From Design to Testing: Insights into Composite Tensile Behavior

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ISSN: 2995-8067
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Open Access
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590
Materials Science | T O P I C ( S )
TECHNOLOGY S U B J E C T
Abstract
An experimental investigation was carried out to study the effect of circular cross-holes on the failure behavior of unidirectional glass iber reinforced
with unsaturated polyester resin composites, varying cross-ply laminates that were subjected to axial tensile load. This paper deals with the effects of
the circular notch and the number of plies on nominal tensile and net tensile strengths. Tensile strengths were investigated for composites with cross-
ply([0/90]. [90°/0°/90°] and [0°/90°/0°].90°), orientation and varying the laminate layers with a central hole, and effects of volume fraction and number
of ply on mechanical properties for un-notched (smooth) and notched specimens were also studied. The results showed that increasing the number of plies
has a marginal effect on tensile strength values. The fraction of volume has signi icant effects and for increasing the number of plies about 9% decreases
in nominal tensile strength and about 11% decrease in the net tensile strength was observed. The same results were obtained with inite element analysis.
The Effect of Stacking Sequence
and Ply Orientation with Central
Hole on Tensile Behavior of
Glass Fiber-polyester Composite
Ahmad E Eladawi*
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Benha University, Banha, Egypt
*Correspondence: Ahmad E Eladawi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Benha
University, Banha, Egypt, Email: Ahmadeladawi@yahoo.com
Review Article
Introduction
In recent years there has been a focus on new composite
materials because of their dimensional stability and superior
mechanical and manufacturing properties as well as interest
in the use of natural ibers as reinforcement in Polymer
Matrix Composites (PMCs). The glass iber laminates [1]
were manufactured using unidirectional glass/epoxy prepreg
obtained by infusing E-Glass-300 ibers with 46 vol%
bisphenol A epoxy resin (Advanced Composites Group, United
Kingdom).
Utilization of composite materials in advanced lightweight
structureshasconsiderablebene itsformodernindustry[2,3].
Nowadays, Composite laminates structure has competitive
advantages in many industrial applications for aircraft,
aerospace, and marinas [4] Botelho, et al. [5] developed
a Fiber/Metal Laminate with light weight to improve the
mechanical properties; they found that a new composite has
low moisture absorption availability than other composites as
conventional carbon iber/epoxy, so, many companies use this
new composite in modern manufacturing [5].
For design, accurate calculations must be considered
for composite material properties such as shear modulus,
strength, and ultimate strain [2]. Many experimental methods
are available for evaluating shear properties such as V-notch
beam test [6]. Khashaba [7] carried out a study of tensile
strength, modulus, and Poisson’s ratio for cross-ply composite
laminates that were made with different angles of the axis
(0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, and 90°). Liu, et al. [8] illustrated
the composite laminates’ response under shear loading for
different plies thicknesses and ply orientation. Failure of
material refers to complete loss in load-carrying capacity; this
is a result of gradual material stiffness degradation. Different
failure modes must be considered as tension iber rupture,
compression iber buckling, and kinking, matrix cracking
under transverse shearing and tension, and matrix crushing
under transverse shearing and compression [8]. Hashin and
others [9-13] suggested a continuum-based criteria that
predicted different failure modes. J.L.Y. Tan, et al. carried
out notches and un-notched cross-ply laminates test where
damage effects were profound for specimens [14]. B.G. Green,
et al. investigated hole diameter, ply, and laminate thickness
as independent variables, but, keeping hole diameter/width
and length ratio constant. B.G. Green’s results showed that
increasing specimen size leads to an increase in strength with
a maximum reduction reach of 64%, so, damage propagated
can be controlled by a controlled ply thickness/hole diameter
ratio [15].
Article Information
Submitted: April 23, 2024
Approved: July 13, 2024
Published: July 15, 2024
How to cite this article: Eladawi AE. The Effect of Stacking
Sequence and Ply Orientation with Central Hole on Tensile
Behavior of Glass Fiber-polyester Composite. IgMin Res.
July 15, 2024; 2(7): 590-596. IgMin ID: igmin221; DOI:
10.61927/igmin221; Available at: igmin.link/p221
Copyright: © 2024 Eladawi AE. This is an open access
article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
Keywords: Tensile behavior; Glass iber reinforced
polyester; Fraction volume in composites; Notched/un-
notched composites; Cross-ply laminates

