SlideShare a Scribd company logo
Describing Data:
Frequency Tables, Frequency
Distributions, and Graphic Presentation
Chapter 2
McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
LO1 Make a frequency table for a set of data.
LO2 Organize data into a bar chart.
LO3 Present a set of data in a pie chart.
LO4 Create a frequency distribution for a data set.
LO5 Understand a relative frequency distribution.
LO6 Present data from a frequency distribution in
a histogram or frequency polygon.
2-2
Frequency Table and Frequency Distribution
Class interval: The class interval is
obtained by subtracting the lower limit of a
class from the lower limit of the next class.
Class frequency: The number of
observations in each class.
Class midpoint: A point that divides a
class into two equal parts. This is the
average of the upper and lower class limits.
FREQUENCY TABLE A grouping of qualitative data
into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of
observations in each class.
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION A grouping of data into mutually exclusive
classes showing the number of observations in each class.
LO1 Make a frequency
table for a set of data
2-3
Bar Charts
BAR CHART A graph in which the classes are reported on the
horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The
class frequencies are proportional to the heights of the bars.
LO2 Organize data into a
bar chart
2-4
Pie Charts
PIE CHART A chart that shows the proportion or percent that each class
represents of the total number of frequencies.
LO3 Organize data into a
pie chart
2-5
EXAMPLE – Creating a Frequency Distribution
Table
Ms. Kathryn Ball of Applewood
Auto Group wants to develop
tables, charts, and graphs to
show the typical selling price on
various dealer lots. The table on
the right reports only the price of
the 180 vehicles sold last
month.
LO4 Create a frequency
distribution for a data set.
2-6
Constructing a Frequency Table - Example
 Step 1: Decide on the number of classes.
A useful recipe to determine the number of classes (k) is the “2 to the k
rule.” such that 2k
> n.
There were 180 vehicles sold, so n = 180. If we try k = 7, then 27
= 128,
somewhat less than 180. Hence, 7 is not enough classes. If we let k = 8, then 28
= 256, which is greater than 180. So the recommended number of classes is 8.
 Step 2: Determine the class interval or width.
The formula is: i  (H-L)/k where i is the class interval, H is the highest
observed value, L is the lowest observed value, and k is the number of
classes.
Round up to some convenient number, such as a multiple of 10 or 100. Use
a class width of $400
LO4
2-7
 Step 3: Set the individual class limits
Constructing a Frequency Table - Example
 Step 4: Tally the vehicle selling prices into the
classes.
 Step 5: Count the number of items in each class.
LO4
2-8
Relative Class Frequencies
 Class frequencies can be converted to relative class
frequencies to show the fraction of the total number of
observations in each class.
 A relative frequency captures the relationship between a
class total and the total number of observations.
LO4
LO5 Understand a relative
frequency distribution.
2-9
Relative Frequency Distribution
To convert a frequency distribution to a relative frequency
distribution, each of the class frequencies is divided by the total
number of observations.
TABLE 2–8 Relative Frequency Distribution of Profit for Vehicles Sold Last Month at
Applewood Auto Group
LO5
2-10
Graphic Presentation of a Frequency Distribution
The three commonly used graphic forms are:
 Histograms
 Frequency polygons
 Cumulative frequency distributions
LO6 Present data from a frequency distribution in
a histogram or frequency polygon.
2-11
Histogram
HISTOGRAM A graph in which the classes are marked on the
horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The
class frequencies are represented by the heights of the bars and the
bars are drawn adjacent to each other.
LO6
2-12
Frequency Polygon
 A frequency polygon
also shows the shape
of a distribution and is
similar to a histogram.
 It consists of line
segments connecting
the points formed by
the intersections of the
class midpoints and the
class frequencies.
LO6
2-13
Histogram Versus Frequency Polygon
 Both provide a quick picture of the main characteristics of the
data (highs, lows, points of concentration, etc.)
 The histogram has the advantage of depicting each class as a
rectangle, with the height of the rectangular bar representing
the number in each class.
 The frequency polygon has an advantage over the histogram. It
allows us to compare directly two or more frequency
distributions.
LO6
2-14
Cumulative Frequency Distribution
LO6
2-15

