Frr consultation-report-our-sexual-future-with-robots final

Contents

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1
Current sex robots, parallel sextech and privacy ........................................................................ 3
Q1. Would people have sex with a robot? ................................................................................. 7
Q2. What kind of relationship could we have with a sex robot? ................................................ 9
Q3. Will robot sex workers and bordellos be acceptable? ....................................................... 16
Q4. Will sex robots change societal perceptions of gender? ................................................... 18
Q5. Could intimacy with robots lead to greater social isolation? ............................................. 20
Q6. Could robots help with sexual healing and therapy? ......................................................... 22
Q7. Would sex robots help to reduce sex crimes? ................................................................... 25
Interviews with the CEOs of two sex robot companies ............................................................ 31
Summary and Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 33
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 36

Acknowledgements: Our special thanks for help and comments to Amanda Sharkey, Kristen
Thomasson, Renee Mulcahy, Charles Ess, Mark Coeckelbergh, Christopher Markou, Kay Firth-
Butterfield, Tory Igoe and Pat Lin

Foundation for Responsible Robotics
info@responsiblerobotics.org | www.responsiblerobotics.org | @RespRobotics
1
Introduction
In 2017 most liberal societies accept or tolerate sex in many different forms and varieties. Sex
toys and masturbation aids have been used for centuries and can be easily purchased in
stores in many countries. Now companies are developing robots for sexual gratification. But a
robot designed for sex may have different impacts when compared with other sex aids. Those
currently being developed are essentially pornographic representations of the human body –
mostly female. Such representations combined with human anthropomorphism may lead
many to perceive robots as a new ontological category that exists in a fantasy between the
living and the inanimate. This is reinforced by robot manufacturers with an eye to the future.
They understand the market importance of adding intimacy, companionship, and
conversation to sexual gratification.
The aim of this consultation report is to present an objective summary of the issues and
various opinions about what could be our most intimate association with technological
artefacts. We do not contemplate or speculate about far future robots with personhood - that
could have all manner of imagined properties. We focus instead on significant issues that we
may have to deal with in the foreseeable future over the next 5 to 10 years.
We begin by presenting an overview of the technological state-of the-art in sex robots and
parallel sextech at the time of writing this document (May 2017). We then focus on seven
core questions that have received prominent attention in the media and in scholarly
literature:
1. Would people have sex with a robot?
2. What kind of relationship can we have with a robot?
3. Will robot sex workers and bordellos be acceptable?
4. Will sex robots change societal perceptions of gender?
5. Could sexual intimacy with robots lead to greater social isolation?
6. Could robots help with sexual healing and therapy?
7. Would sex robots help to reduce sex crimes?
We conclude with interviews with two of the manufacturers of sex robots to allow them their
say.
In compiling the report, we have sought a wide range of opinions and arguments from many
stakeholders1
. To this end we have reviewed a variety of opinions and positions within the
1
FRR consultation papers attempt to air the opinions of all stakeholders for particular types of robot

2
academic community from roboticists, ethicists, social scientists, lawyers and tech scholars
for our questions. This is a multidisciplinary endeavour. We have also turned to anecdotal
evidence from sex workers and sex journalists for a real-world look at the topic, In section 8
of the report, we provide interviews with the two manufacturers who answered our interview
request. And we have probed public perceptions by examining the results from a number of
recent surveys and empirical studies.2

A problem with the public perception of sex robots is that the public is currently not well
informed about the actuality of robots in general. Sex robots are new and only a few people
have encountered them directly. Information in the public domain mainly comes from
science fiction tropes engendered by television and the movies. This goes all the way back to
ancient Greece with the myth of the artist Pygmalion who fell in love with a statue that he
carved out of ivory. He had a special bed made so that he could sleep with it. So enamored
was he, that the goddess Aphrodite turned it into a real woman. According to Richardson
(2016) this is a story about a nonreciprocal relationship that underscores the promotion and
development of sex robots.
In stories where there is intimacy with robots (mostly female), they are often portrayed as
sexual objects. There are many examples. In the movie A.I. (Spielberg et al., 2001) there is a
pair of male and female sex workers called Gigolo Joe and Gigolo Jane. They have the ability
to change their appearances to match a user’s preferences and they can react to human
emotions in order to be better lovers. The movie Ex Machina (Garland et al., 2015) shows a
robot creator, Nathan, having cold and cruel seeming sex with his creation. In the HBO series
Westworld (Nolan et al 2016), bordello Madame Maeve Millay and her fellow hosts must
service the darkest desires of the theme parks guests. In Humans (Chan, Parkinson, Carless, &
Goodman-Hill, 2015), the married owner of the domestic nanny robot Anita initiates her sex
mode with a compact disc much to the disgust of his wife and family. Another robot in
Humans, Niska, a conscious robot, is forced to work as a prostitute while in hiding and ends
up killing one of her clients. Then there is Pris, the replicant in Blade Runner (Scott et al.,
1982), a ‘basic pleasure model’ for sexual gratification of humans until she becomes a cold
and brutal killer.
applications. These are not definitive answers to complex questions and legal issues and do not
necessarily express the opinions of the Foundation and its members.
2
We were a little disappointed that the research has predominantly directed at western society with very
little of anything else other than one report on Islamic law and sex robots. We do use data obtained
from Asia but no surveys. Hopefully future research will be more balanced.

3
The reality of current and planned sex robots is considerably different from their science
fiction counterparts.3
They are essentially mechanised sex dolls with limited expressiveness
and minimal conversational capabilities.
Current sex robots, parallel sextech and privacy
The success of dolls for sexual gratification has set a clear path for the role of robotics in the
future of sex. Sex dolls have been offered by a number of companies, some of whom have
gone on to add robotic capabilities to their dolls. RealDoll (whose parent company is Abyss
Creations) have been supplying human sized dolls since 1996 and their dolls have been
featured in popular culture including the movie Lars and the Real Girl starring Ryan Gosling.
They offer both male and female dolls as well as the ability to custom order transgender
dolls. CandyGirl, based in Japan, also offers lifelike sex dolls.
Modern sex dolls, unlike their vinyl blow-up
counterparts, have a silicon skin with a human-
like feel and touch. They often include an
“articulated metal skeleton” so that they can be
manoeuvred into a variety of positions4
and are
increasingly customizable – down to the nipple
shape and fingernail type/color.5
Although in the
past, sex dolls tended to be gendered as females,
Sinthetics has had commercial success with their
male sex dolls that allow a realistic penis to go
from flaccid to erect – customers can choose
from a number of penis options. The company says that the number of their orders for male
dolls is now equal to female dolls.6

The popularity of modern sex dolls is creating an increasingly competitive market. With rapid
developments in technology, the companies are hoping to corner a larger slice of the market
by creating moving robotic sex dolls powered by speech recognition and chatbot
conversations. The company that can create the most realistic intimate sex companion at the
right price is most likely to capture the largest market share.
3
Perhaps the first serious discussion of Sex Robots was in the 2001 documentary Love Machine written
and directed by Peter Asaro and Doug Matejka.
4
https://reallovesexdolls.com/
5
See http://realdoll.com/ for examples
6
There is a video interview from Vice that also shows two women enjoying the male doll:
https://video.vice.com/en_us/video/male-dolls/57f41d3556a0a80f54726060 last accessed 21 May
2016
The success of
dolls for sexual
gratification has
set a clear path
for the role of
robotics in the
future of sex.

4
Sex Robots: These new sex robots include: Harmony by Abyss Creations, Android Love Doll
by Android Love Dolls, Roxxxy Gold and Rocky Gold by TrueCompanion, and Suzie Software
and Harry Harddrive by Sex Bot Company. They range in price from around $5,000 for an
Android Love Doll to around $15,000 for Harmony (Kleeman, 2017). Customizations and add-
ons can drive those prices up significantly. Browsing the company websites gives an idea of
what are seen as the important features of sex robots: appearance, mobility, feel, and
artificial intelligence. All the information about the sex robots in this consultation comes
from the company websites unless otherwise noted.7

Appearance is the most customizable part of buying a sex
robot. Options include: eye colour, pubic hair (colour and
shape), ears (elf or regular), hair, skin colour and makeup.
They are of a lifelike height (average around 170cm) but
comparatively lightweight with the heaviest being around
70 lbs. On some sex robots the faces can be swapped.
Current sex robots, like their sex doll cousins, are made
from silicon rubber and are advertised as being “warm to
the touch”. These robots are equipped with all over body
sensors so that they can respond to touch. And sometimes
the response is dependent upon the chosen personality
trait of the sex robot. Harmony from Realbox
Some sex robots offer a range of mobility features. None of them can walk yet but Abyss
Creations hope to create a walker when the tech is less expensive. The Android Love Doll can
perform “50 automated sexual positions”. Suzie Software and Harry Harddrive must be
manually manoeuvred into a sexual position and are then able to simulate sexual movement.
Roxxxy Gold is advertised as being capable of displaying orgasms, although it is not clear
whether this is through sound, motion, or both. Harmony is also advertised as having the
ability to orgasm. It has “neck articulation, facial expression, moving eyes, and the ability to
lip sync with spoken audio.”
All of these robots offer some version of artificial intelligence software. Android love dolls
have “advanced Artificial Intelligence software for communication” and RealBotix allows for
customisation of the AI by choosing “traits and emotions you find appealing” including high
or low levels of happiness, shyness, humour, etc. Roxxxy Gold comes with pre-programmed
personalities including “Frigid Farrah” that gives the impression of reserved shyness and
“Wild Wendy” with a scripted outgoing and adventurous personality.
7
Harmony: https://realbotix.systems; Roxxxy and Rocky: www.truecompanion.com; Suzy Software and
Harry Harddrive: http://www.sexbots.us; Android Love Dolls: http://www.androidlovedolls.com/

