Gis in disaster managemant
- 1. USE OF GIS IN RISK MANAGEMENT BY: NISARG GANDHI 11BCL011
- 2. CONTENTS • • • • • WHAT IS GIS? WHAT IS DISASTER MANAGEMENT GENERAL METHODS OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT NEED OF GIS IN RISK MANAGEMENT ROLE OF GIS IN VARIOUS DISASTER MANAGEMANT EARTHQUAKE FLOOD EPIDEMOLOLOGY • CONCLUSIONS
- 3. WHAT IS GIS? • GIS- Geographic Information System. • A Geographic Information System (GIS) can be defined as an organized collection of software and geographic data that allow efficient storage, analysis, and presentation of spatially explicit and geographically referenced information. • GIS is a rapidly growing technological field that incorporates graphical features with tabular data in order to assess real-world problems.
- 4. WHAT IS GIS? • GIS data generally consist of two components: (1) graphical data about geographic features (e.g., rivers, land use, political boundaries), and (2) tabular data about features in the geography (e.g., population, elevation, modelled ambient concentrations of air toxics). • GIS combines these different types of data using a “layering” technique that references each type of data to a uniform geographic coordinate system (usually a grid such as latitude and longitude coordinates). Layered data can then be analysed using special software to create new layers of data.
- 5. WHAT IS DISASTER MANAGEMENT? • Also known as EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT or RISK ASSESSMENT. • Disaster/Emergency management can refer to the work of a public authority (government), a group of professions such as police officers and soldiers, or an interdisciplinary research field. It may also involve preparedness training by private citizens, as by FEMA in the United States. All aspects of emergency management deal with the processes used to protect populations or organizations from the consequences of disasters, wars and acts of terrorism. • Disaster management doesn't necessarily avert or eliminate the threats themselves, although the study and prediction of the threats is an important part of the field.
- 6. GENERAL METHODS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT • Risk assessment is a complex process aiming at evaluating the different aspects that can disrupt or destruct a system, providing means for understanding the causes and consequences of those risks. • Traditionally, risk assessment relies on mathematical models to establish the likelihood of a given event occurring with a given degree of intensity in a given site. The major limitation of this type of approach is that risk necessarily entails uncertainty and it is necessary to make realistic hypotheses about possible future scenarios.
- 7. GENERAL METHODS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT • For complex systems, such as critical infrastructures, which comprise many components over significant geographical areas, the understanding of all factors involved in a risk situation is particularly demanding, Therefore, risk assessment approaches require to take into account all relevant social, economic, cultural, and political aspects, in order to define the vulnerability, resilience and capacity of response of a territorial system to different threats. • A fundamental principal of risk assessment is that natural or industrial hazards are location dependent, and that generally (within an acceptable range of uncertainty) reliable historical and location specific data are available – e.g. regarding failures, potential damages, etc.
- 8. GENERAL METHODS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT • Many of the decisions we make every day involve being able to access, understand and utilize the space around us. This type of information is referred to as spatial information, and by visualizing, we can see relationships, patterns, and trends that may not otherwise be apparent.
- 9. GIS AND RISK ASSESSMENT Use Of GIS During And Before Various Disasters
- 10. NEED OF GIS IN RISK ASSESSMENT • There is a critical need for consistent standards to avoid fragmentation of information. • Consistent data consolidation over many years helps transform data into knowledge. • The explosion of new applications for risk management data means that the opportunity to benefit from acceptance of standards is not limited to claims or other risk management data. • The role of risk management in the enterprise is transforming, as an increasing variety of types of information relating to organizations' risk exposures become accessible and manageable from individual desktop computers.
- 11. NEED OF GIS IN RISK ASSESSMENT • GIS is a tool for performing catastrophe needs assessment, to help answer such questions as: How big and how bad will a natural disaster be? How will it affect our insurance portfolio? Where should we set up catastrophe operations? How many adjusters and independents should we assign, and how soon?
- 12. NEED OF GIS IN RISK ASSESSMENT
- 13. GIS FOR EARTHQUAKE HAZARD • There are two methods: 1. A simple method, followed by the RADIUS methodology, in which Peak Ground Acceleration is calculated for a scenario earthquake, and the amplification of soil is treated by simple multiplication values. This method gives only a very general approximation of the hazard 2. A second method in which the earthquake spectra is considered, and calculate the natural frequency of the soil, which is used to delineate areas which will experience large ground amplifications at specific frequencies which correspond to natural frequencies of certain building types.
- 14. GIS IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT
- 15. GIS IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT
- 16. GIS IN FLOOD RISK MANAGEMENT
- 17. GIS IN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES • The branch of medicine that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of diseases. • The GIS establishes spatial relations between a disease and other information (the distance of the possible pollution sources, the presence of cluster...), through the geocoding; other GIS tools important for epidemiology are the overlay process and the buffer calculation.
- 18. BENEFITS OF GIS FOR RISK MANAGEMENT • GIS proves an important aid for risk management • Gathering data to create a GIS to meet potential emergencies requires an immediate and concentrated effort. It is far easier to accomplish this task before an attack or emergency than in its aftermath. • GIS can deliver not only data on hazards in the region information on building, lifelines, and critical facilities, but can also contain built in risk assessment programmes that allow the planner to simulate disaster scenarios and graphically view the potential damages and affected areas as well as plan rescue operations.