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Frameworks Methodologies and Tools for Developing
Rich Internet Applications 1st Edition Giner Alor-
HernÃ¡ndez Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Giner Alor-HernÃ¡ndez, Viviana Yarel Rosales-Morales, Luis Omar
Colombo-Mendoza
ISBN(s): 9781466664388, 146666438X
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 36.62 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english

Frameworks,
Methodologies, and
Tools for Developing Rich
Internet Applications
Giner Alor-Hernández
Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba, Mexico
Viviana Yarel Rosales-Morales
Luis Omar Colombo-Mendoza
A volume in the Advances in Web Technologies
and Engineering (AWTE) Book Series

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Table of Contents
Preface.
...................................................................................................................................................ix
Acknowledgment...............................................................................................................................xviii
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts on RIAs.......................................................................................................................... 1
1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................................1
2. BASIC CONCEPTS.
.......................................................................................................................................................2
3. MAIN CROSS-DOMAINS BENEFITS OF RIAS........................................................................................................5
4. SUCCESSFUL STORIES ON RIAS DEVELOPMENT...............................................................................................9
5. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................................14
Chapter 2
Frameworks for RIAs Development...................................................................................................... 17
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................17
2. FRAMEWORKS FOR RIAS DEVELOPMENT.........................................................................................................17
3. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................................33
Chapter 3
Software Development Methodologies for Traditional Web Applications and RIAs.
........................... 36
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................36
2. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES FOR TRADITIONAL WEB APPLICATIONS.
...................37
3. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGIES FOR RIAS.
............................................................................44
4. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................................55
Chapter 4
Important Factors on RIAs Development.............................................................................................. 59
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................59
2. MULTIMEDIA SUPPORT ON RIAS.
.........................................................................................................................60
3. ASPECT-ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (AOP) SUPPORT ON RIAS....................................................................64
4. DESIGN PATTERNS SUPPORT ON RIAS.
...............................................................................................................67
5. USER INTERFACE DESIGN PATTERN (UI PATTERN) SUPPORT ON RIAS.
.....................................................69
6. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................................72

Chapter 5
Multimedia Support for Native/Embedded Video Playback on Frameworks for RIAs .
Development.......................................................................................................................................... 76
1. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................................76
2. MULTIMEDIA SUPPORT INTO JAVASCRIPT-BASED FRAMEWORKS.............................................................77
3. MULTIMEDIA SUPPORT INTO NON-JAVASCRIPT-BASED FRAMEWORKS...................................................89
4. CONCLUSION.............................................................................................................................................................99
Chapter 6
Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) Support on RIAs Development.............................................. 102
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................102
2. RESEARCH WORKS ON WEB ENGINEERING WITH AOP SUPPORT.............................................................104
3. AOP SUPPORT ON JAVASCRIPT-BASED FRAMEWORKS................................................................................108
4. AOP SUPPORT ON NON-JAVASCRIPT-BASED FRAMEWORKS......................................................................114
5. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................................115
Chapter 7
Design Patterns Support for RIAs Development................................................................................. 118
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................118
2. DESIGN PATTERNS.................................................................................................................................................119
3. DESIGN PATTERNS SUPPORT INTO JAVASCRIPT-BASED FRAMEWORKS.................................................129
4. DESIGN PATTERNS SUPPORT INTO NON-JAVASCRIPT-BASED FRAMEWORKS.......................................136
5. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................................138
Chapter 8
UI Patterns Support on RIAs Development......................................................................................... 140
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................140
2. UI PATTERNS SUPPORT INTO JAVASCRIPT-BASED FRAMEWORKS...........................................................142
3. UI PATTERNS SUPPORT INTO NON-JAVASCRIPT-BASED FRAMEWORKS.................................................164
4. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................................187
Chapter 9
Case Studies Using JavaScript-Based Frameworks............................................................................. 189
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................189
2. DEVELOPING SOAP WEB SERVICES-BASED APPLICATIONS.......................................................................190
3. DEVELOPING A WORLD ATLAS..........................................................................................................................193
4. DEVELOPING A DOCUMENT INDEXING SYSTEM...........................................................................................197
5. DEVELOPING AN E-PROCUREMENT SYSTEM OF MEDICAL SUPPLIES.....................................................201
6. DEVELOPING A MASHUP: A META-SEARCH ENGINE....................................................................................203
7. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................................208

Chapter 10
Case Studies Using Adobe™ Flex....................................................................................................... 210
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................210
2. DEVELOPING REST WEB SERVICES-BASED APPLICATIONS.
.......................................................................211
3. CASE STUDIES.........................................................................................................................................................212
4. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................................224
Chapter 11
Case Studies Using JavaFX™.
............................................................................................................. 227
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................227
2. JAVAFX™ ARCHITECTURE...................................................................................................................................228
3. BENEFITS OF USING JAVAFX™...........................................................................................................................230
4. DEVELOPING A PHOTO ALBUM BY USING FLICKR™...................................................................................233
5. DEVELOPING A PHOTO ALBUM BY USING PICASA™...................................................................................237
6. DEVELOPING A PHOTO ALBUM BY USING PHOTOBUCKET™....................................................................240
7. DEVELOPING A ROTTEN TOMATOES™-BASED SEARCH ENGINE FOR MOVIES....................................243
8. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................................247
Chapter 12
Multi-Device RIAs Development........................................................................................................ 249
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................249
2. MULTI-DEVICE RIAS..............................................................................................................................................250
3. MULTI-DEVICE DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKS............................................................................................252
4. COMPARISON.
..........................................................................................................................................................266
5. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................................267
Chapter 13
An Overview of RIAs Development Tools.......................................................................................... 269
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................269
2. TOOLS FOR FRAMEWORK-BASED RIAS DEVELOPMENT.............................................................................270
3. MDD TOOLS FOR RIAS DEVELOPMENT............................................................................................................293
4. RAD TOOLS FOR RIAS DEVELOPMENT.............................................................................................................299
5. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................................300
Chapter 14
AlexandRIA: A Visual Tool for Generating Multi-Device RIAs........................................................ 303
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................303
2. ALEXANDRIA: A UI PATTERN-BASED APPROACH FOR GENERATING MULTI-DEVICE RIAS..............304
3. CLOUD APIS.............................................................................................................................................................305
4. INTERACTION DESIGN PATERNS........................................................................................................................311
5. CASE STUDIES.........................................................................................................................................................312
6. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................................320