5
Perhaps the most ambitious use of AI software to create a realistic
experience comes from Abyss Creations. They want their Harmony to
be a full companion robot and they advertise conversational abilities.
While it is difficult to assess Harmony’s performance from scripted
videos, the company has released a programmable AI “Harmony” app
that ‘learns’ about you as you converse with it. The app can connect to
their sex robots. They also produce an avatar that can be used for
virtual interactions. Their hope is to combine VR with Harmony’s AI
and a robotic body to create a completely immersive sexual
experience. Abyss Creations also aims to soon include facial
recognition and the ability to make eye contact in Harmony. In the meantime they have a
cheaper head for oral sex.
Parallel SexTech: Looking a little further into the future of sex robots we may see them
merging with parallel developments in sextech. One new departure is in the use of AI
techniques to operate a dildo. This is the beginning of the merging of dildonics with robotics.
The Hum vibrator is used to analyse the user’s body reactions and respond back accordingly
to allow for ‘excelled sexual gratification’. The manufacturers claim that the AI system uses
feedback from the body to respond in sync and draw out and accentuate an orgasm. They
suggest that this is the beginning of robotic sex and they may well be right.
Another parallel development related to sex robotics is the host of teledildonics devices
either currently on the market or about to enter it soon. Some of these involve Bluetooth
technology (often referred to as bluedildonics) that allows users to “wirelessly-synch”
(Wakeman, 2017) and remotely control each other’s devices. The products generally include
a ‘male’ and ‘female’ device. The ‘male’ device is a remote controlled vibrating dildo while
the ‘female’ device is a contracting sleeve.
Teledildonics products include, the OhMiBod vibrator, made by a group of female US
designers and engineers. It is an app-controlled, clitoral vibrator worn like a panty liner that
allows users to control the pleasure of each other’s vibrator. Similar developments in
progress for virtual touch include the virtual teletongue that allows users virtual oral
stimulation and Kissenger8
that allows users to kiss each other by attaching a device to their
smart phones.
Another popular move in teledildonics is to use them during video calls to enable couples to
have virtual sex over a distance and to enhance screen based sex work by allowing
8
Yann Zhang, E., Nishiguchi, S. and Cheok, A. (2016). Kissenger - Development of a Real-Time Internet Kiss
Communication Interface for Mobile Phones. Imagineering Institute, City University London.

6
customers to “feel” what the sex workers are doing (e.g. when the sex worker strokes the
‘male’ dildo the customer’s ‘female’ sleeve contracts). The website CamSoda9
has now
extended this service to offer a choice of different porn aromas (OhRoma) pumping into a VR
mask to make the experience as realistic as possible.
Companies now offering distance teledildonic devices include Lovense10
with the male Max
and the female Nora, and Kiiroo with the male Pearl and female Onyx. Kiiroo uses capacitive
touch technology to allow one user to control the other’s device. This, the company claims,
encompasses all senses and allows users to stimulate each other visually, audibly and
physically. However, distance teledildonics devices are mostly operated through a third party
company. Kiiroo users, for example, need to use the company website or their smart phone
app. This has raised concerns about the potential
misuse of data collection.
Privacy: A 2016 class action in Illinois against the
company Standard Innovation Corp claimed that
data collected and transmitted included the date
and time of each use of the vibrator and the
settings used. The allegation was that this data is
sent together with the personal email address of
the user who registered with the We-Connect
app. Standard Innovation has now been ordered
to pay $4 million Canadian to affected users.
Moreover, a number of security flaws were
revealed at the Def Con hacker conference in Las
Vegas in 2016. The app controlling the vibrator
allowed anyone within Bluetooth range to seize
control of the device.11

It does not take a great leap of imagination to see that sex robots could also be operated in
the same way as teledildonics. Silicon replications of partners in a distance relationship could
be used to create a mutual sexual experience with the couple speaking directly through the
mouths of the robots. Similarly, a sex worker on a site like camsoda.com could manipulate a
sex robot and speak through its mouth to create a more realistic experience than a pre-
9
https://www.camsoda.com/
10
www.lovense.com/
11
Hern, A. (2017). Vibrator maker ordered to pay out C$4m for tracking users' sexual activity. The
Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/mar/14/we-vibe-vibrator-tracking-users-
sexual-habits last acessed on May 22 2017

Silicon
replications of
partners in a
distance
relationship
could be used to
create a mutual
sexual experience
with the couple
speaking directly
through the
mouths of the
robots.

7
programmed robot. Even robot-human orgies would be possible in this way or a robot
threesome.
However, the idea of online sex robots, or telesex-robots, raises concerns, as in the case of
Standard Innovation, about privacy and security in the most intimate aspects of people’s
lives. If as in the teledildonics pairings, a third-party company is involved, we need to ask,
what sort of data could or would be collected and how would it be used? And there are
strong concerns about the security of such data. It is not just about the companies’ data
being hacked. All Internet and Bluetooth connected devices are vulnerable to a greater or
lesser degree to hacking as we have seen in the case of the vibrator exposed at the Def Con
hacker conference. There are no ironclad solutions to these problems and we are sure that
they will plague telesex-robots if and when they develop online
Q1. Would people have sex with a robot?
A number of polls have shown that there is a potential market for robots that provide sexual
services. Scheutz and Arnold (2016) conducted a survey with 100 US participants ranging in
age between 20 to 61 with 43% females and 57% males. They found that two thirds of males
were in favour of using sex robots while almost two thirds of females were against but 86% of
all respondents thought that robots would satisfy sexual desire. The Nesta FutureFest (2016)
survey of 1002 UK adults found that 17% of respondents would be prepared to go on a date
with a robot and that number increased to 26% for a robot that looked exactly like a human.
A Huffington Post (2013) poll of 1000 US adults found that 9% would have sex with robots if
they were available. de Graaf and Allouch (2016) polled 1162 Dutch adult participants and
found that 20.2% of participants thought that sex robots had no negative consequences while
13.3% thought that they would change our norms and values.
These surveys differ quite widely in the numbers willing to have sex with robots. This could in
part be due to the way in which the questions were phrased, lack of participant knowledge of
what a sex robot actually is and perhaps, in part, due to individual differences. Szczuka and
Kramer (2017) attempted to control for these effects by showing pictures of sexualized robots
and then measured a number of personal characteristics such as loneliness, anthropomorphic
tendencies and fear of rejection as well as measuring attitude towards robots. The main goal
of the study was to see whether there would be differences in the evaluation of sex robots
when asked explicitly (via self report) versus implicitly gathering data on their direct unbiased
reaction towards pictures.
In their study 229 heterosexual males explicitly rated the sexual attractiveness of four women
in underwear, four female robots in underwear with salient mechanical body parts, and four
female androids in underwear. Unsurprisingly they rated the robots less attractive. However,

8
when followed through with an indirect (implicit) study of 41 males using a reaction time
measure of attractiveness (affective priming), the data suggested that the concept of
attractiveness was just as strongly connected to the pictures of the women as to the pictures
of the sexualized robots with salient mechanical body parts. Interestingly no relationship was
found between the personality characteristics and the attractiveness evaluation.
To see whether the phenomenon of sex robots would be interesting at all to men, Szczuka
and Kramer ibid asked the 229 heterosexual males whether they could imagine buying a sex
robot (just as they saw them in the pictures) now or within the next five years and 40.3%
indicated that they would. The individual differences measured in the study (e.g, relationship
status, loneliness) did not appear to impact the decision to imagine to buy a sexualized robot.
Only a negative attitude towards robots predicted
that participants would find the robots
unattractive.
Another study using an indirect method (Li, Ju, &
Reeves, 2016) found that physiological arousal
increased when people touched a robot in
“private regions” of its body compared to
touching it in other places. Whether or not this
was sexual arousal, the study shows that we may
view a robot body in a way that resembles that of
another person.
The majority of those in the surveys above who
answer positively are male but we should not
neglect the importance of the females who
answered positively about half as often. We have
no explanation for these differences and more
research is required.
We do have a report on one woman’s satisfactory experience with a Sinthetics male sex doll
for a documentary film (Reardon 2017). Karley, a single 31-year-old writer from New York,
explained that, “We always assume men are more likely to enjoy sleeping with an object and
that women need some sort of emotional connection to enjoy themselves, but that isn’t
always the case,” She said that “These dolls are 100% silicone, which makes the penis feel
incredibly lifelike. At times it was indistinguishable from a real one.” And although it is a sex
doll rather than a sex robot it has one robotic feature. It’s ‘penis’ moves from flaccid to erect.
“It’s almost creepy,” Karley told the reporter. “It’s made to be hard on the inside with a soft
“We always
assume men are
more likely to
enjoy sleeping
with an object
and that women
need some sort of
emotional
connection to
enjoy themselves,
but that isn’t
always the case.”
- Karley

9
layer over it. There’s even real pubic hair.” She said that while it was a good experience, it
was not the same as having sex with a real person.
Finally, some people would not contemplate using a sex robot on religious grounds or
because of religious laws. Our surveys have been all been conducted in western countries and
have not considered the religious affiliations of the participants. The only article we found on
religion and sex robots was from two Muslim scholars Jelili and Tijani (2012). They present an
Islamic perspective on sex robots: “having intercourse with robot is unethical, immoral,
uncultured, slap to the marriage institution and disrespect for human being” (sic). Under
Sharia law, robot sex would have to be punished to deter the crime from spreading through
society. Jelili and Tijani suggest that sex with a robot could be considered to be adulterous for
married people and that would be punishable by stoning to death. For single people, the
‘offence’ could be considered fornication and that would carry a punishment of 100 lashes.
This has yet to be tested in Islamic courts and with these possible punishments, not many are
likely to risk it. Marriage to a robot would be forbidden under Islamic law in the same was a
marriage to an animal or someone of the same sex.

