![Introduction to Blockchain and IoT 3
the purpose of the blockchain were to solve two major problems. The first is to solve
the double spending problem and second was to eliminate the need of central trusted
third party.
2 Technical Aspects of Blockchain Technology
The blockchain is a chain of blocks that contain information. Originally, this tech-
nique was introduced in 1991 by the group of researchers and was originally meant
for digital documents timestamp so it is not possible to backdate the documents or
to tamper them. However, it was not in proper use until it was used and adapted by
Satoshi Nakamoto in the year 2009 in order to create a digital cryptocurrency bitcoin
[1].
2.1 Concept and Working of a Blockchain
The blockchain is a collection of blocks, which is totally open and public to everyone.
The open ledger in the blockchain is distributed in nature. The important feature of
blockchain is that once the data is recorded into the ledger, then that data can’t be
erased. How does the blockchain work? Every block present in the chain consists
of the data, hash to that particular data and the previous hash. The data recorded in
the blockchain depends on the type of the blockchain. If the blockchain is related
to bitcoins, it will store data for transactions, the information about the sender and
receiver and the number of bitcoins present in the network. Each block in the chain is
having a hash value that can be compared with the fingerprints. As the new block is
created, the hash of that particular block will also be generated. The hash of the block
will be changed with the modifications made in the block. Therefore, the hash value
is a very important factor while making modifications in the block. If the hash value
of any block will be changed, then it will not be considered to be in the same block.
Other than the hash of the current block, the block also holds the hash of the previous
block. This helps to make a chain by linking the current block to the previous block.
These features of a block in the chain makes blockchain more secure.
Consider an example of a chain having three blocks. As shown in Fig. 1, every
block consists of the hash value of the current block and the previous block. In the
figure the block number 2 is pointing toward the block number 1, block number 3 is
connected to block number 2 using the previous hash. The previous hash of the first
block is 0000 because it a special block which is not pointing back to any block. This
block is known as the Genesis block. Now suppose somebody wants to tamper block
number 2. With the tampering of the block, the hash value of that block will also be
changed. In that case, the third block and the following blocks connected in the chain
will stand invalid because there is no valid hash present at that moment. Therefore,
changing one block in the chain will result in invalidating all the following blocks](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-18-320.jpg)
![4 P. Rathee
Hash: 1P5F Hash: 2Q6R Hash: 3D2L
Previous hash: 1P5F Previous hash: 2Q6R
Previous hash: 0000
1 2 3
Genesis block
Fig. 1 Blockchain structure
in the chain. In order to make it valid, the hacker needs to change the hash value of
all the following blocks. Though it a good idea to make the blockchain secure it is
not sufficient to stop tampering. With the advancement in computer technologies,
hundreds or thousands of hash values can be calculated per second. Anyone can
change the hash of the current block and the following hash using the computational
technologies. In that case, those blocks will be valid even after tempering. Therefore,
in order to make it less serious, the blockchain introduces a concept known as proof
of work.
Using the technique of proof of work, the creation of the new block gets slow down
up to some extent. In this case of bitcoin, the calculation of proof of work requires
nearly 10 min in order to add the new block in the chain. This technique enhanced
the security in the blockchain. Because if someone will try to tamper with any block
in the chain then he has to recalculate the proof of work for all the following blocks
which are quite difficult. Therefore, the collective use of hashing technique and the
proof of work mechanism make the blockchain more secure.
One of the major advantages of blockchain is its distributed nature, which makes
blockchain secure themselves. Rather than the centralized system of managing the
chain, blockchain uses peer-to-peer network. As the blockchain is open and public,
anyone can join the network. After joining the network, the participant will be get-
ting the complete copy of the chain. The node can verify using that copy whether
everything is happening in order or not. Now if somebody creates a new block, then
what happens? The block will be sent to everyone present in the network. Each node
will verify that block in order to ensure that the block is genuine or tempered. After
verification, the new block that is created recently and verified will be added by each
node in their copy of the chain. Then an agreement is created by all the nodes in the
network. They make a consensus on which block is valid and which is not. If the
block is valid, it will be added in the chain. If the block is tempered with, then it will
be rejected by all the nodes. Therefore, in order to temper with one block, one has to
temper with all the blocks present in the chain, recalculate the has and the proof of
work for all the blocks. After doing that, only the tempered block will be accepted by
others present in the network, which is nearly impossible to perform. That is why the
combination of hash and proof of work is quite a secure mechanism for blockchain
[2].