Chapter 15
New Trends on RIAs Development..................................................................................................... 323
1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................323
2. RIAS AND CLOUD COMPUTING..........................................................................................................................324
3. RIAS AND MASHUPS..............................................................................................................................................327
4. RIAS AND WEB 3.0..................................................................................................................................................329
5. RIAS AND WEB 4.0..................................................................................................................................................331
6. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................................333
Compilation of References................................................................................................................ 337
About the Authors.
............................................................................................................................. 347
Index.................................................................................................................................................... 348

ix
Preface
WEB DEVELOPMENT EVOLUTION: FROM STATIC WEB
PAGES TO RICH INTERNET APPLICATIONS
The Web has become one of the most important platforms for quickly and effectively transmitting in-
formation to people. In 1990, the Web started with HTML technology, which was originally devised to
represent static information through a Web browser. The data flow was in a unidirectional way, from
server-side to client-side. However, there was no personalization; most Websites did not authenticate
users because there was no need.
Over time, Web applications took advantage for business purposes, showing dynamic content to
users by enhancing client-side information technologies with JavaScript and bringing components like
Applets and ActiveX, or plugins such as AdobeTM
FlashTM
. On the server-side, there were information
technologies that provided dynamism to the Web content. One of the first technologies for this purpose
was CGI, which in 1993 represented a standard interface for passing dynamic content from server-side
to client-side. Three years later, Java Applet emerged besides consolidated technologies such as PHP
and MicrosoftTM
ASP. At that time, Web applications used the .Net as a platform for business, rendering
dynamic content to users based on back-end business logic and database content. Developers enhanced
the Internet’s capabilities to meet the demands of business applications by including scripts—JavaScript
and VBScript—and components, such as Applet and ActiveXTM,
to the client (user) computer. While
this user experience was to some extent enhanced, the fundamental “document-driven” synchronous
approach of traditional Internet applications remained the same. As user experience requirements grew
in complexity, this approach proved to be a handicap for complex business applications. Though there
had been significant progress in server-side implementations, the means of rendering information to the
end-user remained the same. As a result, the need to incorporate the rich, interactive, and responsive
features of desktop applications was increasingly felt.
At that time, there was also a necessity of incorporating the main features of desktop applications:
responsiveness and interactivity. A deterrent to fulfill this necessity was the difficulty of handling multi-
transaction business workflows. The one-way nature of traditional Internet applications represented
continuous Web page refreshing, making it difficult to represent large amounts of complex data and
denying rich user experiences.
The last phase in this Web development evolution is RIA (Rich Internet Application) starting with
technologies such as AdobeTM
Flex, JavaFXTM
, or Ajax. Ajax incorporates standards-based presenta-
tion using XHTML and CSS, dynamic display, and interaction using the Document Object Model, data
interchange, and manipulation using XML and XSLT, as well as asynchronous data retrieval using

x
XMLHttpRequest and JavaScript binding everything together. AdobeTM
AIRTM
lets developers use Flex
technology to build RIAs that deploy on a wide range of devices such as smartphones, tablets, televisions,
desktops, and netbooks. AIRTM
applications run across operating systems, and they are easily delivered
by using a single installer file. With AIRTM
, Flex developers can use their existing skills, tools, and code
to build highly engaging and visually rich applications that combine the power of local resources and
data with the reach of the Web.
WHAT THIS BOOK IS ABOUT
This book is about the last phase in the Web development evolution (i.e., RIAs). In order to cover this
topic, the following elements are identified and addressed: 1) development methodologies, 2) develop-
ment dimensions, 3) application frameworks, and 4) development tools. In addition, some case studies
aimed at implementing these concepts are discussed in this book. Therefore, this book is intended to
provide a comprehensive view of current practices on RIAs development. RIAs are a new generation of
Internet applications that combine behaviors and features of Web and desktop applications such as: 1)
client-server architecture, 2) data-intensive handling and business logic execution both on the client-side
and the server-side, which results in advanced mechanisms of client-server communication, and 3) highly
interactive multimedia content. Therefore, this kind of Web applications allows users to do interactive
data explorations through attractive visual interfaces, increasing usability and performance (Martínez-
Nieves, Hernández-Carrillo, Alor-Hernández, 2010). RIAs are the future of today’s enterprise Web
applications: they enhance the user experience, deliver functionality of desktop applications, and provide
the portability and data reach that enterprise Web applications provide. A RIA changes the way the client
Web application interacts with the server, removing or minimizing frequent server transactions from the
user experience. RIAs offer the best of both worlds: the rich client and the reach of the enterprise. “Rich”
is a term to describe how engaging and interactive a user interface is at the presentation tier. “Reach”
describes the connectivity to the other tiers of the application. RIAs promise a presentation tier that all
users see in the same way regardless of the platform, coupled with the powerful data-rich environment
that enterprise Web applications can deliver.
In Web development, there are three fundamental factors to be considered: 1) Web development
methodologies, 2) Web frameworks, and 3) toolkits. Web development methodologies can be catego-
rized into two groups: 1) Software Development Methodologies for Traditional Web Applications and
2) Software Development Methodologies for RIAs. The methodologies of the first group pose some
problems accommodating Web-specific aspects in terms of their methods and implementation; however,
they were the pioneer for the development of new methodologies or extensions of existing methodolo-
gies. Some of these methodologies are WSDM, SOHDM, OOHDM, and UWE. The methodologies
of the second group were developed by taking into account existing methodologies in order to satisfy
the needs and features of RIAs development. Some examples are RUX Method, OOH4RIA, OOHDM
Extension, and UWE-R.
In the case of Web frameworks, the options for developing RIAs can be grouped into three categories:
1) JavaScript-based frameworks, 2) non-JavaScript-based frameworks, and 3) multi-device frameworks.
The JavaScript-based frameworks are open source containing a set of pre-written JavaScript code, which
help facilitating the development of the JavaScript-based applications. This allows the development
of applications by using the same code written in these JavaScript frameworks instead of writing the

