Fortran 95
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The document provides an overview of the FORTRAN programming language. It discusses the history and origins of FORTRAN as one of the oldest programming languages developed in 1957. Key features of FORTRAN include being machine independent, having a natural way to express mathematical functions, and efficient execution for number crunching applications in science and engineering. The document also demonstrates the basic structure of a FORTRAN program with declarations, execution, and termination sections. It shows a simple example program that reads input, performs a calculation, and outputs the result.
Fortran 95
- 1. The FORTRAN Programming Language Zaahir Salam
- 2. How to get FORTRAN 95 Compiler • Write FTN silverfrost in google and download it for free
- 3. History • One of the oldest programming languages, the FORTRAN was developed by a team of programmers at IBM led by John Backus, and was first published in 1957. • The name FORTRAN is an acronym for FORmula TRANslation, because it was designed to allow easy translation of math formulas into code. • Often referred to as a scientific language, FORTRAN was the first high-level language, using the first compiler ever developed. • Prior to the development of FORTRAN computer programmers were required to program in machine/assembly code, which was an extremely difficult and time consuming task, difficult to debug the code.
- 4. Significant Language Features • Simple to learn • Machine Independent - allows for easy transportation of a program from one machine to another. • More natural ways to express mathematical functions - FORTRAN permits even severely complex mathematical functions to be expressed similarly to regular algebraic notation. • Problem orientated language • Remains close to and exploits the available hardware • Efficient execution - there is only an approximate 20% decrease in efficiency as compared to assembly/machine code.
- 5. Areas of Application • Number crunching - due to the more natural (like it's true algebraic form) way of expressing complex mathematical functions and it's quick execution time, FORTRAN is easy and efficient at processing mathematical equations. • Scientific, mathematical, statistical, and engineering type procedures -due to it's rapid number-crunching ability FORTRAN is a good choice for these type of applications.
- 6. Basic Elements of Fortran Program The Fortran Character Set The following are valid in a Fortran 90/95 program: alpha-numeric: a-z, A-Z, 0-9, and _ (the underscore); arithmetic symbols: +, -, *, /, ** miscellaneous symbols: e.g. , comma . decimal point < less than etc
- 7. Structure of a FORTRAN Statement A program consists of a series of statements designed to accomplish the goal. There are two basic types of statements: Executable statements describe the actions taken by the program (additions, subtractions, multiplications, divisions). Non-executable statements provide information necessary for proper operation of the program.
- 8. Rules on Fortran statements: Each line may be up to 132 characters long. A statement too long to fit in a single line may be continued on the next line by ending the current line with an & (ampersand). e. g. output = input1 + input2 ! sum the inputs Commenting your code is very important. To comment in FORTRAN, one uses the exclamation point (!) All comments after the ! are ignored by the compiler
- 9. Structure of a Fortran Program A FORTRAN program can be divided into three sections: Declarations - This section consists of a group of non-executable statements at the start of the program. Execution - This section consists of one or more statements describing the actions to be performed by the program. Termination - This section consists of a statement (or statements) telling the computer to stop/end running the program.
- 10. The program reads two numbers as input, multiplies them, and prints out the result PROGRAM my_first_program ! Purpose: ! To illustrate some of the basic features of a Fortran program. ! ! Declare the variables used in this program. INTEGER :: i, j, k ! All variables are integers ! Get two values to store in variables i and j WRITE (*,*) 'Enter the numbers to multiply: ' READ (*,*) i, j
- 11. Continued… ! Multiply the numbers together k=i*j ! Write out the result. WRITE (*,*) 'Result = ', k ! Finish up. STOP END PROGRAM my_first_program
- 12. Discussion of Program Above The first statement of this program begins with the word PROGRAM. This is a non-executable statement that specifies the name of the program to the FORTRAN compiler. The name may be up to 31 characters long and be any combination of alphabetic characters, digits, and the underscore. The first character must be a letter. The PROGRAM statement must be the first line of the program.
- 13. The Declaration Section This section begins with a comment stating that variable declarations are to follow. The declaration begins with the data type (INTEGER) followed by two colons and then the variable name. A comment follows the variable name. Every variable must be commented as to its purpose in the program. These statements are non-executable.
- 14. The Execution Section The first statement in this section is the WRITE statement that tells the user to enter the input. The second statement will read the input and assign the values to the corresponding variables. The third statement multiplies the two variables and the product is assigned to a third variable. The last executable statement prints the product to the screen.
- 15. The Termination Section The STOP statement tells the computer to stop running the program. The use of the STOP command is optional here. The END PROGRAM statement informs the compiler that no more statements exist.
- 16. Compiling and Executing the FORTRAN Program Before a program can be run (executed) it must be compiled into an executable program. In this process the code may also be linked to various system libraries.
- 17. Variables and the IMPLICIT NONE Checking a constant (e.g.7, 3.14156, 'John'), it is easy to determine which type it may be. However, for a variable, we must assign a type to that variable. Assigning a type reserves the memory needed to store the data expected (e.g.4 bytes for: 7 , 3.14156 and 2 bytes/letter for: 'John').
- 19. Thank You for Your Kind attention