The blockchains are evolving day by day. The smart contracts are the most recent
development of the blockchain. The smart contacts are used to transfer coins among](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-19-320.jpg)
![Introduction to Blockchain and IoT 7
2.3 Distributed Power
The Blockchain is nothing but a group of blocks or a chain of blocks. Each block is
going to contain some data and in the context of the blockchain, that data is a ledger
or a transaction. Let’s say at time T = 0 is the time when the first block was added to
the blockchain system and this block which was added at T = 0 is called the Genesis
block. Each block of the blockchain also linked to other blocks via linkages to the
previous blocks. So in other words, each block of the blockchain has a reference to its
previous block. This is how each block of the blockchain is connected to each other.
One of the major architectural aspects of blockchain is that blocks are distributed
across the P2P network. The P2P is a network wherein each node of the network is
connected to every other node of the network. These are the nodes, which also help to
store the blocks as well as to do some mining process on the blocks as per the criteria
which are mentioned in the blockchain algorithm. This arrangement with which the
blocks and the ledgers are distributed across the various nodes of the network is also
called as distributed ledger technology or DLT. The DLT is also abbreviated as an
alternative name of blockchain in order to make it more generic.
2.4 Security
The blockchain is one of the most fundamental technologies underpinning. One area
where the number of people getting excited to use blockchain is identity. Identity is a
very important concept at the basis of any security puzzle because if you know who
you are talking to, where they are coming from, then you can trust them. Blockchain
with its replicated storage and its decentralized management offers some exciting
possibilities for storing and providing access to identities which can then be used in
bigger transactions [3].
2.5 Transparency
One of the core philosophies of blockchain is transparency or visibility. So there is
open ledger for all to see what happened. Deterrence is a useful way of stopping
bad things from happening. If people know that the record of what they are doing is
going to be laid bare to be checked later to be verified, they often just won’t do the
bad things in the first place. It is not worth if the risk of getting caught is too high. So
in principle, this openness and transparency is a great way of taking out some of the
security problems and some requirements from technology from blockchain-based
systems.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-22-320.jpg)
![10 P. Rathee
areas. The combination of IoT and blockchain seems to be a very efficient technology
in every field. Blockchain networks could provide a robust and decentralized system
for handling these issues on the micro level of individual devices and machines.
The internet of things going to need micropayments systems where devices can pay
automatically on demand based on the resources they consumed [4].
3.3 Social Implication of Blockchain and IoT
There are various social implications of blockchain and IoT. Some of them are
illustrated as follows:
Personal responsibility: It puts the responsibility of an individual solely in their
hands. You can no longer offload responsibility if you live in a completely open
environment. If you lose your private key, your money is gone.
Spreading of value distribution: One is also spreading the value of distribution if
one takes note of a few hacks in exchange. The system can’t be broken. The whole
things can’t be taken down by taking a single part of it. Only can be done is the value
distribution existing in the network. All of the data or value is held at the end nodes.
Service in transit: People who try to build on top of the network focus on actually
providing service through transit. The money is transmitting, and never held by one
node. The data is transformed and moved it somewhere else.
Large-scale agreement of information: As opposed to the client–server model, data
on one application may doesn’t correspond to the same redundant data on another
application. So when you have things like a consortium of banks, you have to have
a lot of middlemen which have to keep track of a lot of auditing. The blockchain
solves this problem in order to make the payment and money transfer system by
making it completely automated. As the blockchain technology is decentralized, so
the problem of the middleman is also got solve by using blockchain. And apart from
it, the IoT provides the interconnection of all the devices and blockchain provides
the decentralized property. Therefore, the combination of two makes it convenient
for the agreement of information on a large scale.