xi
same line of code each time individually, which becomes more difficult and time consuming. Some
examples of these JavaScript-based frameworks are Dojo, jQuery, Prototype, and Sencha ExtJS. The
non-JavaScript-based frameworks are based on proprietary programming languages, and these frame-
works are typically used under paid licenses. Some examples are Adobe Flex, JavaFX, Silverlight, and
OpenLaszlo, to mention but a few. Multi-device frameworks cover two kinds of applications for mobile
devices: 1) native applications that are applications written for a specific device’s hardware and operat-
ing system, 2) Web-based applications, and 3) hybrid applications, which are applications built using
Web technologies and wrapped in device-specific native application containers. These frameworks have
the ability to support multiple mobile platforms such as iOSTM
and AndroidTM
at the same time. Some
examples of these multi-device frameworks are PhoneGap, iUi, ipFaces, and Sencha Touch.
In the case of Toolkits, there are different Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) for RIAs
development. According to its architecture, these IDEs can be classified into the following two major
groups:1)standaloneapplicationsand2)plug-inapplications.Someexamplesofstandaloneapplications
for RIAs development are Adobe Flash Builder, NetBeans, and Microsoft Visual Studio, among others.
As plug-in applications are SapphireSteel Amethyst plugin for Visual Studio™, E(fx)clipse plugin for
Eclipse™, and Eclipse4SL plugin for Eclipse™.
Figure 1 presents a general perspective about the aforementioned factors.
In this book, a novel view of RIAs development is proposed; it considers some issues relevant not
only to rich UI design purposes but to software quality purposes. Thereby, the topics related to RIAs
development that are covered in this book are multimedia support, AOP (Aspect-Oriented Programming)
support, the use of design patterns, and the use of UI patterns, as depicted in Figure 1.
Figure 1. A general perspective about the RIA development stack

xii
Multimedia content is crucial for RIAs. It provides richest content to Web applications by present-
ing information more dynamically and entertainingly. As examples of multimedia contents are videos
and image galleries. The use of image galleries enhances the ability to customize views on the fly and
provides real-time visual representations of a selected item. The possibility to represent graphics, audio,
and video is considered an inherent ability of RIAs (Rich Internet Applications). In fact, along with UI
transformations, visual continuity and temporal are factors affecting one of the distinguishing features
of RIAs: the enhanced UI.
AOP allows adding new features to Web applications without changing the original source code.
For instance, when a legacy application requires of an authentication method, it is possible to develop
a separate method using AOP and without changing the original structure of the application. This is
especially relevant for adapting legacy Web 1.0 application UIs to RIA UIs as a common practice in the
development of RIAs. Some of the software quality factors that can be achieved in the development of
RIAs by using AOP are: 1) Maintainability, 2) Extensibility, and 3) Reusability. Maintainability is very
important for RIAs development, since it enables one to make changes as effectively and efficiently as
possible. Moreover, the AOP provides a high level for maintainability. Extensibility is another crucial
aspect in the RIAs development, because the new functionality sometimes needs to be added to an
application that is in operation, and it is necessary to ensure that the application does not fail. Finally,
Reusability is important not only in software development but also in the AOP. In fact, Reusability
encapsulates the functionality required to be able to reuse it on subsequent occasions. This reduces
development time and improves productivity. In the cases of both RIAs and software development, the
development time is very expensive.
Design patterns are important in software development, as well as in the development of both tradi-
tional Web applications and RIAs. One of the main uses of the design patterns is for reusability purposes
(i.e., for simplifying the work) and, thus, offering a solution that had been previously tested and which
was successfully applied to a problem that manifests repeatedly. In fact, RIA technologies are based on
the software reusability principle in the sense that UIs are built starting from reusable widgets or UI
controls organized in component hierarchies. This is more evident in the case of the non-JavaScript-
based RIA frameworks because of the declarative UI definition model based on UI markup languages
such as MXML, FXML, and XAML. A well-known Design Pattern on Web applications development
is MVC (Model-View-Controller). The MVC pattern separates the domain modeling, the presentation,
and the actions into three classes and based on the user input: 1) Model, 2) View, and 3) Controller.
MVC pattern is a fundamental Design Pattern for the separation of user interface logic from business
logic. Fortunately, the emergence of Web applications has helped resolve some of the ambiguity, since
the separation between the view and the controller is apparent.
RIAs design involves two main stages: 1) application structure design and 2) UIs design. This book
focuses on the second stage of RIAs design. Rich UIs design typically involves the use of UI patterns to
ease the interaction between users and applications. UI patterns enable more intuitive and responsive user
experiences (i.e., rich user experiences). Indeed, they allow developers to encourage users to engage with
applications. Most of the RIA frameworks offer simple UI controls that natively implement UI patterns
(e.g., progress bar [progress indicator pattern] and accordion [expand/collapse pattern] in Adobe™ Flex
or JavaFX™). However, some UI patterns require more developmental time and effort in order to be
implemented. Therefore, it is not easy to understand the differences between UI controls and UI patterns.
Nowadays, RIAs development demands design principles of Web and desktop applications, which
are implemented by the so-called interaction design patterns. Furthermore, mobile devices, such as

xiii
smartphones and tablet computers, have also been involved in RIAs development due to the ubiquitous
requirements of Web 2.0 applications (Finkelstein, Savigni, Kimmerstorfer, Pröll, 2002). In this sense,
RIAs are known as multi-device RIAs. This term covers RIAs that run as cross-browser Web applica-
tions, cross-platform desktop applications, and mobile applications. A Web browser-based RIA is a
Web 2.0 application that integrates desktop-like features. A desktop-based RIA is a kind of application
that is able to run off-Web browsers. A mobile RIA is a native mobile application with an improved UI.
The new trends in the development of RIAs can be identified by analyzing the steps on the Web evo-
lution, from Web 2.0 to Web 4.0, passing through cloud computing as a trend on the Web 2.0 evolution.
Cloud computing could be the best example of where the RIAs development is going both in commercial
and academic fields. A new kind of RIA known as semantic RIA has recently emerged in the context
of Web 3.0. Semantic RIAs try to solve the issues related to interoperability between systems by using
ontologies and linked data principles. In the case of Web 4.0, the necessity of a ubiquitous Web has led
to the emergence of context-aware Web applications by taking advantage of RIA technologies in order
to offer rich user experiences.
Figure 2 depicts the conceptual map that illustrates the structure of this book.
Figure 2. Conceptual map of the general structure of the book

