitely the appearance or user interface. Windows 7 had a Start tab as opposed to Windows 8–
8.1 which has an app launcher as the 'Start" screen. Windows 7's appearance is more familiar to
Windows XP, while Windows 8–8.1 was designed for use with a touchscreen. Their core spec
requirements are about the only similarity I can

Essay File
Discovery Exercises – Chapter 4
1. How can you create a file called history by using a redirection operator?
>history
2. Wait one minute or more and then change the timestamp on the history file you just created. touch
history 3. Back up the history file to the file history.bak. history >history.bak
4. Sort the corp_phones1 file by the last four digits of the phone number. sort –n –k3 corp_phones1
5. Create and use a command that displays only the last names and telephone numbers (omitting the
area code) of people in the corp_phones2 file. Place a space between the telephone number and the
last name. cut –c 5–20 corp_phone1>corp_phones2
6. Assume you have a subdirectory named datafiles directly ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
mkdir mytest cp myfile ./mytest rm –r mytest
13. Use the cut command to create a file called descriptions that contains only the product
descriptions from the products file you created earlier in this chapter. cut –d ',' –f 3 products 14. You
are worried about copying over an existing or newer file in another directory when you use the
move command. What are your options in this situation? copy –u file1 ./
15. What command enables you to find all empty files in your source directory? find ./ –size 0
16. How can you find all files in your home directory that were modified in the last seven days? find
./ –mtime 7
17. How can you put the contents of each line of the product1 file side by side with the contents of
the product2 file, but with only a dash in between instead of a tab? paste –d '–' file1 file2 18. Make a
copy of the corp_phones2 file and call it testcorp. Next create a single–line command that enables
you to cut characters in the fifth column of the testcorp file and paste them back to the first column
in the same file? (Hint: Two good solutions exist, one in which you use a semicolon and one with
more finesse in which you use a pipe character.) corp_phones2>testcorp cut –d " " –f 5 testcorp
>tempfile |paste tempfile testcorp

19. How can you use a command you have learned in this chapter to list the names of all users on
your system? (Hint: Find out the name of

Advantages And Disadvantages Of File Format
Currently there are various types of file format emerged and it is used for preserve the digital
information. The main problems of these files format are not preserved digitally. The products of
digital information's are produce in word processing, spread sheet, data base, formula, chat,
multimedia, etc. Heterogeneous way the information are store in these files and it is required pacific
software for access these files.
The specification of file format is play very important role in digital preservation. The files format
are continuously grow new feature and function. Maximum organization and institution are
preserving the digital records. It is called digital repository and it is preserve for long term. These
repositories are preserved in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A PDF file contains one or more page images, each of which can zoom in on or out from. User can
page forward and backward.
Advantages of Portable Document Format (PDF)
Fast and simple to create: PDF files are very easy to create and virtually take no time at all. It's as
easy as clicking a button with mouse.
Security: If worried about sending documents over internet or circulate it in the office, no need to
worry with PDF documents.
Capability to compress large files: Imagine storing and transferring large volume of heavy files.
PDF had make life lot easier. The PDF's capability to compress large files is everybody's dream.
Portability: All PDF files exist independently from the Operating system, hardware, software that is
being used to view, edit or Convert PDF files. It not only makes it easy to transfer files among
computers with different hardware and software architecture. Using PDF files also make sure that
the document send reach the destination clearly without any error.
This is a cross–platform standard. This means user can see a document exactly as it was created,
regardless of what platform it was created

The Future of File Sharing Essay
According to recent research, 61% of people ages 14–24 illegally download copyrighted music (Van
Der Sar, Aug. 2009). Known as "file sharing," the process of making digital files available over the
internet is a habit among many people of all ages. Since Napster, the first file sharing program, came
out in 1999, the prevalence of file sharing steadily increased. According to Koleman Strumpf, by
2006, 60% of all internet traffic was due to file sharing, up from less than 10% in 1999 (Pries 1).
The rapid growth of file sharing can be attributed to several factors, one of which is the general
social acceptance of downloading music without paying for it (Grassmuck 1). Not everyone
supports file sharing, however. The Recording Industry ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Copying was free and unlimited. In order to take advantage of this new technology, a company
called Napster came into existence (Taintor). Napster, the first centralized way for computer users to
share music, started its business in 1999. Two years later, the company lost a lawsuit, and had to pay
millions of dollars in damages (Taintor). This legal setback did not stop the spread of file sharing; if
anything, it caused a large increase in the number of options people had to share their music
(Taintor). To fill the hole left by Napster, several new file sharing applications emerged. The new
applications used technology called "peer–to–peer," which enabled users to share their files amongst
one–another, rather than from a centralized server. This change in the way the applications worked
allowed them protection from the legal woes that plagued Napster. Since then, content owners and
publishers have taken to suing individuals to combat file sharing (Kravets). They argue that mass
lawsuits are the only way to protect their artists, the music industry, and music itself from the evils
of peer–to–peer file sharing. People cite many reasons for using file sharing services. One reason is
to discover new music. While the radio provides some access to music listeners might not have
heard, some music fans want to be able to explore on their own. These people want to know what
they are buying before they pay for it.

