FOSS & Society
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The document discusses the history of how software was sold and distributed from the early 19th century to present day. It outlines key events like IBM beginning to charge separately for software in 1969 and Richard Stallman's launch of the GNU project in 1984 to create a free Unix-like operating system. Stallman believed software users should have four essential freedoms: to use, study, share, and modify software. This philosophy led to the creation of the GNU General Public License to ensure any versions or modifications of GNU software remained free to use. While open source software has similar goals, the document notes it allows some licenses considered too restrictive by free software advocates.
FOSS & Society
- 1. Mathias Klang @klangable mklang@sju.edu FOSS & Society
- 2. How software was sold
- 5. hollerith
- 9. 1969 IBM began to charge separately for (mainframe) software and services, and ceased to supply source code.
- 11. "technical means to a social end." Stallman
- 12. Starting this Thanksgiving I am going to write a complete Unix-compatible software system called GNU (for Gnu's Not Unix), and give it away free to everyone who can use it. Contributions of time, money, programs and equipment are greatly needed. Stallman (1984)
- 14. Philosophy
- 15. The freedom to run the program as you wish, for any purpose (freedom 0). The freedom to study how the program works, and change it so it does your computing as you wish (freedom 1). Access to the source code is a precondition for this. The freedom to redistribute copies so you can help your neighbor (freedom 2). The freedom to distribute copies of your modified versions to others (freedom 3).
- 16. “Free software is a matter of liberty, not price. To understand the concept, you should think of free as in free speech, not as in free beer.” Stallman
- 17. GNU General Public License
- 18. GNU is not in the public domain. Everyone will be permitted to modify and redistribute GNU, but no distributor will be allowed to restrict its further redistribution. That is to say, proprietary modifications will not be allowed. I want to make sure that all versions of GNU remain free. GNU Manifesto (1985)
- 20. Open Source
- 21. The term “open source” software is used by some people to mean more or less the same category as free software. It is not exactly the same class of software: they accept some licences that we consider too restrictive…
- 23. Return of Selling hardware
- 24. Tivoization is the creation of a system that incorporates software under the terms of a copyleft software license (like the GPL), but uses hardware restrictions to prevent users from running modified versions of the software on that hardware. Tivo-isation
- 25. Mathias Klang mklang@sju.edu or @klangable www.klangable.com Image & licensing info in the notes section of slides. Images at www.flickr.com (or specifically stated). This ppt licensed: Creative Commons BY-NC-SA Download presentation www.slideshare.net/klang
Editor's Notes
- #2: Resplendent Face of Mooki by Chuckumentary cc by nc sa
- #3: Rushing down the street ~ Shibam, Yemen by Martin Sojka cc by nc sa
- #4: Radevormwald-Dahlerau Early binary encoding / Jacquard weaving loom in the historic cloth mill of "Johann Wülfing & Sohn" by Werner Wittersheim cc by nc The punch cards in the back ground contain the complete information of an often very complex weaving pattern and actuate the elaborate mechanism of the weaving loom. Joseph Marie Jacquard
- #5: Babbage efterföljande försök, styrdes via hålkort för att kunna beskriva generella matematiska problem. Blev ej heller den klar, pga. ekonomiska, politiska problem. Replica built in the 1990 weighs 2600 kg. London Science Museum: http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/stories/babbage.aspx
- #6: Written in Gold by Anonymous Account cc by Holleriths tabuleringsmaskin användes vid den amerikanska folkräkningen 1890, den förra (1880) tog 8 år att beräkna och man antog att 1890:s skulle ta 13 år. Använde hålkort. Och 1890:s folkräkning tog med Holleriths maskin bara 18 månader att genomföra. Användes av försäkringsbolag mm. Till redovisning. Holleriths företag var ett av urspungen till IBM.
- #7: This image is (c) by Musée de l'Informatique http://www.flickr.com/photos/museeinformatique/3784821545/
- #8: Sheep standing in the cold from P!XELTREE cc by nc sa Until the late 1960s computers—huge and expensive mainframe machines in specially air-conditioned computer rooms—were usually supplied on a lease rather than purchase basis.[6][7] Service and all software available were usually supplied by manufacturers without separate charge until 1969. Software source code was usually provided. Users who developed software often made it available, without charge. Customers who purchased expensive mainframe hardware did not pay separately for software. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proprietary_software
- #9: Stonewall Inn 1969CC BY-SA 3.0view terms Diana Davies, copyright owned by New York Public Library Apollo 11 first step Public Domain National Aeronautics and Space Administration - NASA's Apollo 11 Multimedia webpage
- #10: Silhouette of a Feather By DoodleDeMoon cc by
- #11: The Afeman's socks from Andrea Marutti cc by nc sa
- #12: Time halted by paulwb cc by nc sa
- #13: 27 September 1984
- #15: Yoga on the Beach of Riviera Maya By Grand Velas Riviera Maya cc by sa
- #16: By doing this you can give the whole community a chance to benefit from your changes. Access to the source code is a precondition for this.
- #17: Ω by RawheaD Rex CC BY NC SA
- #18: open road from JKönig cc by nc sa
- #19: on the air by Antonio Martínez cc by nc sa
- #20: OK, who gave the monkey a ray gun_! by Don Solo cc by nc sa
- #21: as train goes by... from atzu cc by nc sa
- #22: a cloud over my head by Wrote CC by nc
- #24: A British institution from exfordy cc by
- #25: Goose on Snow by Wayne MacPhail cc by nc