xiv
Hence, this book is structured as follows:
Chapter 1, titled “Basic Concepts on RIAs,” presents an overview of RIA features, and it explains
the most important concepts for RIAs development, as well as their benefits and importance in sev-
eral domains. In this chapter, a standard architecture for RIAs is described. This architecture has three
well-defined layers: 1) the client-side that renders the rich user interface, 2) a controller layer where the
business logic is executed, and 3) a data transactions manager. Important domains of Web development
are presented, and in each one of them, the importance of RIAs is explained emphasizing particular
features of each domain. Finally, experiences and successful stories of using RIAs in B2C e-commerce
domain are presented. Some of these successful cases mentioned are Kodak EasyShare, MINI USA,
FootJoy™, The Broadmoor Hotel™ and BlueGreen Vacation Rentals™, Verizon Wireless™, Yankee
Candle Company, and Charles Schwab.
Chapter 2, titled “Frameworks for RIAs Development,” describes the most popular options for RIAs
development. For practical purposes, these options are classified into two categories: 1) JavaScript-
based frameworks and 2) non-JavaScript-based frameworks; even though there are other classifications
reported in the literature, this classification is used in this chapter and throughout the book. In fact, this
classification allows for a quick understanding of the technologies for RIAs development by abstracting
technical details about intended software architectures.
Chapter3,titled“SoftwareDevelopmentMethodologiesforTraditionalWebApplicationsandRIAs,”
presents a review of the state-of-the-art on methodologies for RIAs development. For this purpose,
methodologies for traditional Web applications development are firstly presented, since, in some cases,
methodologies for RIAs development are either extensions of existing Web (and hypermedia) method-
ologies or new UI design methods used on top of already existing Web methodologies. New approaches
covering the RIAs features without relying on legacy Web models are also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 4, titled “Important Factors on RIAs Development,” discusses some software quality metrics
such as usability, scalability, and reusability of RIAs development. The chapter describes the importance
of using multimedia content and UI (User Interface) patterns not only for improving the appearance
of RIAs but also for delivering rich user experiences. Likewise, this chapter depicts the importance of
leveraging AOP (Aspect-Oriented Programming) capabilities and implementing design patterns to ease
the RIAs maintenance and enable RIAs reusability.
Chapter 5, titled “Multimedia Support for Native/Embedded Video Playback on Frameworks for
RIAs Development,” discusses the capabilities of RIA frameworks in the context of multimedia content
support. For this purpose, several alternatives for implementing video playback functionality are pre-
sented by using both JavaScript-based RIA frameworks to and non-JavaScript-based RIA frameworks.
Examples of JavaScript-based RIA frameworks having multimedia content support are Dojo, jQuery,
Prototype, and Mootools. Examples of non-JavaScript-based RIA frameworks are Adobe Flex™, Ja-
vaFX™, Silverlight™, and OpenLaszlo. For each case study the mandatory files are mentioned. The
chapter also shows a screenshot where video player is displayed and code snippets that were used are
presented. Finally, a comparative analysis of video playback support for each framework is presented in
terms of video container formats and encoding types.
Chapter 6, titled “Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) Support on RIAs Development,” emphasizes
the importance of employing Aspect-Oriented Programming (AOP) on software development, especially
in software engineering. Some advantages in the development of RIAs by using AOP are Maintain-
ability, Extensibility, and Reusability. This chapter presents a review of several success stories of AOP
implementation in real world development projects and discusses the lessons learned in these projects.

xv
The works analyzed in the state-of-the-art are classified by Web development, Usability Engineering,
and other related perspectives. Finally, the chapter also addresses AOP support between JavaScript-based
RIA frameworks and non-JavaScript-based RIA frameworks providing either native or third-party AOP
facilities. Some code snippets depicting the use of these facilities for implementing AOP concepts are
also presented.
Chapter 7, titled “Design Patterns Support for RIAs Development,” presents a review of Design Pat-
terns proposed by GOF classification is presented. GOF classifies Design Patterns in Creational Patterns,
Structural Patterns, and Behavioral Patterns. Some implementation examples of GoF Design Patterns
are presented by using both JavaScript-based frameworks and non-JavaScript-based frameworks for
RIAs development. Additionally, the chapter also presents a comparative analysis that summarizes the
review of the capabilities of the RIA frameworks in the context of GoF Design Patterns support between
JavaScript-based RIA frameworks and non-JavaScript-based RIA frameworks. Finally, this chapter also
mentions how to solve different programming problems by using Design Patterns.
Chapter 8, titled “UI Patterns Support on RIAs Development,” a review of UI patterns supported
by using non-JavaScript-based frameworks and JavaScript-based frameworks for RIAs development is
presented. For this purpose, the UI Patterns are classified in Transitional Patterns, Lookup Patterns, and
Feedback Patterns. Additionally, this chapter presents a series of applications samples depicting the use
of not only UI controls but also non-visual functions or classes (as applicable) for implementing the
supported UI patterns. These applications are intended to clarify the differences and similarities between
UI controls and UI patterns. Finally, the chapter presents a comparative analysis that summarizes the
review of the capabilities of the RIA frameworks in the context of rich UI design.
Chapter 9, “Case Studies Using JavaScript-Based Frameworks,” discusses the development of four
different SOAP Web services-based thin-client applications using jQuery, Prototype, Dojo, and JSP. The
chapter, indeed, addresses the development of a world atlas application, a document indexing a search
system, an e-procurement system for the healthcare domain, and a meta-search engine for eBay and
Amazon products. These case studies, as well as case studies presented in subsequent chapters, exem-
plify the use of some UI patterns for accomplishing rich design principles such as stay on the page and
use transitions. Similarly, reviews of some similar real world implementations publicly available on the
Internet are provided for each case study presented in this chapter. Finally, the chapter presents a review
of the support for invoking SOAP-based Web services using Java. This is intended to be a preamble for
the case studies and the use and application of SOAP-based Web services.
Chapter 10, titled “Case Studies Using Adobe Flex™,” presents two case studies about the develop-
ment of REST (Representational State Transfer) Web services-based RIAs using Adobe Flex™ along
with HTML and JavaScript. The chapter addresses the development of a meta-search engine for YouTube
and Vimeo videos, as well as the development of a forecast weather system based on Yahoo! Weather.
In addition, the chapter also offers a review of the support for consuming RESTful Web services in
Adobe™ Flex™ as a preamble to these case studies.
Chapter 11, titled “Case Studies Using JavaFX™,” presents four case studies on the development of
JavaFX™-based RIAs built on top of popular social networking Websites. The chapter addresses the
developmentofthreephotoalbumapplicationsbasedonFlickr™,Picasa™,andPhotobucket™Websites,
respectively. In addition, the development of a search engine for movies based on Rotten Tomatoes™
Website is finally presented. For each case study, the chapter provides a review of some similar real
world implementations publicly available on the Internet.