More Related Content

PPT
Chap002.ppt
PPT
Statistics class describing data chapter 2.ppt
PPT
PPT
Chap002.ppt
PPT
Chap002
PPT
Sta2023 ch02
PPTX
Statistics slides..pptx
PDF
Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions, and Graphic Presentation
Chap002.ppt
Statistics class describing data chapter 2.ppt
Chap002.ppt
Chap002
Sta2023 ch02
Statistics slides..pptx
Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions, and Graphic Presentation

Similar to FREQUENCY_DISTRIBUTIONS gfrtfyftyfyyfy.ppt (20)

PPTX
Chapter 02 mis
PPT
Chapter 02
PPT
Chapter 2 Describing data Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions and Graph...
PPT
Chapter 02
PDF
Chapter 02 (1).pdf
PPTX
Chap002
PPTX
2. AAdata presentation edited edited tutor srudents(1).pptx
PPT
DATA ANALYSIS FOR BUSINESS ch02-Discriptive Statistics_Tabular and Graphical ...
PPTX
2.1 frequency distributions, histograms, and related topics
PPT
Group-4-Report-Frequency-Distribution.ppt
PPTX
Frequency Distribution
PPTX
Lecture 3 Organising Data_ Frequency distributions and Graphs II.pptx
PPT
G7 Math Q4- Week 3- Frequency Distribution.ppt
PPT
Normal frequency distribution curve and its characteristics.ppt
PPTX
Presentation and-analysis-of-business-data
PPTX
Presentation and-analysis-of-business-data
PPTX
Presentation and-analysis-of-business-data
PPTX
Presentation and-analysis-of-business-data
PPTX
Presentation and analysis of business data
PPTX
Presentation and-analysis-of-business-data
Chapter 02 mis
Chapter 02
Chapter 2 Describing data Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions and Graph...
Chapter 02
Chapter 02 (1).pdf
Chap002
2. AAdata presentation edited edited tutor srudents(1).pptx
DATA ANALYSIS FOR BUSINESS ch02-Discriptive Statistics_Tabular and Graphical ...
2.1 frequency distributions, histograms, and related topics
Group-4-Report-Frequency-Distribution.ppt
Frequency Distribution
Lecture 3 Organising Data_ Frequency distributions and Graphs II.pptx
G7 Math Q4- Week 3- Frequency Distribution.ppt
Normal frequency distribution curve and its characteristics.ppt
Presentation and-analysis-of-business-data
Presentation and-analysis-of-business-data
Presentation and-analysis-of-business-data
Presentation and-analysis-of-business-data
Presentation and analysis of business data
Presentation and-analysis-of-business-data
Ad

More from simonkahinga (20)

PPTX
Social_Mediaretd_Parents_Education_Updated_With_Stats.pptx
PPTX
Social_Medias_Parents_Education_PPT.pptx
PPTX
Hasel__F__Ellen_G._White_and_Creationism(1).pptx
PPT
EGWHermeneuticsffgggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg.ppt
PPT
EGWRelationshiptoBiblegytytytytytyuhtrtty.ppt
PPTX
Hasel__F__Ellen_G._White_and_Creationism(1).pptx
PPTX
The-Great-Controversy-Theme-the Life-blood-of-Adventist-Theology (1).pptx
PPTX
22 - Prophets1234567890123456677775554444.pptx
PPT
THE 2520 Wrong prophecy and teaching.ppt
PPTX
UTLZ ftgggvggggfghhhfddhbhhvfhhh L.1.pptx
PPT
MY DRESS my dress my choice MY CHOICE.ppt
PDF
GEOGRAPHY REVISION NOTES PAPER 223345.pdf
PDF
Philosophies Issues adn Their Relevance for Education.pdf
PPTX
frequencydistribution-161207172034666667767587 (11)i.pptx
PPT
Ch.2 ppt - descriptive stat - Larson-fabers.ppt
PPT
Devotion 2 - Faith - The Power of Prayer.ppt
PPT
1-151016093422122333455456-lva1-app6891.ppt
PDF
VII_GEO_L06_M01_NATURAI_VEGETATION_AND_WILDLIFE_PPT.pdf
PDF
VII_GEO_L06_M01_NATURAL_VEGETATION_AND_WILDLIFE_PPT.pdf
PPT
14. NATURAL VEGETATION in kenya and the world.ppt
Social_Mediaretd_Parents_Education_Updated_With_Stats.pptx
Social_Medias_Parents_Education_PPT.pptx
Hasel__F__Ellen_G._White_and_Creationism(1).pptx
EGWHermeneuticsffgggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg.ppt
EGWRelationshiptoBiblegytytytytytyuhtrtty.ppt
Hasel__F__Ellen_G._White_and_Creationism(1).pptx
The-Great-Controversy-Theme-the Life-blood-of-Adventist-Theology (1).pptx
22 - Prophets1234567890123456677775554444.pptx
THE 2520 Wrong prophecy and teaching.ppt
UTLZ ftgggvggggfghhhfddhbhhvfhhh L.1.pptx
MY DRESS my dress my choice MY CHOICE.ppt
GEOGRAPHY REVISION NOTES PAPER 223345.pdf
Philosophies Issues adn Their Relevance for Education.pdf
frequencydistribution-161207172034666667767587 (11)i.pptx
Ch.2 ppt - descriptive stat - Larson-fabers.ppt
Devotion 2 - Faith - The Power of Prayer.ppt
1-151016093422122333455456-lva1-app6891.ppt
VII_GEO_L06_M01_NATURAI_VEGETATION_AND_WILDLIFE_PPT.pdf
VII_GEO_L06_M01_NATURAL_VEGETATION_AND_WILDLIFE_PPT.pdf
14. NATURAL VEGETATION in kenya and the world.ppt
Ad