Conclusions from Q1
Overall, the results from the surveys on whether people would have sex with a robot varied
considerably. The lowest figure was 9% from the Huffington Post survey and others were as
high as 66% for males with a smaller but still significant percentage for women. These results
suggest there would be a market for sex robots – larger for men but there are still significant
numbers of women. The surveys asked people explicitly about sex with robots but other
studies using indirect experimental measures, found that people were aroused by touching
robot’s “intimate” regions and that males found pictures of robots in underwear just as
attractive as females in underwear. Research on individual differences did not turn up very
much but these were only from two preliminary studies. More detailed empirical research is
required to pinpoint a causal relationship between personal attributes and the desire for sex
with machines.
Q2. What kind of relationship could we have with a sex robot?
The manufacturers of sex robots want to create an experience as close to a human sexual
encounter as possible – a genuine intimate relationship. It would clearly be a step forward to
roboticise a sex doll so that it could articulate its limbs in a convincing manner. But more is
needed to compete in such a competitive market. The goal is to produce robots that we can
form a relationship with; a robot that has human-like characteristics of emotion and
conversation needed for authentic intimacy. This raises the questions (i) is it possible? (ii)

10
would it be meaningful to us? (iii) how would it equate to a truly human intimate
relationship?
Humans can easily be deceived into attributing mental states and behaviour to robots
because of our natural tendency to project human characteristics onto appropriately
configured inanimate objects. Such anthropomorphism (and zoomorphism) is commonly
observed in response to all manner of robots. This illusion can aid in the development of sex
robots by ultimately creating the perception of a genuine human sex partner. As a robot
increasingly comes to resemble a human, our affinity with it increases to a point as shown in
Figure 1 below.

Figure 1 The uncanny valley
On the left hand side of the uncanny valley, human anthropomorphism creates a sense that
either enables us to suspend our disbelief that a robot is a human-like actor or fools us into
believing that it has mental states. After this point, the robot starts to look spooky to us and
our affinity to it decreases dramatically. This phenomenon is what Mori et al. (Mori,
MacDorman, & Kageki, 2012) call the uncanny valley.
Sophia by Hanson Robotics
Crossing the uncanny valley is the focus of much research in Japan
(Kanda, Miyashita, Osada, Haikawa, & Ishiguro, 2008).
Researchers have explored using silicon-like to create lifelike
robots. The best examples come from Hanson robotics with their
patented Frubber(TM),
a structured elastic polymer that mimics the
movement of real human musculature and skin. Their robot
Sophia is a good as it gets. However, despite many years of

11
research, no one has yet managed to develop a robot that crosses the uncanny valley and
fools us into thinking that it is a human.
The anthropomorphic illusion can be further progressed by natural sounding speech and
conversation. Thanks to significant developments in speech research over the last decade,
robots can now sound like real humans and they can convert speech sounds into text for
further analysis. Machine conversation still has a long way to go. There are many chatbots
that can converse a little awkwardly on a number of topics but we are still a long way off from
having a chatbot convince us that it is human. There is certainly no sign of anything like the
Scarlett Johansson character in the movie Her.
Yet another aspect of creating the illusion of humanness is to provide robots with the ability
to respond with appropriate emotions in context. Again there have been enormous strides in
robotics research over the last decade that enable robots to create emotional expressions
that appear to us as happy or sad or even disgusted and so on. There are also classification
systems that allow for the visual identification of human facial expression showing emotion.
And robots can use bio signs such as heart rate, breathing and sweat to detect arousal.
However, except in very limited circumstances, there is still no evidence that a robot can
react appropriately to the subtlety of human emotion in context e.g. was someone crying
because of work stress or because their child had just died? More importantly, robots can no
more feel the emotions that they express than cartoon characters can. We do not fully
understand how human emotion works – chemically, hormonally or neurally – and we have
no idea how to create genuine feelings in an artefact. So this is not worth considering for
now.
Robot appearance
and the illusion of emotion aside, whether or not a human can feel
something for a robot addresses only one side of the equation. For a number of authors, the
anthropomorphic illusion resulting from the design of a robot means that there can only be a
one sided relationship between a robot and a human (Sullins, 2012). This may be considered
similar to other technologies (e.g. your phone, fridge, or car). It would be a case of loving an
artefact that cannot love you back (Turkle, 2011). This has led robot ethicist John Sullins ibid
to argue that the illusion is disrespectful of human agency and “should not be used to fool
people into ascribing more feelings to the machine than they should. Love is a powerful
emotion and we are easily manipulated by it.”
Sullins ibid also frowns on the idea of human-robot loving/intimate/sexual relationships,
saying that this ignores “the deep and nuanced notions of love and the concord of true
friendship.” He argues that while we may find the machines physically attractive, “we have an
engineering scheme that would only satisfy, but not truly satisfy, our physical and emotional

12
needs, while doing nothing for our moral growth.” In other words, sex robots are little more
than widely used sex toys.
This ties in with survey results. Scheutz and Arnold ibid noted that, “overall subjects view sex
with a sex robot as somewhat more like masturbation or using a vibrator than having sex with
a human”. When asked the question, would having sex with a robot cause you to lose your
virginity?, only 30% said ‘yes’ while 70% said ‘no’ and there was no differences between
males and females. This indicates that people see a difference between artefactual sex and
human sex. Snell (Snell, 1997) coined the term, ‘technovirgins’ to refer to people who had
only ever had sex with robots.
Nonetheless, 42% of the participants in the Huffington Post poll thought that being intimate
with a robot constituted cheating while 31% thought that it wasn’t and 26% were unsure.
Scheutz and Arnold’s participants rated robots as a substitute for cheating as an appropriate
use of robots as 4.97 out of 7 on a scale with 1 being the lowest. This was significantly higher
for men than for women.
As philosopher Charles Ess (2017) puts it, ‘since the machines are incapable of real emotions,
they are simply “faking it”, no matter how persuasively’. And this ties in with views of some of
those working in the sex industry. Cathyryn Berarovic (2016), a former sex worker and writer
tells us,
Almost every client I ever saw, though, wanted me to have at least one orgasm
during the course of our appointment, they all seemed to want to make me
come as much as I didn’t want to come, and they tried everything. …when all
else failed they simply requested or demanded that I come for them. “Don’t
fake it,” they almost always said, “I can tell when a woman’s faking.”
Elsewhere Ess (2016) discusses the notion of complete sex that is, “marked by the full
presence and engagement of persons as autonomous, self-aware, emotive, embodied, and
unique. He highlights Ruddick (1975) who sees the central role of mutual desire in complete
sex between two such fully present persons: we not only desire the Other – we desire to be
desired and, still more completely, we desire that our desire be desired.
Turning to Cathyryn Berarovic again, ‘the problem, though, is that no matter how good a
whore is at her job, the client always knows, somewhere in his head, that he’s paying for this
woman’s time and renting access to her body.’ The pretence might be even clearer when a
robot is used. The knowledge that the robot is not experiencing genuine emotions might
affect user experience, just like the situation with a sex worker. But we cannot currently
answer this empirically. It is possible that ownership and long-term use might create a
different perception in the user.

13
As quoted in Choi (2008), an alternative argument put forward by Levy is that falling in love
with a robot is no different from falling in love in a chat room, “it doesn't matter what's on
the other end of the line. It just matters what you experience and perceive.” Levy (2008)
poses the rhetorical question, "if a robot behaves as though it has feelings, can we reasonably
argue that it does not? And elsewhere he writes,
We will recognize in these companions the same personality characteristics
that we notice when we are in the process of falling in love with a human. If
someone finds a sexy voice in their partner a real turn-on, they are likely to do
so if a similar voice is programmed into a companion. That the companion is
not in the physical presence of the user will become less and less important as
its software becomes increasingly convincing (Levy, 2007)
The point Levy is making is that if the experience of the user is the same in a human
relationship as it is with a robot relationship then what does it matter if the robot can feel
genuine emotions? The only thing we should be concerned about, according to Levy, is the
experience of the user. It is an empirical question whether or not a robot can generate the
same experience that a human being can. This is doubtful when we listen to the narratives of
some sex workers suggesting that that the pleasure of another human can often be tied to
getting inside the life and emotional links of another human and to feel their enjoyment. As
one sex worker puts it,
My clients always used to like to push boundaries. They like the fact that they
are getting under your skin, or pissing you off…. They also like to know the real
you. They also like to know they can control you… get in your head. I believe,
for me, a lot of it can be psychological...the mind games can be the hardest
work of them all actually...There are also clients who like to like the girlfriend
experience and demand constant attention. They don’t just want to buy sex
they want to buy intimacy. Aimee and Kaiser (2015)
Other sex workers tell us that clients like to ‘party’ with them by joining them in drug taking
and drinking and getting their back story just like a real girlfriend. One escort woman named
Kylie Maria (she asked us to exclude her surname)12
told us that,
Clients always want you to take drugs with them and agencies have to try crack
down on this but it’s impossible. Sometimes you know you have things to do
the next day, but they insist. They want you to be intoxicated with them. Some
girls that don’t take drugs pretend to push the cocaine away with the notes
12
Interviewed by Eleanor Hancock, one of the authors of this report

