Fingerprinting technology
- 1. Fingerprinting Technology “The act or an instance of taking an ink impression of someone's fingerprints for the purpose of identification”
- 2. History • Fingerprints have been found on ancient clay tablets, seals, and pottery. • In about 200 BC fingerprints were used to sign written contracts in China. • In 1901, Sir Edward Henry established the first fingerprint classification system in Britain. • 1903- First official use of Fingerprints in United States. • 1924- FBI consolidates 800,000 fingerprints files from Across United States • 1975- FBI introduces the Automated Fingerprint identification system (AFIS) • On January 25, 2008 Pakistan Automated Fingerprints System (PAFIS) was launched in Islamabad.
- 3. What are Fingerprints? • A fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger. • The skin surface of any human finger consists of a pattern of dark lines of ridges along with white lines or valleys between them termed as Ridges. • The details of ridges and their sequence is what defines the information for fingerprint identification.
- 4. Patterns of Fingerprints • Finger patterns can be divided into 3 groups as shown below: Arches Loops Whorls
- 5. Fingerprinting Techniques • Exemplar Exemplar prints can be collected using live scan or by using ink on Paper cards. • Latent In forensic science a partial fingerprint lifted from a surface is Called a latent fingerprint. .
- 6. Obtaining Fingerprints • Chemical Method Chemical methods of techniques for visualizing fingerprints are: • Spraying the surface with black powder can reveal the fingerprint patterns which can then be lifted using clear tape. • Different chemicals like cyanoacrylate can develop fingerprints on a variety of objects. • Ninhydrin - forms bonds with amino acids present in fingerprints, can also be used. • Also, the magnetic powder can be used to reveal fingerprints and works on shiny surfaces or plastic bags or containers.
- 7. Automatic Identification method Fingerprints Sensors A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern. The fingerprint images can be acquired using different sensors. • Optical scanners take a visual image of the fingerprint using a digital camera. • Capacitive or CMOS scanners use capacitors and thus electrical current to form an image of the fingerprint. • Ultrasound fingerprint scanners use high frequency sound waves to penetrate the epidermal (outer) layer of the skin. • Thermal scanners sense the temperature differences on the contact surface, in between fingerprint ridges and valleys.
- 8. Fingerprinting identification process • Basically, digital imaging technology is used in acquiring, storing and analyzing the fingerprint data. • Acquiring Images The left image given below shows the whole structure of the fingerprint acquisition using an optical scanner and the right image is the real-time example of the system.
- 9. Storing of images • The acquired image is then processed using digital image processing techniques as explained below: • Image Image image Frequency Segmentation normalization concentration image image Binary image thinning image filtering Analyzing the Images The system provides a list of the closest matching fingerprint images from the print database and the results are verified to determine if an identification is made.
- 10. Fingerprint processors • A fingerprint processor is a digital integrated circuit that processes binary data received from sub-systems. • A fingerprint processor works like the brains of the fingerprint recognition device. • Today’s fingerprint processors are faster than ever and are easy to integrate in application specific systems.
- 11. Applications of Fingerprinting Technology • Following are the applications of fingerprinting technology in the fields of: 1. Biometrics • Law enforcement and public security • Military • Border, travel, and migration control • Civil identification • Healthcare and subsidies • Physical and logical access • Commercial applications • Unlocking mobile • Door unlocks • Payment • Fingerprint credit cards • Biometrics in schools 2. Forensic 3. Crime scene investigation 5. Detection of drug use 6. Police force database
- 12. Biometrics “Biometrics is the most suitable means of identifying and authenticating individuals in a reliable and fast way through unique biological characteristics.”
- 13. Biometrics authentication and identification Biometric authentication Biometric identification • Biometric authentication compares data for the person's characteristics to that person's biometric to determine resemblance. • In this mode, the question is: "Are you indeed, Mr or Mrs. X?" • Biometric identification consists of determining the identity of a person. • It can be a photo of their face, a record of their voice, or an image of their fingerprint. • In this mode, the question is a simple one: "Who are you?
- 14. Biometric identifiers 2. Behavioral measurements • Voice recognition • Signature dynamics • Keystroke dynamics • Gait, the sound of steps • Gestures, etc. 1. Physiological measurements • Fingerprints • The hand • The finger • Vein pattern • The eye (iris and retina) • The face's shape.
- 15. Uses of Biometrics 1. Law enforcement • Criminal/suspect identification • Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS). • Store, search and retrieve, fingerprint images and subject records Public security • Live face recognition • Face identification in a crowd for public security – in cities, airports, at borders, or other sensitives such as stadiums or places of worship.