Recently uploaded (20)

PDF
TR - Agricultural Crops Production NC III.pdf
PDF
Chapter 2 Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth.pdf
PDF
FourierSeries-QuestionsWithAnswers(Part-A).pdf
PDF
Introduction-to-Social-Work-by-Leonora-Serafeca-De-Guzman-Group-2.pdf
PPTX
human mycosis Human fungal infections are called human mycosis..pptx
PDF
Business Ethics Teaching Materials for college
PDF
Pre independence Education in Inndia.pdf
PPTX
Open Quiz Monsoon Mind Game Final Set.pptx
PPTX
Renaissance Architecture: A Journey from Faith to Humanism
PPTX
Pharmacology of Heart Failure /Pharmacotherapy of CHF
PPTX
Week 4 Term 3 Study Techniques revisited.pptx
PDF
O7-L3 Supply Chain Operations - ICLT Program
PPTX
The Healthy Child – Unit II | Child Health Nursing I | B.Sc Nursing 5th Semester
PPTX
Pharma ospi slides which help in ospi learning
PDF
STATICS OF THE RIGID BODIES Hibbelers.pdf
PDF
ANTIBIOTICS.pptx.pdf………………… xxxxxxxxxxxxx
PPTX
master seminar digital applications in india
PPTX
GDM (1) (1).pptx small presentation for students
PDF
The Lost Whites of Pakistan by Jahanzaib Mughal.pdf
PDF
O5-L3 Freight Transport Ops (International) V1.pdf
TR - Agricultural Crops Production NC III.pdf
Chapter 2 Heredity, Prenatal Development, and Birth.pdf
FourierSeries-QuestionsWithAnswers(Part-A).pdf
Introduction-to-Social-Work-by-Leonora-Serafeca-De-Guzman-Group-2.pdf
human mycosis Human fungal infections are called human mycosis..pptx
Business Ethics Teaching Materials for college
Pre independence Education in Inndia.pdf
Open Quiz Monsoon Mind Game Final Set.pptx
Renaissance Architecture: A Journey from Faith to Humanism
Pharmacology of Heart Failure /Pharmacotherapy of CHF
Week 4 Term 3 Study Techniques revisited.pptx
O7-L3 Supply Chain Operations - ICLT Program
The Healthy Child – Unit II | Child Health Nursing I | B.Sc Nursing 5th Semester
Pharma ospi slides which help in ospi learning
STATICS OF THE RIGID BODIES Hibbelers.pdf
ANTIBIOTICS.pptx.pdf………………… xxxxxxxxxxxxx
master seminar digital applications in india
GDM (1) (1).pptx small presentation for students
The Lost Whites of Pakistan by Jahanzaib Mughal.pdf
O5-L3 Freight Transport Ops (International) V1.pdf