14
they use to sniff them, but others enjoy getting intoxicated with clients. The
clients specifically ask for ‘party girls’ sometimes, which basically means they
want you to take drugs with them – alcohol is basically compulsory in this
industry.
The idea of a sex robot being able to have a convincing background life to discuss while it got
drunk and stoned is well beyond the reach of any near future or planned developments. The
challenges of making such a robot may well exceed the capability of technology for a long
time to come. We have no idea about how to go about this and so it remains entirely
futuristic and speculative.
Although this means that some people would never be satisfied with a ‘relationship’ with a
robot, it does not mean that other people would not. There is a great deal of diversity and
differences in taste when it comes to what counts as an intimate relationship. Some may
never have experienced any relationships before encountering a sex robot. Although sex
robots are too new to know how clients will relate to them, there are a number of
documented cases of men who believe that they have formed a relationship with passive
non-moving sex dolls.
One of these (Cliff, 2016) is a Japanese businessman Senji Nakajima, who is married with two
children. He said that he bought it originally for sex but after 2 months fell in love with it: 'She
needs much help, but still is my perfect partner who shares precious moments with me and
enriches my life.' Another example, is Phil, a 58 year-old man from the Island of Jersey. He
bought his robot for sex and now pushes it around in a wheelchair everywhere he goes.
People in his area have accepted it and see nothing wrong with him taking it down to the pub
with his friends (Campbell, 2016).
The Danish photographer, Benita Marcussen, carried out a photographic project of men who
have relationships with dolls, published on her website
http://www.benitamarcussen.dk/projects/. She writes,
Each year 400 customized, sculpted real dolls are shipped off to new homes,
improving the life quality of men whose loneliness, bad experiences with
women or social void, sexually and spiritually, have driven them to enter into a
unconventional, unorthodox form of life-long companionship: life with a doll.
Though regarded as living in the outskirts of normality, the men find a profound
attachment, comfort and joy in the dolls.
Conclusions from Q2
What does all of this tell us about the kind of relationship that we could have with a sex

15
robot? Although there are many ways in which people can have relationships with
technological artefacts, our question is about intimate interpersonal relationships that include
sexual activity. We have noted that robots cannot feel love and tenderness or form emotional
bonds. The best that can be achieved is the creation of an illusory relationship by reliance on
human anthropomorphism. Robots can, at best, project expressions that represent human
emotions and they can converse in a relatively limited way without understanding.
We have scholars telling us that the relationship afforded by sex robots is one sided; that it
ignores “the deep and nuanced notions of love and the concord of true friendship” and will
do nothing for our moral growth. They say that the best robots could do is ‘fake it’ and this
will not be like the full presence and engagement required for ‘complete sex’ in which we
desire to be desired and, still more completely, we
desire that our desire be desired.
We have heard from sex workers, that even
though their relationship with clients is a financial
one, many clients still want the pretence of a
relationship. They want more than a fake orgasm,
they ‘want to get inside the heads’ of the worker.
They want her to party with them and pretend
that they are in a genuine relationship.
Pretence and fantasy are perhaps the key to an
answer about the kind of relationship that could
be had with a sex robot. It is unlikely that robots
will be able to act out a fantasy relationship to
anywhere near the same level of performance as the theatrics of a good professional sex
worker or be able to party with them convincingly, at least for the foreseeable future.
However, they may be good enough to enable the user to ‘suspend disbelief’ and enter into
what could be regarded as a fictive relationship with a robot. This is a little like imaginative
play.
We must not underestimate the psychology of fantasy and the ability to suspend disbelief. As
we have seen, there are already men having fictive ‘loving relationships’ with silicon dolls that
cannot react in any way. These doll ‘relationships’ are certainly outside of societal norms but
they are apparently making some people happy. And sex robots could push the illusion a step
further by moving automatically, speaking and delivering limited conversations, moaning in
the right places and showing emotional signs.
With the added repertoire that robots bring, the numbers of users would increase. The polls
suggest that the increase could be considerable, certainly among males, although this will
the best robots
could do is ‘fake
it’ and this will
not be like the full
presence and
engagement
required for
‘complete sex’ in
which we desire
to be desired

16
depend to some extent on whether social norms evolve to encompass fictive robot
relationships.
Perhaps the main ethical issue here is in the deception of the vulnerable. Deception is a
nuanced concept when it comes to our relationship with artefacts. Is the artefact constructed
to enable a fictional relationship that we desire or is it deceiving us into believing that the
relationship is two sided? It is an issue worth considering in the making of policy or regulation
to ensure that descriptions and advertisements do not misinform about the limitations of
devices
Q3. Will robot sex workers and bordellos be acceptable?
Although no robot brothels have been opened yet, Yeoman and Mars (Yeoman & Mars, 2012)
predict that the red light district in Amsterdam will have robot sex workers by 2050. This is
speculative and there is no way to verify it, but we can glean some evidence about the
acceptability of robot brothels, or at least their use, from the rise of sex doll brothels in Asia.
The company Doll No Mori started a sex doll escort service in Tokyo in July 2004. Their
original plans for a call girl service were changed when they realized that labour costs would
be cheaper with sex dolls. They started with 4 dolls and made back their initial investment in
the first month because of many repeat customers.
This has now spread to Europe with the opening of the Lumidolls sex doll brothel in
Barcelona. The company say that, “[They] are totally realistic dolls, both in the movement of
their joints and in the touch, which will allow you to fulfil your fantasies without any
limit. These Sex Dolls will make the experience more pleasurable, exciting and erotic.” They
charge €80 for 30 minutes and €100 for an hour. It is too early to tell how this will fare in
Europe but it shows an increasing social acceptability that will pave the way for sex robot
brothels.
Levy (2007) points out that, “the early successes of these sex-doll-for-hire businesses is a clear
indicator of things to come. If static sex dolls can be hired out successfully, then sexbots with
moving components seem certain to be even more successful. If vibrators can be such a huge
commercial success, then malebots with vibrating penises would also seem likely to have
great commercial potential.”
In their survey, Scheutz and Arnold ibid asked the question, would it be appropriate to use sex
robots instead of prostitutes? They used ratings on a scale from 1 to 7, with 7 being
completely appropriate. The high average of 6.01 shows that most of those surveyed found
the notion of robot prostitutes acceptable.

17
Further, Levy (2008) argues that sexbots-for-hire will be able to satisfy the motivational as
well as the sexual needs for those (of both sexes) who would otherwise be the clients of sex
workers − to provide variety, to offer sex without complications or constraints, and to meet
the needs of those who have no success in finding human sex partners. And the positive
consequence, according to Danaher, quoted in the Daily Star (Waddell, 2016), is that robot
intimacy will stop sex trafficking and forced prostitution. This is a very strong empirical
statement and it implies that sex robots could
replace most, if not all, human prostitution.
However, we have found no indications that
robots will end prostitution or sex trafficking in
our investigation or in the surveys. It seems
unlikely given what sex workers say about the
needs of their clients for human character and
intimacy (see section Q2). Many clients still want
the pretence of a relationship, “getting under your
skin, or pissing you off”. They want more than a
fake orgasm, they ‘want to get inside the heads’ of the workers. They want to get drunk and
stoned with them and pretend that they are in a genuine relationship. They want to take
control of another human and reach into their emotional life. For these clients, a robot would
be a pale reflection – a fictional shadow – of a human. The anonymity and passivity of sex
robots may appeal to some but not all potential bordello clients.
Kay Firth Butterfield, a human rights lawyer and author of “Human Rights and Human
Trafficking”, points out that sex robots are unlikely, at least in the near term, to address the
need for domination which can be a characteristic of the use of human trafficking victims.13

We have seen that even in places where prostitution has been legalized, sex
trafficking does not diminish where ‘customers’ have an appetite for abuse or
child sexual abuse. In fact, an increase is seen because sex is known to be
available in these areas. It may be that once we can create robots which look
like the ones in “Ex Machina” then a transfer can take place but do we want a
society which continues the idea that it is acceptable to abuse in this way,
especially if we are creating child sex robots to meet that demand?14

13
Personal email communication with Kay Firth Butterfield received May 4 2017
14
Kay Firth Butterfield pointed us to a paper by Lee and Persson to support her claims http://web-
docs.stern.nyu.edu/old_web/economics/docs/workingpapers/2012/LeePersson_HumanTraffickingand
RegulatingProstitution.pdf extracted May 16 2017
we have found no
indications that
robots will end
prostitution or sex
trafficking in our
investigation or in
the surveys.