Organization And Naming Of Files
Organisation and naming of files;
1. Firstly to start organising and naming your files within your documents, you have to open up 'my
documents' window. You may want to organise your files and name them all correctly because this
will make it easier to find documents when you need to.
2. At the top left hand corner of the documents menu, you will see an 'organise' button by clicking
on this it will show a drop down menu, which will enable you to; copy, paste, change the layout,
rename or delete the file.
3. To rename the files you simply click on the rename button from the organise menu. This will
highlight the file name you had picked to rename and will enable you to change the name of the file.
4. When you have changed the name of your file; click enter and the file name will be changed.
Once the file name has changed it will still be in the same place as before (it won't change into
alphabetical order, unless you wanted to change them to that, to make it easier to find).
Back–up procedures;
1. Firstly click on the start menu and find 'control panel'. Once you are on the control panel then find
'system and maintenance', and click on it.
Backing up your files will ensure that if any of your files get deleted or lost you will quickly be able
to get them back, as long as you have backed up all of the files you need. If you don't back up your
files properly you may lose all of your files.
2. Once you are on the system and maintenance menu; click on

Taking a Look at the HDFS File System
Introduction Hadoop distributed file system is a highly scalable file system. It is specially designed
for applications with large data sets. HDFS supports parallel reading and processing of data. It is
significantly different from other distributed file systems. Typically HDFS is designed for streaming
large files. HDFS is specially designed to run commodity hardware and deployed into low cost
hardware. It has large throughput instead of low latency. HDFS typically uses read one write many
pattern. It is highly fault tolerant and easy to manage. The main feature of HDFS is built in
redundancy it typically keeps multiple replicas in the system. In HDFS cluster manages addition and
removal of nodes automatically. Here an operator can operate upto 3,000 nodes at a time. In the
HDFS key areas of POSIX semantics have been traded to increase data throughput rate. Working of
HDFS Hardware In HDFS hardware failure is a norm. Hardware failure is very common in HDFS.
In any instance there is thousands of working server machines. There is huge number of components
in HDFS. And each component has significant probability of failure. So there will always be some
component which will be not working in HDFS system. Data in HDFS Applications in HDFS will
require streaming access to data sets. Batch processing is done rather than interactive use by the
users. HDFS is specially designed to operate large data sets. In any single instance it supports
millions of files. Model of HDFS

Batch File Essay
Batch Files
A batch file is a text file that usually carries out one or more tasks in order; these batch files run like
a small computer program. This information is listed out in a simple text format in the window,
which is then saved onto the computer and run by clicking on the selected file. Batch files can be
used to automate several tasks, which are used by both people in the computer industry or just every
day computer use. These files are often used to help load programs, run multiple processes at a time,
and perform common or repetitive tasks that will take up too much time to complete manually.
These batch file does all the work for you and communicates with command prompt line (CMD)
without you having to type in each time. The ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cycle initiates at the start where the process is first started and created in the CPU. The process
will then be ready and waiting to be assigned to the processor by the operating system so that it can
be run. Once the process has been assigned by the scheduler, the process is then set to running and
the instructions executed. Processes can be moved to the waiting part of the process cycle to wait for
extra resources if necessary, this can be in the form of a user input or even waiting for a file. Once
the process finishes and has been terminated by the OS, it is then moved to the terminated start and
removed.
Process scheduling handles the removal and selection of any process in to the CPU based on any of
the requirements from the particular process algorithm Process scheduling is an essential part of a
Multiprogramming operating systems. Such operating systems allow more than one process to be
loaded into the executable memory at a time and the loaded process shares the CPU using time
multiplexing
There are several different scheduling algorithms used on a computer, which all have their different
features, please see the definitions for First come first serve, round robin and multilevel queue
scheduling.
First come first served
Jobs are executed on a first come first served basis
Round robin
Round robin is a process used for network