xvi
Chapter 12, “Multi-Device RIAs Development,” introduces the concept of multi-device RIA to de-
scribe a kind of RIA that can run on a variety of devices starting from the same code base. This includes
not only cross-browser Web applications but also out-of-browser applications, namely cross-platform
desktop and mobile applications. Thereafter, the chapter presents an overview of multi-device develop-
ment frameworks. The supported platforms and the main capabilities are described for each framework
mentioned. Furthermore, this section includes both a brief description of the most popular mobile
operating systems for mobile devices and a comparison table for summarizing the main features of the
multiplatform development frameworks.
Chapter 13, titled “An Overview of RIAs Development Tools,” provides a review of RIAs develop-
ment tools, including both official and third-party tools. For this purpose, the two major approaches for
RIAs development already identified in the literature were considered: 1) framework-based development
approaches and 2) MDD approaches. However, this classification was extended by introducing a third
category: RAD approaches. Thereby, the chapter reviews not only IDEs for RIA frameworks-based
developments but also addresses other support tools for RAD such as code generation tools. Likewise,
based on their architecture, IDEs for RIAs development are reviewed and classified into the follow-
ing two major groups: 1) standalone applications and 2) plugin applications. Some development tools
presented are AdobeTM
Flash BuilderTM
, NetBeans IDE™, Microsoft™ Visual StudioTM
, WebRatioTM
,
RUX-Tool™, and AlexandRIA.
Chapter 14, titled “AlexandRIA: A Visual Tool for Generating Multi-Device RIAs,” explains the use
of AlexandRIA for developing cloud services-based RIAs by implementing UI patterns. Unlike other
RIA development tools described in Chapter 13, AlexandRIA is entirely focused on the fully automatic
source and native code generation of RIAs, and it entirely addresses multi-device RIAs development.
In this chapter, the use of the UI design process behind AlexandRIA is also demonstrated by means of a
sample development scenario addressing the development of a cloud services APIs-based cross-platform
mobile RIA. This scenario is further revisited in a case study that addresses the automatic generation of an
equivalent application using AlexandRIA. In addition, this section of the book provides a review of both
the UI patterns and the cloud services APIs supported by AlexandRIA as a preamble to the case study.
Chapter 15, titled “New Trends on RIAs Development,” presents the new trends on RIAs development
by considering the steps on the Web evolution, from Web 2.0 to Web 4.0, passing through cloud-based
RIAs development and mashups-rich UIs development as two easily visible trends related to Web 2.0.
Semantic RIAs, RMAs (Rich Mobile Applications), context-aware RIAs, and ubiquitous Web appli-
cations are some of the academic proposals related to Web 3.0 and Web 4.0 that are discussed in this
chapter. Similarly, some commercial efforts from companies such as IBM™, TopQuadrant™ Inc., and
Salesforce.com Inc. are also discussed in this chapter.
TARGET AUDIENCE
This book is targeted at professional developers and students wishing to improve their knowledge of Web
engineering and of the way it can be applied to the RIAs development. Some of the concepts covered
(methodologies, frameworks, tools) will assume a basic level of prior knowledge and understanding.
If the reader requires any further reading related to these topics, the authors provide a list of suggested
titles at the end of each chapter. If the reader wishes to learn how to develop RIAs, as well as about all
the features of this kind of application, this is undoubtedly the book for them.

xvii
CREDITS
Whilst some of the topics covered in this book were implemented based on the authors’ personal ex-
periences, many of them have been previously identified and explained by other people. This work is
an effort of the combined experience from the authors and other researchers, whose studies are fully
covered in the references sections.
REFERENCES
Finkelstein, A. C. W., Savigni, A., Kimmerstorfer, E., Pröll, B. (2002). Ubiquitous web application
development - A framework for understanding. In Proceedings of 6th Systemics, Cybernetics, and In-
formatics Conference (pp. 431–438). Academic Press.
Martínez-Nieves, L. A., Hernández-Carrillo, V. M., Alor-Hernández, G. (2010). An ADV-UWE based
phases process for rich internet applications development. In Proceedings of IEEE Electronics, Robotics
and Automotive Mechanics Conference, (pp. 45 –50). IEEE.

xviii
Acknowledgment
Authors are always be grateful for the talented technical reviewers who help review and improve their
books. The knowledge and enthusiasm they brought to this project was simply amazing.
Thus, authors would like to thank: Ulises Juárez-Martínez, PhD, for his support, especially in Chapters
4 and 6, in the AOP subject; Desdemona Almazan-Morales, BSc, and Luis A. Barroso, PhD, from the
Instituto Tecnólogico de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Central de Veracruz for their support
in the English review process in some sections of the book; Gabriela Cabrera-Zepeda, MSc, Chief of
the Division of Research and Postgraduate Studies of the Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba for her help
and support in this project; Maria Fernanda Villafuerte-Bianchi, BA, for her support in the proofreading
process; and all our colleagues and friends from the Instituto Tecnológico de Orizaba for all their support.

1
Copyright © 2015, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited.
Chapter 1
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-6437-1.ch001
Basic Concepts on RIAs
ABSTRACT
Chapter 1 presents an overview of RIA features, and it explains the most important concepts for RIAs
development, as well as their benefits and importance in several domains. In this chapter, a standard
architecture for RIAs is described. This architecture has three well-defined layers: 1) the client-side that
renders the rich user interface, 2) a controller layer where the business logic is executed, and 3) a data
transactions manager. Important domains of Web development are presented, and in each one of them,
the importance of RIAs is explained emphasizing particular features of each domain. Finally, experi-
ences and successful stories of using RIAs in B2C e-commerce domain are presented.
1. INTRODUCTION
The Web or WWW (World Wide Web) is an
information distribution system comprised of
interlinked hypertext or hypermedia accessed by
using the Internet. To access these media, a Web
browser is required. The user is able to view dif-
ferentwebsites,whicharecomposedofwebpages
thatcancontaintext,images,videosormultimedia
content. The user can browse the web pages that
make up the website, through hyperlinks which
cause a great amount of traffic between the cli-
ent and the server as every time the user clicks
on one of the hyperlinks. So, the whole page is
loaded when the user requires some data or some
interaction, this task implies to make another re-
quest from the server which causes the data can
be slowly displayed. This slowness is increased
as the amount of data requested is increased. The
Web was created in 1989 by the Englishman Tim
Berners-Lee and the Belgian Robert Cailliau,
while they were working at CERN (CERN means
European Organization for Nuclear Research) in
Geneva,Switzerlandanditwaspublishedin1992.
Since then, Berners-Lee has played an active role
in guiding the development of Web standards and
over the last few years he has focused his vision
on the Semantic Web.
Inrecentyears,thetermWeb2.0hasemerged.
This term is associated with Web applications
that make them easier to share information,
interoperability, user-centered design and the
collaboration with the World Wide Web. Some
examples of Web 2.0 applications are Web com-
munities, Web services, social networks, web
sites that host videos, wikis, blogs, mashups and
folksonomies, to mention but a few. The term is
strongly associated with Tim O’Reilly, due to this

Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents

visible on the horizon. Soon the heat of the desert day made itself
felt. They switched on the air conditioning after Nathan patched the
hole in the cabin housing.
They ate as they drove, and in the afternoon, Firebird explained the
course and they alternated driving and sleeping.
Near sunset they glimpsed the distant, ominous crags of the Pater
Mountains. They looked like some gargantuan graveyard where the
stark bones of giants had been heaped.
The wind was rising and spinning sheets of sand from the desert
surface. The sandstorms of Mars are not simply the whipping, wind-
driven sands of Earth. They are mighty electrical storms in which
clouds of sand gather in the sky and are charged with millions of
volts of potential by their ceaseless grinding against one another.
It grew dark quickly with the sand clouds masking the twilight.
Streamers of fire began to lace the mountain top. A continuous
purple corona gave it the aspect of luminescence.
The mountain rose slowly out of the desert and the sand gave way
gradually to a trail of broken rocks that ground and protested against
the runners of the sled.
We'll go from here on foot in the morning, said Firebird. As she
brought the sled to a halt she leaped quickly out and started tugging
at a huge boulder nearby.
Nathan stared in puzzlement. The boulder slowly tipped on its side,
exposing a small cavern.
We'll hide the sled in here. I'll show you why in the morning.
They prepared a place to sleep for the night and alternated watches.
At dawn they gathered their packs of food and water and the
weapons. Firebird carefully closed the cavern over the sled.
She led the way along the trail that soon rose to increasing heights
above the desert. They came across the burned and blackened ruins
of a sand sled, destroyed with all its equipment.

That belonged to someone who came up here for the first time as
well as the last, said Firebird. There is no love lost between
searchers for the Seven Jewels. They burn each others' sleds when
found.
The corona lightning increased with terrible streamers of blue and
violet light that twisted about the peaks like living things. The air was
charged with ozone and Nathan felt the dry crackling of electric
discharges in his hair and on his body.
Firebird abruptly left the trails and struck out across the face of the
mountain. Nathan followed and soon they came to a large
overhanging rock. They slipped beneath the overhang and came into
a narrow, half-enclosed passage.
Get behind me now and watch carefully, said Firebird. She turned
and faced the opening under the overhang. We may not have too
long to wait.
Nathan didn't quite understand, but he waited in silence. Beyond the
opening, the rocks were gathered round to form a sort of small
vestibule and nothing could be seen beyond that.
But abruptly a man appeared in the vestibule. Firebird shot him
without warning.
I just saved twenty lives, she said through thin lips. Robert the
Dog has killed five innocent men that I know of. He could have been
expected to kill twenty more if he had lived ten more years.
Nathan stared from the body of the dead man to the marble face of
Firebird as she sat there—judge and executioner. They waited an
hour and another man appeared. She killed him, too.
I've saved his mother the agony of knowing him hung for treason.
The police have been ready for a month to pull him in.
They waited until midday, but no one else appeared. At last Firebird
turned and advanced cautiously along the passageway. Nathan felt
now that killers lurked behind every stone. He didn't need Firebird's
warning to keep a sharp lookout.

They crept along a mile of the tortuous trail beneath the copper sky,
then dipped suddenly into the blackness of a cavern. The ghostly
corona that hovered over the mountain provided a faint gleam in the
darkness but scarcely enough to guide them.
Take my arm, said Firebird. I can make it in the dark.
Nathan felt the tremor that was in her slight body. Some emotion
beyond the grasp of his senses was surging through her. But he felt
that before they left the cavern he would know what it was.
After a time they came to a spiral ramp that seemed to be endless as
it dropped them into the depths of the purple glow. Suddenly Firebird
placed Nathan's hand on the Jewel pouch. It was faintly warm.
The buried Jewel? Nathan whispered.
No—the Pink one. We're still not far enough in. Your father's
murderer was waiting for us somewhere inside. He's following us
now.
Nathan was filled with pain for either he had slain Tabor unjustly or
else he would shortly kill him to avenge the murder of his father.
The ramp leveled out shortly and they made a sharp turn. Then
Firebird halted. This is where we stop. Be careful. He's behind us
somewhere.
Yes, right behind you.
Out of the darkness came the unmistakable voice of Tabor.
Nathan whirled, reaching for his guns, but Firebird gave him a mighty
shove that sent him sprawling into the corner of a deep niche in the
cavern wall.
I thought you went to Venus, Nathan gasped in hate and rage.
What do you want, Tabor?

The Jewels of Chamar. I'm your friend and your father's friend,
Nathan, but first I'm a spaceman, and the Jewels of Chamar are
above all friendship to a spaceman. Still, I'm an honorable man. I'll
fight you for them, Nathan.
Why didn't you just shoot us in the back as you did my father?
Why will you misunderstand me, Nathan? I had to do what I did to
force Thymar to reveal where he had hidden the Jewels of Venus. He
always said it was better for just one man to know that at a time. I
agreed with him, but it was too bad that we didn't have the same
man in mind.
You dirty killer—
He'll accept your challenge on one condition, said Firebird.
Provided that you place the Pink Jewel in here in a pile with the
others.
You'll accept on no conditions at all! roared Tabor, if I say so. But
I'd rather like to see them all together. Put them on the floor.
Firebird placed the five Jewels on the floor. Their rainbow
phosphorescence seemed to Nathan to be a living force that touched
him with strength and with peace.
From his hiding place behind a jagged boulder Tabor threw in the
Pink Jewel and it landed beside the others. Now, I've got something
to fight for—!
Firebird's flame lance aimed at the point where she had first seen the
glowing Pink Jewel. A bubble of flame exploded.
Tabor's bellowing laugh ended in a roar of anger. I'd know your
touch anywhere, Firebird. Your honor was born in a pig pen.
Nathan tried to sense the direction of the sound. Then he aimed the
rifle carefully. A ball of flame spattered upon the boulder and washed
over its edges. He engraved the lighted scene in his mind.
That was you, Nathan? You remember well what I told you about
blackout combat. Use the rifle to illuminate the scene of battle. That