18
Conclusions of Q3
While we have no direct evidence about the acceptability of sex robot bordellos, one poll
suggests quite strongly that they would be acceptable. We also have evidence from the
precursors of sex robots with the onset of sex doll brothels. These started out in Asia and
were quickly accepted and the numbers are increasing. We also noted that a Lumidoll brothel
has now opened in Europe with big plans for expansion. The same bordellos could eventually
upgrade their stock with robotic dolls without raising any further eyebrows. The additional
repertoire offered by robots could well increase demand. Although we found no evidence for
the notion that sex robots would stop sex trafficking, we found some evidence to the
contrary.
Q4. Will sex robots change societal perceptions of gender?
Gutiu (2012) argues that, “sex robots, by their very design, encourage the idea that women
are subordinate to men and mere instruments for the fulfillment of male fantasies. This type
of harm has been explored in the context of pornography and is reproduced in the harm
caused by sex robots. Like pornography, use of sex robots sexualizes rape, violence, sexual
harassment and prostitution and eroticizes dominance and submission”
This argument is echoed by Kathleen Richardson who is campaigning against the use of sex
robots.15
She is also concerned that the representation of sex robots is based on pornographic
images of women. Richardson (2016) argues extensively that favouring the development of
sex robots reveals a coercive attitude towards women’s bodies. Richardson (2016) argues that
these robots reinforce a view of the female body as a commodity. Added to this, Sullins
(2012) argues that sex robots, “contribute to a negative body image.”
In contrast, Barber (2017) argues that, “this can also be seen as a contemporary example of
deviation as key to innovation and as a blatant opportunity to explore sexuality and the
human condition in even more depth and reveal more about our need to be creative,
innovative and inventive as part of our human evolutionary sexual strategy as a whole.”
Richardson proposes that male engineers in robotics are transferring their “heteronormative
and sexualised versions of women onto the objects they produce.” She points out that while
male looking robots do interesting tasks, female gendered robots perform services for males
like an assistant or will be used sexually. This is, “another way for males to fantasize about
how they can control women… if you already view women as objects, it's not such a stretch of
15
https://campaignagainstsexrobots.org/

19
the imagination to then perpetuate this in the imagination of, and production of sex
robots.”16

It is certainly an unfortunate fact that males dominate the Engineering industries. In the UK
women take only 9% of engineering jobs and these numbers are reflected elsewhere in the
world and with very low numbers in computer science and artificial intelligence. There is little
doubt that this has a gendered impact on the technologies that we use. Robots tend to be
female representations only when they are in a service or assistive role such as receptionist or
waitresses. Having a more gender-balanced industry could have a dramatic effect on how
gendered robots are used and depicted. However, having more women in the industry will
not necessarily mean a change in the pornographic representations of women in sex robots.
The choice of representations will still largely be determined by the demands of the market.
Moreover, Computer Scientist, Kate Devlin (2015), while agreeing with Richardson that
“society has enough problems with gender stereotypes, entrenched sexism and sexual
objectification”, also says, “opposition to developing sexual robots that aims for an outright
ban. That seems shortsighted”. Devlin goes on to say that, “the internet has already opened
up a world where people can explore their sexual identity and politics, and build communities
of those who share their views. Aided by technology, society is rethinking sex/gender
dualism. Why should a sex robot be binary?”
In support of Devlin’s argument, it is important to consider that a robot is a machine
therefore it is genderless. A pornographic body representation is not required for sexual
intercourse with a robot17
. A unisex robot body with interchangeable genitals would work just
as well. But the market and the consumers are likely to determine what sorts of bodies sex
robots will have. Some may find more gender-neutral bodies more attractive whereas others
may want the more pornographic representations. However, we have not yet found anyone
manufacturing gender-neutral bodies.18

And yet another perspective on the objectification of women is provided by Tina Horn, a
journalist for the magazine Jezebel. In a 2016 article on robots and sex in Westworld she
writes, “women can consent to being objectified, just as we can consent to erotic role play of
non-consent. In my experience, erotic fantasy is a cathartic way to reclaim the power that
society systematically tries to keep from me. The times that I choose to be objectified, or
choose to relinquish control, are the times I feel the most erotically empowered” (Horn,
16
Personal communication to the Foundation for Responsible Robotics via email September 2016
17
Would people accept or prefer a non-humanoid robot for intimacy? This is the subject of an amusing,
yet telling, article by Summers (2016) who got people to draw their ideal sex robots.
18
Although we have not discussed it here, there may in future be problems with racial stereotyping with
sex robot bodies. No research results are available. We do not have data on views of those who do not
fit into binary gender conceptions.

20
2016). In personal communication by email, Tina told us that she has “vast experiences with
BDSM.”19

Conclusions for Q4
There are complex issues with the impact of sex
robots on perceptions of gender and gendered
stereotypes. There is no question that creating a
pornographic representation of women’s bodies
in a moving sex machine, objectifies and
commodfies women’s bodies. However, the big
question is, what additional impact on societal
perception this will create within an already
burgeoning adult industry that thrives on such
objectification and commodification? But it may
be an amplifier, we just don’t know.
In balancing the arguments, we heard from a sex journalist involved in BDSM that she feels
most erotically empowered when she consents to objectification. But this is objectification
during an individual sex act with a consenting adult. This is different from women being
objectified in the street or in the workplace without giving their consent. We have no public
survey data on this question and it is certainly an area worth broader societal discussion that
should include under-represented communities.
Q5. Could intimacy with robots lead to greater social isolation?
We have no direct evidence to answer this question and it would be considered unethical to
set up controlled experiments. The majority of experts reviewed here propose that sex robots
could lead to some form of social isolation. Sullins (2012) states that, “these machines will not
help their users form strong friendships that are essential to an ethical society and may
19
Feminists are divided on BDSM issues. Oversimplifying for brevity, some hold that BDSM is
contradictory to feminism in that it reinforces patriarchy and that women who play a submissive role
are being led by sexist power structures to believe that they enjoy these acts. Others argue that
consensual BDSM, particularly SM, is an ideal feminist expression of sexual freedom and that women
are the real dominants because they have the ultimate control with a safe word. They feel that women
should have autonomy to do what they want with their own bodies.

There is no
question that
creating a
pornographic
representation of
women’s bodies
in a moving sex
machine,
objectifies and
commodifies
women’s bodies.

21
indeed lead to more isolation.” Whitby (2011)
writes that, “An individual who consorts with
robots, rather than humans, may become more
socially isolated.” The reason for isolation,
Richardson argues that “intimate relations with
robots will lead to more isolation for the human
race, because robots are not able to meet the
species specific sociality of human beings, only
other humans can do that”. Turkle (2011) suggests
that real sexual relationships could become overwhelming because relations with robots are
easier and for similar reasons Snell (1997) thinks that sex with robots could become addictive.
If they are right, the possibly addictive focus on non-human relationships could isolate users
from human society.
Kaye (2016) goes further in suggesting that sexual relations with robots will "desensitize
humans to intimacy and empathy, which can only be developed through experiencing human
interaction and mutual consenting relationships." There are echoes here in Vallor’s (2015)
notion of moral and social deskilling, which can lead to an inability to form social bonds. This
ties in with the idea that relationships with robots are fictive and may decrease our ability to
interact with other humans.
While there is no empirical data on sex robots and social isolation, there may be something to
learn from other contexts where (non-sex) robots are employed. For example, Robins et al.
(2005) discuss how robots can be isolators or mediators for children with autism. In some
cases robots seemed to contribute to social isolation. The goal, they argue, should be to
develop robots that create skills in humans that can be generalized to their interactions with
other humans. This idea with respect to sex robots requires study since they cannot be
excluded from the creation of skills.
In a study about robots in the home, Dautenhahn et al. (2005) found that although 40% of
participants were in favour of the idea of having a robot companion in the home, they mostly
saw their role as being an assistant, machine or servant. Few were open to the idea of having
a robot as a friend or mate.
There is some indication that public perceptions on the issue of isolation were mixed. de
Graaf and Allouch ibid found that 20.5% think that companion robots could decrease
loneliness while 14.3% said that robot companions could increase social deprivation or
isolation and 38.4% thought that there would be no positive consequences from using them.

relationships with
robots are fictive
and may decrease
our ability to
interact with other
humans.

22
Conclusions for Q5
The scholars cited here are pretty much in agreement that sex with robots could or will lead
to social isolation. The reasons given varied: spending time in a robot relationship could
create an inability to form human friendships; robot don’t meet the species specific needs of
humans; sex robots could desensitize humans to intimacy and empathy, which can only be
developed through experiencing human interaction and mutual consenting relationships; real
sexual relationships could become overwhelming because relations with robots are easier.
The 1162 Dutch participants of the de Graaf and Allouch study were not so sure and the
survey produced mixed responses to the question of social deprivation and isolation.
To balance the arguments, we need to look at other possibilities. Robot sex machines
represent a new technology and much of what has been written is based on our current social
norms. Regardless of our own taste, if there is a reasonable uptake of sex robots, there could
be social acceptance and people may take their sex robots out on social occasions. We have
already seen this emerging with men taking their sex dolls around with them. A video on the
Mirror newspaper’s website (Campbell ibid) shows 58 year old Phil out on a date night with
his doll at his local pub sitting chatting with friends. The landlord of the pub spoke of Phil’s
relationship with the doll in approving tones, “She doesn’t come in dressed up in raunchy
underwear or this, that and the other. She comes in very respectable, that’s his partner -
fine.” His expressions show that he finds it acceptable. This is not social isolation. Perhaps, it
is a one off example but the point is that we don’t know if there will be wide community
acceptance or even a cluster of new friendship forming around sex robot owners or users.
Q6. Could robots help with sexual healing and therapy?
Many ideas have been expressed about the ways in which robots could be used for sexual
therapy, or for treatment or to open up sexual pleasure for groups that may be otherwise
deprived. Some sex therapists have suggested a range of ways that robots could help them
with a variety of problems such as: erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, and social
anxiety about having their first sexual encounter (cf Kerner, 2016). Opinions have been
expressed for and against. We cover some of the main suggestions and issues here from sex
therapy for those with social or emotional blockages, for the elderly in care homes, and for
those with disabilities.
In an interview for this report, Matt McMullen, CEO of RealDolls, made a persuasive
argument for the therapeutic use of robots and dolls for a certain sector of the population:
“RealDolls, which we have been making for nearly 20 years have helped many, many people
deal with social and emotional blockages that they may have, issues which have left them
unable or unwilling to form traditional relationships with other people. The dolls have proven