Essay On Distributed File System
The first deliverable is to setup the Distributed File System (DFS). The Distributed File System
(DFS) will be setup on the backup, print server, and a domain controllers having the Distributed File
System (DFS) role installed on each. The Distributed File System (DFS) that will be setup is fault
tolerant. This configuration will allow Rouge One Communications to replicate to data to multiple
server. In the case one server goes down the data is still accessible. Then DFS namespace will be
created with the name roc.com this will hold the actual file paths to server share. The namespace
roc.com will have subfolder named MDR (My Documents redirection). Followed by subfolders for
each user. Then folder will be named after their user for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Next testing will be done the way migration and redirection is to be tested is test accounts Testy
Tester, Herb Tester, and Cpt Awesome where made. Each account had a local "My Documents"
folder which was filled with data. Testy tester has one hundred megabytes of data. The test account
Herb tester has five hundred megabytes of data and Capt. awesome has one thousand megabytes of
data. These test accounts will be added to the My_Documents_Redirect–sg. Then the test accounts
will be login to a test machine. The group policy will apply. It is at this time it will redirect there
"My Documents" to the Distributed File System (DFS) path roc.comMDR%username%My
Documents as well as migrate their data to that location/ during this time windows will be at the
welcome screen and it will login to the desktop once the migration has been completed. Then the
two locations will be compared in size for "My Documents" as well as number of files and folders.
The time it took to migrate will also be noted. These tests will be done multiple times with each
account.
Now that the testing has been completed. The Information Technology department at Rouge One
Communications will gather and analyzed each user "My Documents" folder this information will
include the size in megabytes of each user "My Documents" folder as well as the number of files
and folders in their "My Documents". This analysis will be

File Sharing Essay
Author?s Note:
This was originally an informative speech and was some portions were edited for time purposes, so
some modifications may be required.If you?re using this as a speech, it will be around eight minutes
long.
Word Count: 1,054
Introduction
Most people have an idea of what file sharing is, but they?re not exactly sure why it?s such a big
deal. Some of them may even be aware of the fact that file sharing is punishable by law and carries a
fine of up to and including $20,000. Since the introduction of Napster in 1999, copyrighted music
has been illegally duplicated more than eight trillion times. In recent weeks, the Recording Industry
Association of America has filed more than three hundred lawsuits against American ... Show more
By the end of the year, sales of records, CDs and mini discs had dropped an additional thirty–five
percent. Sales of walkmans, stereo CD players and personal CD players decreased by three percent
that year as well. On the other hand, sales of recordable CDs and MP3 players increased by a
staggering one hundred sixty–nine percent in 1999, and the demand for these devices soon
overwhelmed the supply.
Why it?s a problem
It may or may not be obvious why illegal file sharing is a problem. Millions of people see nothing
wrong with downloading a song or two without paying for the download. It?s a problem because it
causes the price of albums to increase considerably for non–file sharing consumers. The average
music–loving American pays approximately from twenty–two dollars to thirty dollars for each
album he or she purchases. This wasn?t the case in the years prior to Napster?s debut. The average
American paid from eighteen to twenty dollars for each album, with the exceptions of anthologies
and double–album sets. It creates a problem for the file sharing user. Most people have morals, or
appear to, and constant stealing might compromise those morals, which ultimately leads to other
forms of theft in some cases. It causes a problem for the music industry because 1) the record
companies lose money behind slumping album sales 2) the ?people behind the scenes? at the