FREQUENCY_DISTRIBUTIONS gfrtfyftyfyyfy.ppt

  • 1. Describing Data: Frequency Tables, Frequency Distributions, and Graphic Presentation Chapter 2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
  • 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES LO1 Make a frequency table for a set of data. LO2 Organize data into a bar chart. LO3 Present a set of data in a pie chart. LO4 Create a frequency distribution for a data set. LO5 Understand a relative frequency distribution. LO6 Present data from a frequency distribution in a histogram or frequency polygon. 2-2
  • 3. Frequency Table and Frequency Distribution Class interval: The class interval is obtained by subtracting the lower limit of a class from the lower limit of the next class. Class frequency: The number of observations in each class. Class midpoint: A point that divides a class into two equal parts. This is the average of the upper and lower class limits. FREQUENCY TABLE A grouping of qualitative data into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of observations in each class. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION A grouping of data into mutually exclusive classes showing the number of observations in each class. LO1 Make a frequency table for a set of data 2-3
  • 4. Bar Charts BAR CHART A graph in which the classes are reported on the horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are proportional to the heights of the bars. LO2 Organize data into a bar chart 2-4
  • 5. Pie Charts PIE CHART A chart that shows the proportion or percent that each class represents of the total number of frequencies. LO3 Organize data into a pie chart 2-5
  • 6. EXAMPLE – Creating a Frequency Distribution Table Ms. Kathryn Ball of Applewood Auto Group wants to develop tables, charts, and graphs to show the typical selling price on various dealer lots. The table on the right reports only the price of the 180 vehicles sold last month. LO4 Create a frequency distribution for a data set. 2-6
  • 7. Constructing a Frequency Table - Example  Step 1: Decide on the number of classes. A useful recipe to determine the number of classes (k) is the “2 to the k rule.” such that 2k > n. There were 180 vehicles sold, so n = 180. If we try k = 7, then 27 = 128, somewhat less than 180. Hence, 7 is not enough classes. If we let k = 8, then 28 = 256, which is greater than 180. So the recommended number of classes is 8.  Step 2: Determine the class interval or width. The formula is: i  (H-L)/k where i is the class interval, H is the highest observed value, L is the lowest observed value, and k is the number of classes. Round up to some convenient number, such as a multiple of 10 or 100. Use a class width of $400 LO4 2-7
  • 8.  Step 3: Set the individual class limits Constructing a Frequency Table - Example  Step 4: Tally the vehicle selling prices into the classes.  Step 5: Count the number of items in each class. LO4 2-8
  • 9. Relative Class Frequencies  Class frequencies can be converted to relative class frequencies to show the fraction of the total number of observations in each class.  A relative frequency captures the relationship between a class total and the total number of observations. LO4 LO5 Understand a relative frequency distribution. 2-9
  • 10. Relative Frequency Distribution To convert a frequency distribution to a relative frequency distribution, each of the class frequencies is divided by the total number of observations. TABLE 2–8 Relative Frequency Distribution of Profit for Vehicles Sold Last Month at Applewood Auto Group LO5 2-10
  • 11. Graphic Presentation of a Frequency Distribution The three commonly used graphic forms are:  Histograms  Frequency polygons  Cumulative frequency distributions LO6 Present data from a frequency distribution in a histogram or frequency polygon. 2-11
  • 12. Histogram HISTOGRAM A graph in which the classes are marked on the horizontal axis and the class frequencies on the vertical axis. The class frequencies are represented by the heights of the bars and the bars are drawn adjacent to each other. LO6 2-12
  • 13. Frequency Polygon  A frequency polygon also shows the shape of a distribution and is similar to a histogram.  It consists of line segments connecting the points formed by the intersections of the class midpoints and the class frequencies. LO6 2-13
  • 14. Histogram Versus Frequency Polygon  Both provide a quick picture of the main characteristics of the data (highs, lows, points of concentration, etc.)  The histogram has the advantage of depicting each class as a rectangle, with the height of the rectangular bar representing the number in each class.  The frequency polygon has an advantage over the histogram. It allows us to compare directly two or more frequency distributions. LO6 2-14