23
to be a therapeutic tool to help these people and above all else have made them happy and
less lonely. The introduction of technology into this equation is a logical next step for us.“ (see
Section 8 for the full interview)
David Levy expressed a similar view in his book Love and Sex with Robots: “Many who would
otherwise have become social misfits, social outcasts, or even worse will instead be better-
balanced human beings” (Levy, 2008, p. 304). There have been no empirical studies testing
this claim and it is an area that needs further study. If it turns out to be the case that the use
of robots could alleviate loneliness and increase the happiness of those with emotional and
social difficulties, we should perhaps consider testing them as a therapeutic tool.20
Moreover,
if proven effective then perhaps there should be an obligation to provide these tools for those
in need.
The same applies to an idea put forward by Dr Kate Devlin, a computer scientist at Goldsmiths
University, London who ran the 2016 Love and Sex with Robots conference. She told the
Express newspaper (Martin, 2016),
The thing that interests me is the use of sex tech for the elderly in care homes
because when we say to old people ‘we’re going to put you in a care home’, it
really infantilizes them but these are still grown adults with the same amount
of desire for intimacy but it is incredibly taboo to say. You could be talking
about someone who has lost a husband or a wife and they’re feeling alone and
perhaps that is one thing that we could offer.
This adds a new dimension to the notion of companion robots for older persons. Yes, older
persons in care homes do need contact, love and some desire sexual contact. However,
whether or not care home residents find robot sex acceptable is another matter. It might suit
some but others may find the idea repugnant although that could change over time - we have
no data on this. We must also be very careful when dealing with vulnerable older people with
dementia to insure that they can give informed consent.
It may also prove difficult to get this idea past care home staff, family members and fellow
patients (cf Sharkey and Sharkey 2010). Doll therapy, of the non-sexual baby doll kind, was
introduced into long-term care homes in the 1990s to help people with severe dementia. The
“Someone to Care For“ doll is made especially for the elderly. The manufacturers claim that,
“These beautiful dolls offer comfort, care and happiness to senior citizens, especially people
20
The findings of Szczuka and Kramer ibid may appear to run counter this idea. They found no
relationship between loneliness and attraction to sexy robots. However, that tells us only that people
who were not lonely also found the robots just as attractive.

24
living with Alzheimer’s disease. Show someone how much you care with a “Someone to Care
For doll.””
Despite many anecdotal reports of the benefits that such dolls have in improving their lives,
there has been considerable opposition to the use of dolls to help older persons because they
infantilise them and violate their dignity (cf Sharkey, 2014).
Medical professionals have also discussed the sexual needs and rights of individuals with a
view to sex as a medical therapy. In a publication in the British Medical Journal by Joseph
Apparel, he states:
once individuals with disabilities have achieved personhood, they should receive
the same rights and opportunities as all able-bodied and able-minded human
beings. For too long, our society has viewed
these unfortunate individuals as non-sexual
beings, adopting rules in matters such as
consent and reimbursement that may serve
the interests of able-bodied society, but do a
profound disservice when applied to those
with disabilities. If we are to overcome these
obstacles, and to live in a more just
civilisation, we must begin to see sexual
pleasure as a fundamental right that should
be available to all.
Indeed, in the UK Human Rights Act 1998 and the
Equality Act 2010, It is illegal not to support
disabled people to enjoy the same pleasures as
others enjoy in the privacy of their own homes.
Without intimate sexual companionship, people with disabilities could suffer loneliness and
unhappiness. These are a target group that proponents of sex robots say would benefit from
them. Again this should not be considered as all or none. Some may prefer the anonymity and
privacy of having a sex robot in their home as a dignified solution. But sex robots may make
others feel worse and more socially isolated. They may prefer alternative services with
sympathetic human sex workers specialising in disabilities such as TLC, a UK based charity for
disabled men and women to find responsible sexual services.
Conclusions for Q6
It is possible that the use of sex robots in some therapies could potentially help some people
with sexual healing such as problems with sexual functioning or social anxiety about having
in the UK Human
Rights Act 1998
and the Equality
Act 2010, It is
illegal not to
support disabled
people to enjoy
the same
pleasures as
others enjoy in
the privacy of
their own homes.

25
sex. For example, it may be helpful to use a robot for private practice. But no one is claiming
that sex robots are a panacea for all sexual concerns or difficulties. Once we move into areas
of sex robots for the older people or for the disabled we are on ethically more uncertain
territory.
Some people with disabilities may like to use the more anonymous services of a sex robot
rather than the services of a professional human or other means, but we have no idea of the
percentages. This population was not specifically polled. There is no reason to believe that
their preferences would be any different and so it may only be for a minority. Sex robots
could be offered as an option
The issues are more complex for older people and particularly those in care homes. Special
provisions would have to be made to not cause offence to others. If the baby doll therapy
caused problems for families, fellow patients and staff, what issues would they have with sex
robots? The studies show that those with severe dementia disorders often believed that their
baby doll was a real baby and they formed mothering groups. This has raised concerns among
practitioners about the wellbeing impact and the ethics of deceiving the vulnerable. This kind
of deception with sex robot could have more serious implications and consequences and they
need to be thought through carefully if and before they are introduced.
Q7. Would sex robots help to reduce sex crimes?
Sexual desire takes many forms and there are many paraphilias (atypical sexual practices)
with people experiencing intense sexual arousal to atypical objects, fetishes, situations,
fantasies, or behaviours. The list is long and includes voyeurism, exhibitionism and
paedophilia. Some paraphiliae are really normal variants of sexual
interest and that has now been accepted by mainstream
psychiatry. The U.S. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders, 5th Edition 2013 (DSM-5) splits paraphilia and
paraphilia disorders. A paraphilia becomes a disorder when an
atypical sexual interest causes distress or impairment to the
individual or harm to others. While there is disagreement about
what should be deemed normal variants of sexual interest and
what should be deemed a paraphilic disorder, we focus here on
paraphiliae that are clearly disorders that cause harm to others.
There have been controversial suggestions about the use of sex
robots in sex therapy for the prevention of sex crimes such as
violent assault, rape and paedophilia. For most of us, who are not
sex criminals or trained therapists, there is an immediate visceral response and revulsion to

26
the notion of child sex robots. But there are a few
who believe that they could help in therapeutic
prevention to stop paedophiles offending or
reoffending.
Shin Takagi set up the Japanese company Trottla
to manufacture and market child look-alike sex
dolls that he says have been selling globally for
more than a decade. According to Takagi they can
help would-be paedophiles from offending.
Takagi, a self-confessed paedophile, told the
Atlantic (2016), “We should accept that there is no
way to change someone’s fetishes,” Takagi
insisted. “I am helping people express their
desires, legally and ethically. It’s not worth living if
you have to live with repressed desire.”
The New Scientist (Wilkins & Griffiths, 2012)
reported that Ron Arkin, a robotics professor at
the Georgia Institute of Technology, argued at a recent event that “people should not only
legally be permitted to have such dolls, but perhaps some should be handed prescriptions for
them. In his opinion, VR and sex robots might function as an outlet for people to express their
urges, redirecting dark desires toward machines and away from real children.” (Rutkin,
2016)21

At the same meeting, MIT researcher, Kate Darling, said, “We have no idea what direction this
goes in and we can’t research it. Funding is scarce, and it isn’t easy to find a group of
paedophiles willing to participate in research. Such a line of inquiry would also be likely to
provoke objections from many corners…” (Rutkin, ibid)
The Atlantic (2016) reported that, ‘Peter Fagan from the John Hopkins School of Medicine is
sceptical that there ever will be therapeutic use for sex robots. Citing cognitive-behavioural
theory, the paraphilia researcher believes that contact with Trottla’s products would likely
have a “reinforcing effect” on paedophilic ideation and “in many instances, cause it to be
acted upon with greater urgency.”’ (Morin, 2016)
Philosophy professor and robot ethicist Patrick Lin (California Polytechnic) goes further in his
response to Ron Arkin’s comments in an email to us (February 15 2017):
21
Charles Ess (personal communication) pointed out that this is perhaps an overly simple view of sex and
sexuality as something like an extant need or appetite that, like other appetites, such as hunger or
thirst, can be sated with no further consequences.
“Treating
paedophiles with
robot sex-
children is both a
dubious and
repulsive idea.
Imagine treating
racism by letting
a bigot abuse a
brown robot.
Would that work?
Probably not.”
- Patrick Lin