is good. But do you remember what a rifle flame will do in a small
space?
Instantly, a rifle flame sped towards them. It blasted against the wall
of the niche and flowed around in a sheet of blinding whiteness that
gave off an intolerable heat before it died.
Nathan and Firebird crouched low at opposite sides of the opening.
We'll have to get out, she whispered. You take the right and I'll
take the left, and we'll close in on him. Get behind cover as soon as
possible.
No! You can't risk that. It would be impossible to find cover before
he illuminated you in a rifle flame. Let me try one more thing.
He sent another shot higher than the previous one. It burst upon the
floor far behind Tabor. Nathan got a glimpse of a distant boulder
directly behind the spot where Tabor was hidden.
Before he could shoot again another blast exploded within the niche.
In its light, Nathan saw that Firebird was gone.
A wave of terror, an anxiety such as he had never known before,
swept through him at the thought of her out there in plain view of
Tabor. He aimed carefully with his small flame lance and tried to
visualize the small boulder behind Tabor.
The flame hit and crashed away. Tabor's voice grunted, A reflective
shot? Good work, Nathan. Unfortunately I wasn't in the plane of
incidence and reflection. And, Firebird, I hear you coming.
A sudden flame shot off towards the depths of the cavern at Nathan's
left. There was a single agonizing scream in Firebird's voice.
Then nothing.
Tabor broke the silence. Sorry, Nathan. I guess you'd gone pretty
soft on her.
You murderer!

Keep cool. Remember what I always taught you. Never let an enemy
make you commit suicide by making you lose your head.
The niche was like a coffin in the darkness. Tabor's evil taunting and
Firebird's scream seemed to combine in an echoing song of torment
that swelled and beat upon his senses.
And then, in the purple darkness, the six Jewels that lay on the floor
seized his attention. Where their color had seemed merely
phosphorescent before, it now seemed to blaze up as if hidden fires
had come to life. Nathan watched to make sure his eyes were not
merely becoming more accustomed to the darkness. But it was more
than that. The light pulsed and rose in the niche. It climbed the walls
and filled the air with twitching streamers that seemed like living
things.
And it was making him an easy target for a reflective shot from Tabor.
But what did it matter what happened to him now that Firebird was
gone?
He fired a half dozen shots in rapid succession.
Wild, all wild, taunted Tabor. You must do it with precision. Like
this!
A flame shot through the niche, but it ricocheted from the edge of
the opening and missed Nathan's head by only a foot. The blast
seared his face and blinded his eyes.
See what I mean? said Tabor.
He had the range now, Nathan knew. That's what the rifle shots had
been for—to enable him to determine a good spot to make a
reflective shot into the depths of the niche.
But in his own wild shots Nathan had glimpsed something that gave
him new hope.

He had to move quickly. Another shot from Tabor grazed close to
him, but it reflected from the opposite side of the opening where
Tabor had miscalculated that Nathan would move.
Nathan said nothing, but dropped to the floor. He adjusted the rifle to
automatic fire, and lay in the opening of the niche. He pressed the
trigger and a river of fire swept across the floor and flowed about the
base of the boulder that hid Tabor—and under it!
The boulder rested on narrow, jagged faces, between which there
were openings. It was through these that Tabor had been firing and
Nathan had glimpsed the secret of his protection.
The flame raced about Tabor in a torrent of light. It leaped upon him
and outlined him as if in St. Elmo's fire.
He jerked up in searing pain, and in that instant a single shot came
from across the cavern and found its mark. The fire died before Tabor
fell, but the sound of his dead body smashing to the floor was loud in
the dark silence.
Your father's murder is avenged, said a voice from across the
cavern.
Firebird. I thought—
I had to make you think what I made Tabor think. I threw a stone to
give him a target. There was no protection out here. I had only one
shot to risk.
Nathan rushed towards the sound of her voice, and crushed her close
to him to reassure himself that she was unharmed. In the light of the
Jewels that was now pouring from the niche he could almost see her
face. It seemed rich with gladness.
The light was flickering now like auroral curtains of fire.
What is it? murmured Nathan.
Wait—you'll see. This is what I've lived for. My work is finished now.
It seemed to Nathan that they stood there for an interminable length
of time while the light rose and fell, but gradually swelled until they

could see each other plainly.
There came a high note like the far away tinkling of chimes. The
Jewels were rising from the floor. Firebird's hand on his arm
restrained Nathan from rushing forward.
Wait, she commanded.
The Jewels rose higher and then they began to float out of the niche
towards the two Earthlings, carrying their ghostly light with them.
The Jewels rose higher, carrying their ghostly light with them.

Nathan stared. Where there had been only six Jewels in the niche,
there were now seven floating in the air. Three were end to end,
forming a vertical pillar. Around this pillar the other four formed a
rotating square. As it rotated faster or slower the pitch of the musical
note rose or fell.
The singing, floating Jewels came nearer ... vibrating with the forces
of life. And then out of the midst of them a voice spoke.
You have done well. You have my gratitude. I shall reward you.
Nathan felt a prickling of the back of his neck. And suddenly Firebird
clutched his arm and was sobbing faintly. Are we too late? she
asked.
The ship of Plar has waited long, but the Envoys are patient. They
await my report.
The Jewels wheeled in the air and sped towards the tunnel ramp that
bore upward to the surface.
Come, the voice said.
Mechanically, Firebird followed. Nathan moved beside her, not looking
back at the fallen Tabor.
What is it? Nathan whispered hoarsely. Are the Jewels alive?
Long ago, said Firebird, the Envoys of Plar came into our System.
They came from a universe so far away that our greatest telescopes
have never given a clue to its presence. The inhabitants of that world
are life forms with a basis of metallic salts and they are formed as
you see this one. They are literally Jewels. The life forces are
contained in mighty storage cells of raw electronic energy reduced to
its simplest form. Some of the creatures are only single Jewels. The
Envoys are of the highest type, having seven.
The life in them was dormant until they were brought together
again. The Seventh Jewel was the brain so to speak. Each of the
others might be likened to an arm or other organ of a human body,
though that is far from accurate. The warming of the Jewels as they
were brought nearer was the reaching out of their mutual life forces