TECHNOLOGY July 15, 2024 - Volume 2 Issue 7
DOI: 10.61927/igmin221
2995-8067
ISSN
591
The effect of various stacking sequences on the mechanical
properties of natural and glass iber hybrid composites
was investigated and found that the stacking sequence
contributes to delayed composite failure by improving the
interlaminar shear strength, fracture toughness, and tensile
strength [16,17]. The investigation also concluded that the
alternate stacking sequence is the best option [18-20]. Among
synthetic ibers, GFRP is common in use as compared with
other synthetic ibers such as aramid and carbon because it
has a lower cost and a lot of suitable properties for different
applications. In modern industries as aircraft structures,
mechanical fastening as bolted joints remains the joining
method for composite components, so drilled holes are
carried out in structures for these joints, but, the ef iciency of
this method is not completely perfect because of the reduction
in fracture strength due to stress concentration around
these holes, and this causes a reduction in notched tensile
and compressive strength of a composite laminate. Under
stress concentrations, experimental studies showed that
damages around such regions include ply cracks, splits, and
delamination [21-25].
The main objective of the present work is to investigate the
effects of opened holes on tensile/failure behaviors of glass
iber reinforced polyester (GFRP) cross-ply with stacking
laminates that were subjected to axial tensile stresses. This
work deals with the effects of open hole notch and the number
of plies on nominal tensile and net tensile strengths.
Experimental work
The mechanical behavior of composite materials for
unnotched (smooth) and notched specimens was tested
subjected to axial tensile load. The effect of the number of cross
plies, volume friction (Vf
), and orientation of the reinforced
material was also tested. Three different test samples were
manufactured by the handle-up process as follows: 2s (4
layers) with Vf
= 40%, 3s (6 layers) with Vf
= 45%, and 4s (8
layers) with Vf
= 42%.
Used materials and tools: Before the lamination
process glass iber was allowed to equilibrate under ambient
conditions of Relative Humidity (RH) and temperature. Fiber
volume fractions (Vf
) were adjusted by varying the weight
of iber used in the initial hand lay-up. Wooden mold was
used as a container and iber wires were used as an essential
component for the required composite. Wax (Gruber care
manufactured by “Gruber System” company) was used for
mold coating and a resin mixture was used to ill the mold.
Iron roller was used for air evacuation and a water-cooled
diamond saw was used to cut specimens in required sample
sizes. Rectangular aluminum strips were used at the ends of
the specimen to save specimens through tests. To examine the
tensile properties of the iber polyester composite, a universal
testing machine INSTRON 3382 as per ASTM D3039-08 [26]
was used with a loading capacity of up to 100 KN and an
accuracy of 0.05%.
Specimens preparation: 600* 600 mm sheets were
prepared by hand lay-up technique with the aid of molds to get
smooth-sided surfaces. Mold has screws that be ixed around
mold edges, and iber wires are tied between these screws.
Mold is illed with the required materials. The entire mold
surface was coated with wax by a brush and allowed to dry
at room temperature. A 250*500 mm rectangular Fibre-glass
(E-glass “M 706” 450 gm/cm2 that had been manufactured by
“European Owens Coring Fibre-glass S.A.” company. ) was cut
of 4, 6 and 8 layers with cross-ply such as [0/90]s, [0/90/0]
s, and [0/90/0/90]s. Volume fraction (%), layer arrangement,
and orientation ratio are shown in Table 1.
About 400 gm of resin was mixed with 92 gm of its
hardener “HY5138” manufactured by “Vantico company”
(mixing ratio as given by producer is 100: 23 of weights) and
was stirred well at room temperature. The entire mold surface
was painted with a resin mixture by a brush, and a laminate
layer of iberglass was laid down per the proposed layer
composition. Air was evacuated by well pressing with an iron
roller, after stacking the arrangement of iber layers resin-
hardner mixture in molten form was poured into the mold and
left to cure for 24 hours at standard ambient temperature and
pressure. For each sample, the same process was repeated,
and the mold was also covered with a lid to get a regular and
smooth surface. Thereafter, sample mold and equipment were
cleaned with acetone [26-28].
For the preparation of the composite samples, it is assumed
that the iber acts as longitudinal cross-ply segments that
individually behave in a linear-elastic manner, embedded in
a matrix (mixture of polyester resin and harden) which itself
is assumed to be linear-elastic, it is possible to describe the
deformation behavior of the composite using a Cox-type shear
lag model equation [29] presents the theoretical elastic stress-
strain relationship before the onset of yielding.
 