27
Treating paedophiles with robot sex-children is both a dubious and repulsive
idea. Imagine treating racism by letting a bigot abuse a brown robot. Would
that work? Probably not. If expressing racist feelings is a cure for them, then
we wouldn’t see much racism in the world. “Fighting fire with fire” may work in
very specific contexts—such as treating heroin addicts with methadone—but
not generally; that’s why the expression is so surprising. This shows that the
ethics of sex robots goes beyond whether anyone is physically harmed. There
may be other issues at stake, such as moral character, psychological effects,
social taboos, the ethical limits of experiments and therapy, and more. It’s not
as simple an issue as some people think.
The legality of such dolls as pornographic representations of children is also in question. In
2013, one of Takagi’s dolls was intercepted at a Canadian airport and the man who had
ordered it was arrested. At the time of writing this report the case is on-going. The man is
being charged with possessing child pornography and mailing obscene matter. He also faces
two charges under the Federal Customs Act for smuggling and possession of prohibited
goods. The courts are currently in the process of determining whether or not the child sex
doll legally constitutes child pornography given that Canada’s Criminal Code says that child
pornography concludes “a photographic, film, video, or other visual representation, whether
or not it was made by electronic or mechanical means” that shows explicit sexual activity
involving anyone who is, or is depicted as being, under the age of 18. This case raises
questions concerning the need to update this law in a time of emerging technologies such as
this one.
It is different in the United States. In 2002 the US supreme court struck down provisions of a
federal law that made it a crime to create, distribute or possess ''virtual'' child pornography
that used computer images of young adults rather than actual children. The US government
had argued that material appearing to be child pornography harmed real children by
sustaining the market for such pornography and encouraged those who would exploit
children. But the court did not agree, saying that ''The mere tendency of speech to encourage
unlawful acts is not a sufficient reason for banning it,'
Does this mean that child sex robots or dolls would be legal in the US? Robot Law professor
Ryan Calo told Forbes (Hill, 2014) that he thinks that it might be although it has not been
tested in court as yet. And maybe that is the case in other countries. Although the Trottla
child sex robots have been selling globally, there appears to have been no other reported
cases of arrests. This shows a gap in policy concerning sexual representations of children. We
need clarification on policies on child sex robots at the international level sooner rather than

28
later about whether they should be sold legally and what sort of ownership and use should be
permissible.
Moreover, developments in new materials for robot bodies could create new problems. It is
now possible to cover a robot with a detailed silicon moulding of a real person. Examples
include the creation of robotic Scarlett Johansson (Glaser, 2016), and Professor Hiroshi
Ishiguro’s creation of a robot in the image of his own 4-year-old daughter. Ishiguro is a
scientist who created the robot for scientific research purposes and not as a sex robot.
However, it demonstrates that it would be possible now to make a realistic representation of
any particular child as a sex robot. If these were created as child sex robots, would that still be
legal in the US and elsewhere. This is an area that needs attention and perhaps it calls for new
prohibitive laws to be enacted internationally.22

Another dark side to sex robots, is the notion of rape. Of course, sex robot machinery
operated by on-board computers cannot grant consent or be raped any more than a soap
dish can be raped. However, a life-like humanoid robot could be used to simulate a rape.
There was considerable discussion about this in the media during the showing of Sky
Atlantic’s Westworld where extraordinarily human looking robots, played by human actors,
were repeatedly raped by human guests at the Westworld theme park.
Tayag (2016) reported an MIT tech researcher, Kate Darling, saying that she was not
concerned about the robots but was concerned about the human behaviour and what might
happen after the humans left the Westworld Park: “Either sex robots would continue to serve
as a healthy outlet for our unhealthy urges or they would whet people's appetites for
unsavoury sexual fare. Both options have their own troubling implications, but the latter is
more immediately problematic.”
Patrick Lin told us in an email (February 15 2016),
If robots don't have rights, then they don't require consent for us to treat them
in a certain way, whether it's kicking them or having sex with them. But again,
we could still be obligated to seek consent, even if they don't have rights. If it's
important to society that we teach people that sex requires consent, then it's
not absurd to build in those norms in human-robot interaction. We're socially
conditioning people to act in better ways. So, consent here isn't about the
robot per se, but it's about what our action says to society.
22
Despite our attempts to write a genuinely objective consultation document, making realistic
representations of children widely available to be used for sexual gratification is not something that we
intend to promote.

29
This echoes the teachings of Immanuel Kant who believed that although animals were mere
things, we could not do to them anything we wished. In his Lectures on Ethics he says:
If a man shoots his dog because the animal is no longer capable of service, he
does not fail in his duty to the dog, for the dog cannot judge, but his act is
inhuman and damages in himself that humanity which it is his duty to show
towards mankind. If he is not to stifle his human feelings, he must practice
kindness towards animals, for he who is cruel to animals becomes hard also in
his dealings with men. (Kant, LE, 212 (27: 45))
Danaher (2014) concurs with this view in discussing the possibility of criminalising what he
describes as ‘robotic rape’23
. He provides two arguments. The first focuses on a moralistic
premise that acts [of robotic rape] could be prohibited because they harm the perpetrator’s
moral character or that they are offensive to others. The second focuses on a wrongfulness
premise that there is public wrong inherent to the acts, regardless of any potential harm to
others. He is not calling for new laws in his paper but exploring the issue of what would
motivate them.
But what would robot consent entail? It would be a considerable technical challenge to
develop a robot that could detect that it is part of a rape fantasy. It could have, for example, a
locked fake vagina that opens only when consent is given. The difficulty would be in
determining what would trigger that consent, “please may I have sex with you?” Or we could
install “handled roughly” sensors like the tilt sensors on pinball machines. But perhaps this
misses the point that rape is often about power and control as well as taking pleasure in
debasing and humiliating victims. An obliging sex robot is unlikely to fulfil these kinds of
rapist’s desires.
What seems more likely is that robots would be programmed specifically with rape fantasy in
mind, to simulate a resistance to sexual advances. Danaher ibid suggests that this may already
exist in rudimentary form in True Companion’s sex robot, Roxxxy.
It is possible for robots to be created that deliberately mimic signals of non-
consent. Such sex robots may even exist today. One of Roxxxy’s pre-
programmed personalities is called, by her makers, “Frigid Farah”. We are told
that if “you touched her in a private area, more than likely, she will not be to[o]
appreciative of your advance.” Admittedly, this is a pretty incomplete
description of how she interacts with her users, but it does suggest a signal of
23
Danaher (2014): “anyone who engages in (penetrative) sexual activity with a robot that signals non-
consent is engaging in an act of robotic rape.“

30
non-consent. Whatever the case may be with Roxxxy, I take it that anyone who
engages in (penetrative) sexual activity with a robot that signals non-consent is
engaging in an act of robotic rape.
However, Gutiu (2012) takes a stronger stance that even a passive sex robot that does not
resist sexual advances
is an ever-consenting sexual partner and the user has full control of the robot
and the sexual interaction. By circumventing any need for consent, sex robots
eliminate the need for communication, mutual respect and compromise in the
sexual relationship. The use of sex robots results in the dehumanization of sex
and intimacy by allowing users to physically act out rape fantasies and confirm
rape myths. Of greatest concern is how sex robots will affect men’s ability to
identify and understand consent in sexual interactions with women.
The difference between building non-consenting and passively consenting sex robots
confronts Sparrow (2017) with an ethical dilemma. On the one hand, if a sex robot is designed
to resist sexual advances such that their use constitutes a simulated act of rape, then building
them puts the user in relationship with the act of raping a woman. It exhorts and endorses
rape. On the other hand, building a robot that is passive or elicits sex is ethically problematic
for what it communicates to the broader public about women’s sexuality
In terms of using the simulated rape of sex robots as a therapy for the prevention of rape or
for existing rapists, there is no data to go on. But it is difficult to see how this could help
prevention. As feminist writer Megan Murphy puts it cogently,
It is irrational to believe that offering men something that physically looks like
a woman — that men are encouraged to engage with as they would a woman
— to beat up or rape will discourage men from thinking of women as objects
upon which they can act out violent fantasies or project their anger. As we
know, the existence of hundreds of thousands of prostituted women around
the world and a billion dollar porn industry has not stopped rape or abuse.
Conclusions for Q7
When we look at the question of whether or not sex robots could help to prevent sex crimes,
there is major disagreement. On one side there are those who believe that expressing
disordered or criminal sexual desires with a sex robot would satiate them to the point where
they would not have the desire to harm fellow humans. On the other side, many others
believe that this would be an indulgence that could encourage and reinforce illicit sexual
practices. This may work for a few but it is a very dangerous path to tread. It may be that

31
allowing people to live out their darkest fantasies with sex robots could have a pernicious
effect on society and societal norms and create more danger for the vulnerable
Interviews with the CEOs of two sex robot companies
We requested interviews from the three principle players in the se robot industry: True
Companion, Realdoll, and Sex Bots. Only Sex Bots did not respond to our request.
1. True Companion – CEO Douglas Hines - currently sells the intimate robot product Roxxxy –
a female representation. A male representation, Rocky, is ready for pre-order. There are
currently three versions of Roxxxy: Roxy Pillow which is a head and torso of a doll attached to
a pillow that responds to touch and speaks only sexually, Roxxxy Silver which is a full body
robot with the same features as the pillow, and Roxxxy Gold which adds ‘personalities’ like
Frigid Farrah, Wild Wendy or S&M Susan. It is customizable, can recognize speech and
respond.