4 Blockchain Use Cases for IoT
4.1 Healthcare Industry
This section will illustrate how emerging technologies can be leveraged by the health-
care industry to capture, manage, and analyze patient details. The data sent by the
patient is recorded and presented to the doctors through IoT application. The doctor
can record the patient’s medical history and store it in a blockchain. Thereby pro-
viding immutability to the patient’s medical record. In the end states, doctors will](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-25-320.jpg)
![Introduction to Blockchain and IoT 13
companies don’t know about each other. As a consumer, you don’t know anything
about how, where, when, what, under what conditions your computer was made. This
is not just a problem for consumers. Today’s supply chain is so complex that even
Apple, Dell, or HP has difficulty in tracking that how their computers get made.
Smart contracts could make supply chain management simpler and more trans-
parent. The idea is to create a single source of information about products in a supply
chain in a global ledger. Each component would have its own entry on the blockchain
that gets tracked over time. Both companies could then update the status of a com-
ponent in real time. The end result is once you receive your computer, you could
track every component back to its manufacturer. Theoretically, you could trace the
supply chain all the way back to the mines where the raw materials came from.
Companies can also use the blockchain supply chain as a single source of truth for
their products. They can manage and monitor risks within the supply chain ensuring
the quality of delivered parts and track delivery status. Additionally, companies can
use smart contracts to manage and pay for supply chains autonomously. For exam-
ple, a chip manufacturer could be paid immediately upon testing of each individual
chip at the assembly facility. This would reduce the need for large contracts invoices
and the back-and-forth of refund requests for faulty components. Those same smart
contracts could assist with shipping and logistics, tracking valuable products as they
travel around the world. Using blockchain companies can finally have a complete
picture of their products at every stage in the supply chain bringing transparency to
the production process while reducing the cost of manufactured goods.
5 Key Challenges for Block Chain and IoT
5.1 Operational
The IoT and blockchain technologies are connecting several devices working on sev-
eral platforms. The devices communicating with each other might face the problem
of compatibility with each other. In order to make these technologies operational
efficiently, we need a common platform for all the devices and inbuilt technologies
[5].
5.2 Technical
The major technical issues of blockchain and IoT technology are scalability, security,
and storage requirement. The issue of security has already been discussed in detail.
So coming to the issue of scalability which means that the capacity to process a
transaction on the blockchain is limited. In the case of financial transactions, there
happens several thousands of transaction per second. This means that in blockchain](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-28-320.jpg)
![16 A. M. Saghiri et al.
Fig. 1 Number of connected devices [2]
that, by 2020, 100% of its products will be available on the Internet [1]. Figure 1
shows that the number of connected devices has surpassed the human population and
continues to rise.
In this chapter, we focus on the implementation perspective in three fields:
blockchain technology, AI, and the IoT. The rest of the chapter is organized as fol-
lows. Section 2 discusses the implementation perspective of blockchain platforms. In
Sects. 3 and 4, some important IoT and AI platforms for implementation are studied.
A hybrid system based on IoT, AI, and Blockchain is explained in Sect. 5. Finally,
the conclusions and future work are given in Sect. 6.
2 Blockchain Implementation Perspective
Blockchaintechnologycanbeusedtodesignadecentralizedsystemfortracking,doc-
umenting, and facilitating transactions. In this section, we study the most important
platforms for implementing the blockchain. There are many solutions for blockchain-
based applications in the literature. In this section, we survey eight well-known solu-
tions.
2.1 Bitcoin
Bitcoin, which was first registered in 2008, refers to a collection of concepts and
technologies which establishes the basis for a digital money ecosystem [3]. Bitcoin
users communicate with each other by utilizing a special form of peer-to-peer pro-
tocol primarily via the Internet. The Bitcoin protocol stack, which is available as](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-31-320.jpg)
![The Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and Blockchain… 17
Fig.
2
Bitcoin
overview
[4].
Source
Mastering
Bitcoin
Programming
the
Open
Blockchain](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-32-320.jpg)
![18 A. M. Saghiri et al.
open-source software, can be used on a wide range of computing devices such as
laptops and smartphones, which can lead to easier and greater Bitcoin accessibility.