 
tanh
1 1
1 1
ns
V E V Em
f fs f
ns
 
   
 
 
 
 
 
 
(1)
Where n is given by:
   
1/2
2
1 1 /
Em
n
E v In V
m
fs f


 
 
 
 
Table 1: Ply orientation and stacking ratio of composite.
Number of
Layers
Volume of Fraction
(%)
Layer Arrangement
0- Degree (Symmetrical (s))
90-
Degree
0/90
Ratio
4 40 (00
, 900
)s 2 2 1:1
6 45 (00
, 900
, 00
)s 4 2 2:1
8 42 (00
,900
,00
,900
)s 4 4 1:1

DOI: 10.61927/igmin221
2995-8067
ISSN
592
And where: σ1
is the composite tensile stress, is the
composite tensile strain, vm
is the matrix Poisson’s ratio and
assumed to be 0.35 *29], and E Efs
is the Young’s modulus of
the iber segment. Assuming that Efs
is the modulus of the
glass iber free from defects, or iber has all defects “pulled
out”, and is taken to be 90 Gpa [30]. It is possible to construct
theoretical stress-strain curves for different values of s, the
segment aspect ratio.
Carefully, 200 *25 mm with proposed layer thickness
notched and unnotched tensile specimens were cut according
to ASTM standards by using a water-cooled diamond saw.
The specimen width and thickness were measured to an
accuracy of 0.01 mm with a digital micrometer, from which
the cross-sectional area was calculated. A strip of 40 *25 *2
mm rectangular aluminum sheet (tabs) was bonded with
an epoxy-based adhesive ilm, VTA 260/PK13-313 (Cytec
Industrial Materials, United Kingdom) to specimen ends.
These tabs reduce the stress concentration of serrated grips
on specimens and prevent them from slippage. Also, end tabs
transfer the lateral operational compressive load of grips and
prevent specimen crushing between grips. Before the bonding
process, the aluminum tabs’ surface had been roughed
by abrasive paper with a ine grade. Figure 1 represents a
specimen with rectangular aluminum ends, and the tested
samples are shown in Figure 2. After mold illing, it must be
left for 12 hours under pressure. The black arrows on the
specimens from the top (25 mm apart) indicate the contact
points for the extensometer while the hatched rectangular
strips located at the end are aluminum strips.
Tensile test
Tensile test specimen were prepared according to (ISO
638-02). Jaws were tightening evenly and firmly to prevent
slippage of specimen during test and to avoid a specimen
crushing. Operating machine program was adjusted to carry
out the test under a standard cross head speed 7 mm/min
(Table 2).
Results and discussion
ASTM testing standards were followed to make open-
hole tension specimens produced by introducing centrally
located blunt circular holes using high-strength steel drill bits
with varying diameters (2.5,5 and 7.5 mm) as illustrated in
Figure 1. The tensile properties for notched open-hole glass
iber reinforced polyester composite with varying cross-ply
laminates are illustrated in Table 2.
To observe shear damage clearly, cross-ply-laminated
GFRP were prepared by changing the orientation of the iber
where normally central notches are introduced along the
iber axis in unidirectional in which shear damage may easily
expose from notch roots in a parallel direction to ibers due to
extremely low shear strength. Based on this concept, notched
specimens with various 0/90 layer ratios were fractured, and
shear damage in these specimens was observed.
Effect of notch and number of ply on nominal tensile
strength
Normally tensile strength (σ) is calculated as the Ultimate
tensile load (F) upon effective cross-sectional area (Ao). To
observe the shear damage subjected to tensile load by varying
the number of plies and notch size is shown in Figure 3.
It was observed that centrally created notch size and
orientation of the cross-plies with varying numbers of layers
have a signi icant effect on tensile strength. Unnotched
specimens have the highest nominal tensile strength of 238
MPa. An unnotched specimen does not have any weaknesses
actual glass iber has a higher value as reported in [29]
matrix material makes it weaker as well and notching leads
to weakness in any solid body as a result of voids in bonding
between its particles surrounded by notch, tear under loads
starts from hole peripheral edges. It has been also observed
that notch size also affects the material mechanical properties
notch size 7.5 diameter has a minimum tensile strength of 188
Figure 1: The tensile properties for unnotched and open-hole Glass iber laminate
composites.
Figure 2: Samples with varying crossly laminated layer.
Table 2: The tensile properties for unnotched and open-hole Glass iber laminate
composites. Nominal fail- Composite 2r (mm) Diameter width ratio E ure stress Strain є f(%)
Layer Notch size (2r/W) G (GPa) [Mean] G (σn
) [MPa]
G [Unnotched] 0 0 43.0 ± 0.2 235 ± 0.3
G [4] 2.5 0.10 40.0 ± 0.2 228 ± 0.3
G [6] 5 0.20 39.0 ± 0.2 197 ± 0.3
G [8] 7.5 0.3 38 ± 0.2 188 ± 0.3

