The document discusses the structure and components of a C program. It explains that a C program consists of preprocessor statements, global variable declarations, the main function, and optional sub-functions. The main function contains the primary logic and calls any sub-functions, which can declare their own local variables and contain additional code blocks. Preprocessor statements allow executing code at compile time before the program runs, while global variables can be accessed throughout the entire program and local variables are only accessible within their specific function.