Some well-known features of Bitcoin are given as follows [4]:
• A decentralized peer-to-peer network (the Bitcoin protocol),
• A public transaction ledger (the blockchain),
• A set of rules used for validating independent transaction validation and issuing
the currency (consensus rules), and
• A mechanism for obtaining a global decentralized consensus on the valid
blockchain (proof-of-work algorithm).
In order to develop an application based on Bitcoin, some of the best libraries and
programming languages are mentioned in [4] (Fig. 2).
2.2 Ethereum
Ethereum is considered to be a trusted computational platform, along with a native
currency, which is established on top of a decentralized peer-to-peer network. Any
digital content which can be controlled by someone may be saved in an Ethereum
smart contract, which is then transferred between peers without requiring a third
party or middleman, such as a bank, exchange, or central government [5]. The data
stored in smart contracts are safe and easy to access, although the cost and structure
of the store are more related to metadata-related applications because saving real data
is too expensive. Figure 3 presents an architecture for the entire Ethereum ecosystem
on a network. The Ethereum Virtual Machine is mostly utilized for directing smart
contracts, as well as establishing a consensus among all participants [6].
In the Ethereum ecosystem, the following play important roles:
• Whisper: Ethereum has its own messaging protocol called Whisper. Whisper is
a decentralized chat mechanism on the Ethereum platform which operates on a
peer-to-peer protocol.
Fig. 3 Ethereum ecosystem [6]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-33-320.jpg)
![Flags and The Salute.
Prices.
money long since due.’ This was in 1658, but in March of the following year they wrote bitterly to the
Council that, while such large debts were contracted and they were struggling with difficulties, it made
them ‘exceeding unhappy’ to see that even their assignments on the customs were not handed over to
them in full.[1482] In May 1659, among other items, £330,000 was owing for seamen’s and £43,000 for
dockyard wages, and the £735 a week paid by the Navy Treasurer to the Savoy and Ely House
hospitals was six months over-due.[1483] In September the army commissioners were directed to hand
over £60,000 for naval purposes, although the soldiers’ pay was months in arrear. When the
Commonwealth accounts close on 7th July 1660 the debt was £1,056,000.[1484] For this large sum
every year from 1640 furnished its quota, thus detailed:—1640-9, £10,200; 1650, £71,000; 1651,
£25,000; 1652, £16,000; 1653, £11,000; 1654, £5000; 1655, £50,000; 1656, £229,000; 1657, £218,000;
1660, £421,000. That the earlier amounts were not merely book debts carried forward for want of
claimants is shown by the existence of a petition, of April 1658, begging for the settlement of a bill for
freight incurred between 1643 and 1651.[1485] These liabilities, belonging to only one branch of the
public service, help to explain why many classes of society, not actively royalist, may have welcomed a
restoration which promised a settlement of debts and a more stable financial system.
When the St George’s cross was made the national flag in February 1648-9,
it was also ordered that an escutcheon should be carried on the stern of each
man-of-war, containing a red cross in one compartment and a harp in another. In 1653 the three
Generals at sea used, besides their standards, a pendant of red, white, or blue, at the main, and their
vice- and rear-admirals their respective colours at the fore and mizen. From 18th May 1658 the standard
of the General of the fleet was to bear the arms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, ‘with his Highnes’
escutcheon of pretence according to the great seal of England.’ The jack flag for admirals was to consist
of the arms of England and Scotland united, ‘according to the ancient form,’ with the harp added,
‘according to a model now shown.’[1486] All saluting, whether from ships or forts, was strictly forbidden in
1652, except in honour of ambassadors; but the salute to the flag from foreigners was firmly upheld
under all circumstances. By the treaty of 5th April 1654, the Dutch formally acknowledged the English
right to the salute in the ‘British seas.’ In 1657 Opdam, with thirty Dutch sail, passing Dover struck his
flag and saluted the castle; shortly afterwards he met the Dragon and the Colchester, whose captains
ordered him again to strike. He refused, saying that he was not expected to pay this mark of respect to
every ship he met, whereupon they replied that if he did not they would engage him till they sank
alongside. Then ‘he struck in a great rage,’ and kept his flag down till out of sight of the Englishmen.