DOI: 10.61927/igmin221
2995-8067
ISSN
593
MPa. Notch size is relevant to the lateral size of the sample it
is important to analyze the tensile behavior with a diameter-
width ratio.
Figure 4 presents the diameter-width ratio for various
cross-ply layer composition and iber orientation.
From this experiment, it was observed that the increase
in diameter width ratio leads to a decrease in nominal tensile
strength because of the decrease in solid size along the edges
of the drilled hole and width of the specimen. Edge creates a
weakness in bonding so, the resistance of specimen particles
decreases and the risk of mechanical cracking will be higher
by increasing the diameter-width ratio. It has been observed
that tensile strength does not depend upon on number of plies,
results reveal that nominal tensile strength for 6-ply is more
than that for 4-ply and 8-ply cases, and this can be related to
the high volume fraction of iber for 6-ply specimens. Based
on Figure (4), curves have almost the same slope which means
the decreasing rate in nominal tensile strength is linear with a
diameter-width ratio. For example, for a 2.5 mm hole diameter,
it can be noted that about a 9% decrease in strength for all
numbers of plies.
The maximum Volume friction is about 45 % Average
Young’s modulus of the effective 6 – 6-layer composite (Ec) was
detected as 39.0 ± 0.2 GPA. The rule of mixture relationship
[29] was taken into account as shown in equation (2).
 
1
E V E V E
c m
f f f
   (2)
Where Ec
is the composite, Vf
is the iber, and Em
= 4.7
GPa [29] is the matrix material Young; ‘s modulus. Figure 5
illustrates the effect of iber volume fraction (Vf
) on nominal
tensile strength values with varying cross-ply numbers, A
Percentile increase in volume fraction leads to an increase in
nominal tensile strength, this reveals the iber’s importance
where they represent a reinforced power for the specimen
body.
Based on results from Figure 5 tensile strength is
decreasing with an increase in several plies for different iber
volume fractions.
Effect of notch size and number of plies on net tensile
strength
To consider the net tensile effect cross-section area
under consideration was taken into account as An = (Ls – d)
× t where: “ An “ is the net cross-section area (net area), “t”
is the specimen thickness, “ Ls “ is the solid part length that
can be calculated as “specimen width and “d” hole diameter”.
Net tensile strength (σn
) is considered by selecting the net
effective cross-section area. The in luence of several plies on
net strength for different hole sizes can be illustrated in Figure
6. For example, for a 5 mm hole in diameter, it can be noticed
that tensile strength is increased by about 11% for different
cross-ply values.
Figure 6 reveals that net tensile strength is increased
Figure 3: Plies number effects on nominal tensile strength/different hole diameters.
Figure 4: Tensile strength vs diameter-width ratio with varying cross-plys
Figure 5: Fiber volume friction affects normal tensile strength with varying numbers
of plies.
Figure 6: Effect of number of plies on net tensile strength on varying notch size.

DOI: 10.61927/igmin221
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ISSN
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Figure 7: Diameter-width ratio effect on net tensile strength.
Figure 8: Effect of fraction volume on net tensile strength with varying number of
plies.
Figure 9: a-D = 2.5mm, D = 5mm, D = 7 mm, Crack growth path with different hole diameters.