to seize upon each other. But no controlling life was there until the
Seventh was near. It was buried deep in the ground, but the
attraction between it and the other six was enough to draw it out to
reunite with them.
Nathan watched the weird form as it gyrated in the air before them
and lighted the way through the caverns. What does it mean?
Centuries ago—in our time—the Jewel Beings of Plar left on an
expedition to explore the universe and study the inhabitants of the
planets they came to. They found their science and skill to be so
vastly superior to any other that they contacted, that they decided to
help the backward peoples they found and share their science with
those who could benefit by it. They hoped to speed the evolutionary
advances of these races and some day establish a congress of the
worlds. To those who had no space flight they revealed the secret of
the art. And so on with other arts and sciences.
Do they intend to make such gifts to the Solar System?
Their decision to help a race is determined by the report of one of
the Envoys who is placed on a world for secret investigation. Chamar,
the seven-jeweled one, was the Envoy placed to report on Earth and
the Solar System.
Chamar! But how did he get scattered? Wasn't that like death to
him?
They are nearly immortal. Chamar was left here by the expedition
and the rest of them went on. My grandfather was the first to whom
Chamar revealed himself. But soon after that the Envoy was blasted
in a laboratory explosion. My grandfather died of the injuries received
there, but first he told my father about the Envoy.
My father didn't know what the reaction of the other Envoys would
be when they returned, but he felt they would deny the Solar System
their gifts unless Chamar were restored to them. He spent the rest of

his life in the search. When he died he passed on the responsibility to
me. He forced me to swear I'd spend my life in the search. And I
have done it willingly, for Earth will receive gifts beyond man's wildest
dreaming.
But the myth of the Seven Jewels has been in existence for nearly
two hundred years! Nathan exclaimed.
Firebird was silent. They came out of the purple darkness into
daylight again. The Envoy was barely visible in the light but the
constant, high-pitched note told of his presence.
The legend of Firebird is almost that old, too, she said.
But there are supposed to have been many who called themselves
Firebird. Surely you— Nathan halted and stared at her.
There has been only one Firebird, she said. Chamar made one gift
to my grandfather before the explosion. That was the pool of Luline.
When I was only fifteen my father took me to it and I dipped in it for
the first time. Besides its miraculous healing properties, the pool
slows the rate of decay of animal organisms. It gives a natural life of
a thousand years. It changes human tissue. You have seen the light
that comes from my flesh, and you have seen me walk unharmed in
the flames at Pheme, as well as witnessing my vision in the dark. All
these are of the pool of Luline. But in a hundred and fifty years I
have aged only ten.
The end of the hidden trail brought them out onto the rocky
mountainside. They walked until the sharp tinkle of bells swelled
upon the air. Their eyes focused in the space ahead of them. At first
they could see nothing. Even the Envoy of Plar had become lost in
the sunlight.
Then they caught the silken sheen of the almost invisible surface of
the globe that hung in the air above the trail. The ship of Plar.
They knew instinctively that its substance was no material they could
identify. Rather, it was a pure field, a segment out of another time,
another space that hung there. It was massive, its dimensions
uncertain.

Then a familiar sound came close to them in midair and they turned
quickly.
They have come, Chamar said. I have given my report and now
they are debating your case.
Must they debate? Firebird's voice was suddenly thin and a strange
tremor was in it. Is there doubt of their granting the gifts which they
have?
Each world must stand upon its own merits.
But you are one of them. Can you not tell us?
I am not permitted to vote upon a world which I have examined.
That is the law.
The Envoy was suddenly motionless in the air before them, and a
wild tinkling seemed to come from within the great invisible ship of
Plar. An answering sound came from the Envoy.
Envoy! What is it? cried Firebird.
They have come to a decision.
The Gifts—?
Are not to be given.
There was no physical change in Firebird. Only her voice seemed as if
her spirit had flown. What have we done? she asked.
Not you—all the races of the System, said Chamar. I have seen
them all, felt their thoughts, known their actions in the century and a
half that I have been here. I had to report the wars and bloodshed
and thievery and hate that I have seen. I knew the Envoys would not
grant their Gifts to such a System as yours.
Is there only evil? said Firebird. Is there no good?

Not all is evil. But too much is. In a world where too many men want
to rule all other men, we cannot bring powers that would be only a
curse to you. Your eyes are too weak to stand the brightness of their
light. Your backs lack strength to carry their burden. In ten thousand
you may be ready, but until then the Envoys shall not return.
There was a moment of silence, then the Envoy spoke kindly. You,
Firebird, what would you do? Your self-chosen mission is completed.
Firebird's head came up slowly. My mission is not completed. It has
not even begun. I can shorten that ten thousand years. I'll stand in
the way of a thousand men who would have it long. You'll come back
to this System quicker because of me.
That is good, Chamar said, and they imagined he was smiling
benignly upon them. That is what I hoped you would say. Because
of your decision I shall stay even though my companions must go. I
shall be near you all the rest of the days of your life, and when you
want my help it shall be yours for the asking. Powers that I cannot
give to you will be used for you. You won't see me always for I shall
do my own work, but wherever you are, call upon me and I will
answer. I go to arrange with my companions.
The creature sped into the bubble of light and vanished from their
sight. The bubble itself lifted from the surface and burst into the sky,
leaving them alone.
The cold wind of the desert broke upon them and whipped their
cloaks about their bodies. They stood as if still in a trance, but
Nathan moved slowly down the trail after a moment, drawing Firebird
by the arm.
They did not speak until they came to the sled. It was safe in the
hiding place where they had left it. Nathan climbed behind the wheel
and pointed the nose of the sled across the desert towards the far
cities of Heliopolis and the Five Towns.
The sled hissed over the sands, rocked between the high dunes and
challenged the desert winds. And there was exultation in that
challenge.

He spoke at last. Where are you going, now? Is this the end of
Firebird?
She shook her head and smiled wanly at him. There'll never be an
end to the Firebird. By the time I am dead the legends will be so
fabulous that they will never die. I'll make the name of Firebird a
name to be feared among thieves and murderers in the high and low
place of society. I'll fight the cause of justice in the realms where the
law can never reach. Firebird will be the name to scourge evil on the
spaceways.
And what of you, Nathan? Your father's murder is avenged. Will you
return to Venus?
She was trying to smile, but Nathan turned and saw the smile waver
on her lips, and his heart beat harder because he thought he knew
why it wavered.
There was in her mind the vision of endless centuries with no one to
share her secret, no one to love—except the cold Jewel Being from
Plar.
Nathan touched her hand. I suppose I'll go back to Venus now and
then. But there's somewhere else I must go first.
Where?
To the Pool of Luline. Do you think I'm going to let you live the rest
of that thousand years alone?

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