The Interview with CEO Douglas Hines
1. Why do you think sex robots is a good move for your company?
Roxxxy, our sex robot, provides what every adult needs - unconditional love and support. The
ability to feel the loving embrace of a lover is a right every adult should be granted. We
provide a solution to help adults meet their social as well as sexual needs.
2. Where do you see the market going and what markets are you witnessing?
We see the sex robot market evolving into one where our robots will be the assistants of their
owners and also provide healthcare services.
3. Do you think that eventually we will see the prices become more affordable for sex robots or
will they be more of a leased item?
True Companion is working to keep their sex robots as affordable as possible.
4. What sort of functionality are you planning?
Roxxxy helps their owner's sexual desires and fantasies come alive. In addition, a version of
Roxxxy will also provide services just like an assistant or a concierge at a hotel. We also are
expanding into the healthcare arena with a robot to provide healthcare services.
2. RealBotix by RealDoll – CEO Matt McMullen - “The Realbotix project is an ongoing
endeavor to integrate emerging technologies with life sized silicone doll artistry, with three
main components: Artificial Intelligence, Robotics, and Virtual Reality. These core concepts
are outlined below:

32
*The Realbotix App: A cloud based application which can run on a tablet or smartphone that
will allow a user to create a unique Artificial Intelligence "personality" as well as a
customizable 3D model of this avatar on screen. The resulting AI can then be interacted with
through speech recognition via the device as a stand-alone platform, and will learn about the
user through these interactions and will remember key facts about them, thus creating an
engaging simulation of a relationship. The more the AI learns from these interactions, the
better the experience will become collectively as the app is continually updated.
*Robotic dolls: The AI app can optionally be connected to our robotic RealDoll system, so that
the AI can be interacted with via the robotic doll. This platform is currently being developed
as a fully animated head that can be easily attached to almost any RealDoll body, and will
include full neck articulation, mouth movement, expressive brows, smiling and frowning,
moving eyes and eyelids. We have been granted a patent on the skull and face design, which
features the ability to easily change the entire face of the robot using small magnetic
attachment points, so the owner will have multiple options for changing the look of their
robot. When used in conjunction with the customizable personalities within the AI
application, many unique combinations will be possible. In addition, we are creating sensors
for the robot’s head and body which will allow the AI to respond to intimacy and sexual
activity.
*Virtual RealDolls: We are developing a Virtual Reality application in which the user can
interact with the AI they have created in Virtual environments of their choice. We are
exploring ways to use the tactile simulation of a doll’s body or partial body to bring VR to a
new level of experience. In other words, the avatar you are looking at in the virtual world
could be touched utilizing a doll’s body or body parts tracked in conjunction with the user’s
position. Using the graphics capabilities of a more powerful computer will allow for very
detailed graphics and believable experiences which are literally out of this world.
The interview with CEO Matt McMullen
1. Why do you think robot sex robots is a good
move for your company
I think the terminology should be slightly
modified here: Most zoom in on the simple
term Sex Robot, while I would prefer to say we
are building a robot that will be capable of
engaging in intimacy and sex. RealDolls, which
we have been making for nearly 20 years have
helped many, many people deal with social and
emotional blockages that they may have, issues
“Most zoom in on
the simple term Sex
Robot, while I would
prefer to say we are
building a robot that
will be capable of
engaging in
intimacy and sex”
- Matt McMullen

33
which have left them unable or unwilling to form traditional relationships with other people.
The dolls have proven to be a therapeutic tool to help these people and above all else have
made them happy and less lonely. The introduction of technology into this equation is a
logical next step for us.
2. Where do you see the market going and what markets are you witnessing?
I feel that new technologies like robotics and virtual reality are going to become
commonplace in all aspects of entertainment. Higher levels of simulation and immersion are
going to propel many industries into new areas.
3. Do you think that eventually we will see the prices become more affordable for sex robots
or will they be more of a leased item?
Time will tell on this, but we are hoping that the hardware and software we are developing
will we affordable.
4. What sort of functionality are you planning?
The AI is the key to all that we are working on; We hope to create an engaging experience
with the AI alone, and from there the user can elect to connect the AI to either a robotic
system or a VR system to interact in the Real world and/or Virtual worlds.
Summary and Conclusion
Seven questions were posed here about our sexual future with robots. We have attempted as
much as possible to maintain objectivity in reporting expert opinions for and against the
various issues raised. To probe public opinion we used a number of public surveys from the
US, UK, Germany and the Netherlands24
and we see this as only a first step to broader societal
discussion. The main results of the five questions are as follows:
1. Would people have sex with a robot? The results from polls in four countries (US, UK,
Germany and the Netherlands) indicated that there would be a market for sex robots
for both men and women with the numbers significantly less for women. The
percentages varied considerably in the surveys with the lowest being the Dutch at 9%.
The polls also consistently show that males are at least twice more likely than females
to want robot intimacy. Indirect measures also indicated attraction to humanoid robot
bodies. All of the survey data were collected from Western countries and it appears
that other cultures, such as those in the Islamic nations would be prohibited from
24
There is an unfortunate absence of surveys for other regions of the world such as the global south.

34
using them. Moreover, detailed research is required to ascertain the impact of
loneliness and personality characteristics on the desire to have sex with a robot.

2. What kind of relationship can we have with a sex robot? It is clear from the current
state of technology that the relationship with a robot would be one sided. Robots
cannot feel love Survey results show that people think of sex robots as another form
of sex toy. Only one expert proposes that robots behaving as if they were emotional is
OK while for others the deception could not truly satisfy our emotional needs and may
erode human intimacy and empathy. Both scholars and sex workers agree that they
desire to be desired is high on the agenda of meaningful sex. But we noted that some
people are already having relationships with silicon dolls. It seems that human fantasy
enables fictive relationship that appear to be psychologically satisfying. But we cannot
tell how satisfying without considerably more research.

3. Will robot sex workers and bordellos be acceptable? Evidence was presented from
the use of sex doll hotels both in Asia and in Europe to suggest that there would be a
market for robot bordellos and that they could become acceptable. And this was
supported by one of the surveys in which US participants gave a high rating to the
appropriateness of using sex robots instead of prostitutes. It is likely that the added
features provided by robots over static sex dolls could increase demand for the
current doll brothels. However, we found no evidence that the use of robots to
replace sex workers would stop or reduce sex trafficking.

4. Will sex robots change societal perceptions of gender? This question revealed some
strong opinions against sex robots with authors, in different ways, arguing that sex
robots would negatively impact on societal attitudes to women and their body image
as well as further objectify and commodify the female body. We also saw a different
perspective on objectification from a Jezebel journalist that created a more nuanced
view of the issues. This was not part of any of the surveys and so we cannot probe
public opinion at this time. An important question is, what additional impact on
societal perception this will create within an already the burgeoning adult industry
that thrives on such objectification? This is an area worth broader societal discussion
that should include less well-represented communities and groups.

5. Could sexual intimacy with robots lead to greater social isolation? The majority of
authors reviewed here agreed that social isolation could result from the use of sex
robots. Public opinion appears to be divided according to some survey results with a
split in the Graaf and Allouch study of 20.5% v 14.3%. And 38.4% thought that there

35
would be no positive consequences. Dautenhahn found that people saw robots more
as assistants that as companions. We also looked at how some people were alleviating
their loneliness by taking a silicon doll around with them and even taking it out to the
local pub with friends. It seems that whether or not a fictive relationship with a sex
robots will create isolation could be dependent on social norms and community
acceptance.

6. Could robots help with sexual healing and therapy? It is possible that the use of sex
robots in some therapies could potentially help some people with sexual healing such
as problems with sexual functioning or social anxiety about having sex. They may help
to alleviate loneliness and help those who have emotional or social blockages. For
single people with physical disabilities, it is really up to them whether they would
prefer the anonymous services of a sex machine or other available sexual services. The
most controversial suggestion is for the use of sex robots for the elderly in care homes
who still have sexual and intimacy needs. There are ethical concerns here about how
this might impact on the dignity of those who may not understand what they are
being offered and also about the deception of the vulnerable with severe dementia.

7. Would sex robots help to reduce sex crimes? This is a question that suffers major
disagreement. On one side, there is a small number who believe that expressing
disordered or criminal sexual desires with a sex robot would satiate them to the point
where they would not have the desire to harm fellow humans. On the other side,
there are scholars and therapists who believe that this would be an indulgence that
could encourage and reinforce illicit sexual practices. This may work for a few but it is
a very dangerous path to tread and research could be very difficult. It may be that
allowing people to live out their darkest fantasies with sex robots could have a
pernicious effect on society and societal norms and create more danger for the
vulnerable. Currently there is a lack of clarity about the law on the distribution of sex
robots that are representations of children.
The main information we have used to gauge public perception and attitudes to sex robots is
from a number of surveys. These are a useful first step to probe the temperature of the topic
and formulate the issues. It is clear overall that men are keener on sex with robots than
women. There are different opinions between scholars about the moral issues of using robots
for intimate relations. We have also heard the manufacturers put forward a positive case for
robots that certainly aligns with some of the public views and points to groups that could
benefit from robot intimacy. What is needed now is a broader societal discussion, informed
public debate and engagement to decide in what circumstances sex with robots would be
permissible. It is the responsibility of our governments and the wider international

36
community to determine what is publicly and morally acceptable before stepping into
regulatory territory.

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The Foundation for Responsible Robotics at the Hague Global Institute for
Justice is a not-for-profit organisation founded on the belief that robots are
only as responsible as the humans who build and use them and it is they who
are accountable. Our goal is to foster conversations about the human
purposes that are implicit in the design of robots to ensure that these human
purposes are made as transparent as possible and thus, open for challenge
and debate. In robots, we not only project who we are but we come to affect
who we will become. These are not just technical matters. They need to be
made accessible to the broadest range of citizens and stakeholders.

Sophialaan 10, 2514 JR | The Hague | The Netherlands
http://responsiblerobotics.org | info@responsiblerobotics.org
@resprobotics

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