DOI: 10.61927/igmin221
2995-8067
ISSN
595
with increasing the hole diameter for all different plies. The
un-notched specimen has the lowest values for net tensile
strength because of the large value of the specimen’s effective
cross-section area. For 7.5 diameter, the value of effective
cross-section will be small, so, it has the largest value of net
tensile strength of 270 MPs.
Results of Figure 7 show that net tensile strengths are
increasedwithincreasingdiameter-widthratioforallvaluesof
cross-ply layers. For these cases, the net area will be decreased
as a result of a decrease in the solid part area. Figure 8 reveals
that a composite with 6 plies showed the highest values of net
tensile strength for all diameter-width ratios, this means that
the increasing number of plies will not increase the value of
the net tensile effect.
The effect of fraction volume (Vf
) of reinforced glass iber
in composition with polyester resin (matrix material) was
also tested as shown in Figure 8, net tensile strength value
was increased with increasing in several ply for different iber
volume fractions.
Finally, experiments reveal that increasing in number
of plies has no signi icant effect on tensile strength values,
but orientation cross-ply and volume fraction (Vf
) have vital
effects for example, 6-ply (laminate) of all cases has the
maximum value of tensile strength, and so, this leads to more
load carrying capability than other tested number of plies and
volume.
Finite element method
Fracture mechanics techniques are widely used for crack
propagation prediction in structures. Material fracture
modeling is an important application for material cracks,
The Finite element method is a common tool used for crack
propagation analysis and, the reliability of elastic fracture
mechanics for specimens that are exposed to tensile loading
[30]. In this work, a rectangular strip with a crack emanating
from a diameter hole under tensile loading has been analyzed
with different diameters. Crack propagation is considered on
crack emanating from a diameter hole. Figure 9 shows the
maximum principal stress distribution for the inal step of the
crack propagation. Stress distribution is symmetric and the
higher stress is concentrated at the lateral surrounding of the
hole.
Finite element statistics were compared with the inite
element method [31], and the result seems very close.
Figures 10 illustrate the results for different diameters.
Conclusion
This work investigates the effects of fraction volume
and number of plies in mechanical properties of glass iber
reinforced polyester composite for unnotched (smooth)
and notched specimens. Experimental results showed that
increasing in several plies has no vital effect on tensile strength
values, but an arrangement of these ply and fraction of volume
has essential effects and 6-ply (laminate) of all cases proves
this result.
The highest value of nominal strength is achieved for
smooth specimens.
After analyzing the data it can be predicted from the data
graphs the linear behavior of the nominal and net tensile
strength for different open hole sizes and number of cross ply
laminates and its orientation.
Figure 10: a-D = 2.5 mm, b-D = 5 mm, c-D = 7 mm. The von Mises contour stress with
different hole diameters.

DOI: 10.61927/igmin221
2995-8067
ISSN
596
For the effect of notch size and number of plies on nominal
tensile strength, nominal strengths of all specimens are
linearly decreased with increasing of hole diameter width
ratio, thus decreasing load-carrying capability. About a 9%
reduction in nominal tensile strength for all numbers of cross-
ply laminates was observed.
For the effect of notch size and number of cross-ply
laminates on net tensile strength, it has been observed that
net tensile strength for all specimens increased linearly with
increasing diameter-width ratio for cross-ply laminates. About
11% improvement in net tensile strength for all numbers of
cross-ply laminates was recorded.
For the effect of volume fraction on tensile strength for
different numbers of cross-ply laminates and open hole
diameter–width ratio, nominal tensile strength curves tend to
increase when the number of cross-ply laminates is increased,
but, net tensile strength curves tend to decrease when the
number of cross-ply laminates was increased.
For inite element analysis strategy and comparing with
obtained results by current studies, it’s seen that are very
close.
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How to cite this article: Eladawi AE. The Effect of Stacking Sequence and Ply Orientation with Central Hole on Tensile Behavior of Glass Fiber-polyester
Composite. IgMin Res. July 15, 2024; 2(7): 590-596. IgMin ID: igmin221; DOI: 10.61927/igmin221; Available at: igmin.link/p221

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