- 16. Border, travel, and migration control • Fingerprint scanners and cameras at border posts capture information that helps identify travelers entering the country in a more precise and reliable way. • Use of biometric passports to increase the level of protection for people entering and leaving the country. • Over 1.2 billion e-passports were in circulation in 2020.
- 17. Civil identification/ voting • Biometric technology is widely used IN recognizing person’s identity e.g, NADRA • Biometrics can also be critical for the "one person, one vote" principle.
- 18. Unlocking mobile devices • Passcodes and pin codes in mobile devices are not secure enough so fingerprints are more convenient and secure way of unlocking mobile phones. Unlocking DOOR locks Thanks to fingerprint biometrics, customers register their fingerprints at the check-in.
- 19. Health care • Biometric identification of patients optimizes the treatment process and virtually eliminates the possibility of errors. • Detection of drug use The fingerprints of tobacco smokers contain traces of cotinine, a nicotine metabolite. Fingerprint drug test device scan the prints of drug abuser.
- 20. Payments • It is now possible to use your fingerprint as a payment method, without the need to carry cash or credit cards. • Biometrics in schools In schools of United Nations, students and teachers’ attendance is done through biometric techniques.
- 21. Crime scene investigations • One of the most important uses for fingerprints is to help investigators link one crime scene to another involving the same person. Staff management Using biometrics to identify employees can increase employee accountability, which will directly lead to increased productivity. The biometric HR solution provides more accurate attendance information, eliminates unnecessary payroll costs, and reduces labor costs
- 22. Future of Biometric Technology • Many biometric services are currently under development and testing. However, in a few years, these biometric technologies will be introduced everywhere. • Plastic cards will recede into the background soon, and fingerprint scans will become a standard daily operation. • Experiments are underway with every possible trait, from monitoring your heart rate to implanting chips under your skin. • Improving modern methods in terms of protection such as scanning 3D image of a fingerprint • Biometric identification technologies are improving so quickly that it is difficult to predict what they will look like in a few years- like passwords that were difficult to use, change, and remember will remain in the past.
- 23. The biometrics market • According to Global Markets Insights, the global biometric market is expected to top USD 50 billion by 2024. • Non-AFIS will account for the highest biometrics market share, exceeding USD 18 billion by 2024. • Pakistani biometric technology is still growing. • The global biometric technology market is driven by growing applications of biometric solutions in the commercial & government sectors.
- 24. Recent advancements in Fingerprinting technology • Today’s fingerprint recognition devices are faster, accurate and securer than their previous generations and they will continue to improve as technology and new standards grow. • Recent advancements in fingerprint technology has resulted in several benefits, important ones are discussed below: • Improved anti-spoofing mechanism • Improved speed and reduced processing time • Ease of integration : fingerprint SDKs and APIs • Accuracy • Power efficiency
- 25. Advantages • Security- fingerprints are the securest means of protecting our personal data and accounts. • Spoof-proof- Fingerprints are harder to fake or steal. • Non-transferable- fingerprints are non- transferable because every person has unique sets of fingerprints. We cannot share them as passwords or pin codes. • Accountability- Using fingerprints recognition also provides high level of accountability at work • Fast speed- compared to typing passwords, fingerprints are proved as far more faster technique. • User friendly- For payments or identity recognition you don’t have to carry cards because you always have your fingerprints with you.
- 26. Disadvantages • System failures – Scanners are subject to the same technical failures and limitations as all other electronic identification systems such as power outages, errors and environmental factors. • Errors– Using fingerprints canners can sometimes leads to false rejections and acceptances. • Costly– the fingerprints scanning devices are expensive and sensitive to handle. • Exclusions– Some people are restricted from this technology because in older age or if anybody had a cancer history he/ she would be excluded from using fingerprinting technology. • Highly complex systems – biometric technique is highly technical and complex system as most of the population of Pakistan is illiterate.
- 27. Conclusion • Technology is probably the fastest developing area than any other man made things and fingerprint recognition technology is not an exception. Recent years have witnessed so many advancements in fingerprint technology which is unparalleled in the history of biometric technology. • Mobile biometrics has particularly shown unprecedented growth. Today, we have ultra-thin fingerprint processor that can fit into applications like payment cards and fingerprint sensors which can scan user prints from the smartphone display. • Once only limited to high security facilities for access control and identification applications, fingerprint recognition is now available even in low-end smartphones.