Limewire: the Rise and Fall of File Sharing
Limewire: The Rise and Fall of File Sharing When I was in middle school, the biggest way to get
music for free was a website named Limewire. Nothing was more exciting than to be able to hear a
song on the radio then go home and download it to our desktops. Also cool, was the fact that if one
of us didn't have a song, our friend could simply "burn" it onto a c.d. for us. That was the only way
we knew how to get music, aside from going out and buying the whole album. Apple's iTunes was
just starting out and iPods were just being created. Limewire was the way to go. Little did we know
that Limewire was illegal and costing singers, songwriters, labels, and everyone associated with just
one song, huge amounts of money. Limewire was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the start of the suit in 2006, they launched a paying service named Limewire Store. This
pacified some labels but given the overwhelming number of illegal downloads still happening, the
majority of labels didn't seem satisfied. The executives involved in the suit also said that the
company should pay more than 1 billion dollars in damages for their copyright violations. The
parties finally reached a settlement of 105 million dollars distributed to the various companies
respectively. While the record companies asked for the maximum penalty of 1.4 billion dollars, they
hoped that the huge victory would show other piracy sites and services that what they're doing is not
a game. Illegal downloads hurt the people who have put in the hard work, day in and day out. The
RIAA's chairman, Mitch Bainwol said it best, "As the court heard during the last two weeks,
Limewire wreaked enormous damage on the music community, helping contribute to thousands of
lost jobs and few opportunities for aspiring artists." In June of 2011, the RIAA and record
companies filed one more motion to permanently shut down the Limewire site and all services
connected to it. It injunction stated that Limewire hadn't changed their illegal practices since the
judgement. Judge Wood gave the site 2 weeks rebut the closing and give reason as to why it should
not be shut down. While that was going on,

File Sharing on the Internet Essay
File Sharing on the Internet When we think of pirates, we see scruffy men with unshaven chins, a
bandana, a gold earing, a black patch on one eye, and a wooden leg, men with guns in hand, riding
the seas in their wooden ship proudly flying the terrifying skull and crossbones. Well, pirates these
days look much different. In fact, you may be sitting by one right now. They are ordinary people
who have come to enjoy the technologies the Internet provides. These pirates are boys and girls,
women and men, who habitually root themselves in their desk chairs with eyes fixed on the
computer screen. But today's pirates have something in common with the pirates of days lost in
history. Both steal what doesn't belong to them. Today's pirates ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Ultimately it ceased being a free source of music. Now there are a few other popular servers, like
Gnutella, Morpheus, and Kazaa. The legality of these sites and all sites like it is hotly debated.
In order to limit exchanging music, record companies want to make hardware and software to
prevent music from being copied. But this would prevent people from copying their own music.
That means no making CD mixes or putting music from your CDs on the computer, which is all
perfectly legal. A handful of CDs already have certain features that prohibit the CD from being
played on the computer and thereby prohibit the CD from being copied. There are many legitimate
reasons for someone to copy their CDs, however. First, instead of taking a whole bunch of CDs
when I go somewhere, I'd rather just take copies in case I would lose any. Second, how many times
have you scratched a CD? Too many to count, no doubt, and by being able to copy your CDs, you
don't have to worry about not being able to listen to the CD just because you accidentally scratched
it. CDs are valuable items and thieves will gladly take them if they can, but if all your CDs are
copied they're only stealing a worthless copy and not the original. And if they happen to get their
hands on your originals, you know that your CD won't be lost forever because you made a copy of
it. Many times you don't like all the songs on a CD. You can then copy the songs you like, get rid of
the ones you don't like, and add different

The Epidemic Of Illegal File Sharing
Music Industry in America is one of the most powerful music industries in the world and it consists
of many record labels, nevertheless, the top three major labels are Universal Music Group, Sony
Music Entertainment, and Warner Music Group. Most of music industries earn revenue by creating
and selling their goods to music consumers and also music retailers. In the past, major labels or
music companies sold their products through sheet music (the handwritten or printed form of music
notation) then developed to vinyl records, cassettes, and CDs.
Bhattacharjee, S et al. (2006: 92) evidently reported the situation of illegal file sharing in 2003 and
suggested the method to discard the problem that:
In response to this "epidemic of illegal file sharing" (RIAA 2003a), on June 26, 2003, RIAA
redirected legal threats toward individual subscribers of these networks who, in the past, enjoyed
anonymity in P2P environments. Prior to RIAA's recent legal efforts, individual file sharers were
almost completely immune from legal liability when violating copyright law. These recent legal
developments have considerably altered that perceived notion (Graham 2003; Lichtman 2003).
Owing to the impracticality of filing lawsuits against every individual file sharer, RIAA has chosen
to focus on a relatively small group of individuals and maximize the publicity surrounding its legal
action to discourage the overall participation in file‐sharing networks.
However, this problem still exist in USA

File Sharing Should Not Be Illegal

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