Man-of-war captains sometimes displayed the same feeling of pride in their position at the expense of
English ships. In 1654 a Virginiaman was run down and sunk in the Channel by the Ruby. In the
subsequent inquiry the master of the merchantman held that the Ruby should have gone astern of his
vessel, to which her captain retorted by asking, ‘How many men-of-war have you known go under a
merchantman’s stern?’
The prices of naval stores varied greatly, according to the confidence felt in
the treasury and conditions of peace or war; the following are the rates for
some of the principal articles:—
Iron Ordnance
1650, £20 a ton
1653, £26 ”
Canvas
Noyals, 1652, £15 to £17 a bale[1487]
Noyals, 1654, £19, 7s a bale
Vitery, 1654, 1s a yard
Vitery, 1655, 1s 4d an ell
Ipswich, 1654, £1, 12s a bolt
Ipswich, 1655, £1, 7s 9d a bolt
Hemp
1653, £32 a ton (English)
1655, £38, 10s a ton (Riga)
1657, £44 a ton (Riga)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-35-320.jpg)
![1658, £46 a ton (Riga)
1658, £33 a ton (English)
1658, £38 a ton (Russia)
Anchors
1656, £34 a ton
” £37 ”
Powder
1650, £3, 16s a barrel
1652, £4 ”
1653, £4, 10s ”
Plank
1653, £2, 18s a load
1655, £3, 7s ”
1657, £3, 5s ” (oak)
1659, £3, 15s ” ”
Small Arms
Snaphaunces, 1658, 11s 6d each
Matchlocks, 1658, 10s 6d each
Carbines, 1658, 11s each
Pistols, 1658, 14s a pair
Black Rosin
1655, £10, 10s a ton
1657, £10 a ton (Mar.)
1657, £9, 5s ” (Aug.)
Compass Timber
1656, £2, 5s a load
1658, £3 ”
Cordage
1649, £30 a ton
1656, £44 ”
1657, £48 ”
1658, £44 ”
Shot
1652, £11, 10s a ton
1653, £14 a ton
Tar
1654, £1, 15s a barrel
1655, £10, 12s a last
1656, £12 a last
1657, £12, 10s a last
1658, £13 a last
Pitch
1654, £1, 16s a barrel
1655, £15, 5s a last
Beer
1654, £1, 15s a tun
1659, £2, 5s ”
Sprutia[1488] Deals
1656, 12s 6d each
1659, 14s ”
Ordinary Deals
1657, £4, 3s per 100 of six score
Whale Oil
1659, £26, 15s a ton
English Tallow
1658, £2, 3s per cwt.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-36-320.jpg)
![APPENDIX A
CHAPTER HOUSE BOOK Vol. XIII
Here ensuyth An Inventorie or boke of All such Stuff, tacle,
apparell, Ordynaunce, Artillarie and habillamentes for the warre as
Remayned in our soveraigne lord the kynges shippes the xxvij day of
July the vjᵗʰ yere[1489] of his reign, By a vewe taken by Sir Henry
Wyat, Sir Andrewe Wyndsore, knightes, George Dalyson, and
Thomas Tamworth, commissioners in that behalf appoynted, Whuch
Stuff, tacle, apparell, Ordynaunce, Artillaries, and habillamentes for
the warre Was delyvered into the charge and kepyng of severall
persons hereaftyr particlerly named to our seid soveraigne lord the
kynges use by Indentures thereof made and also billes signed with
the handes of the seid commissioners in the custodie of the seid
persones remaynyng, That is to Sey
The kynges Shippe called the Henry Grace de Dewe:—Stuff,
Tacle, and apparell of the seid shippe delyvered by the seid
Commissioners into the charge of John Hopton by Indenture, that is
to sey
ffyrst the foremast of the seid shippe j
Shrowdes to the same xvj
Dedemens hyes[1490] to the same xvj
Tacles to the foremast iiij
Doble polles[1491] with Shyvers[1492] of Brasse iiij
Single polles with Shyvers of Brasse iij
Single polles with a colk[1493] of Brasse j
Swyfters to the foremast vj
Doble polles with colkes of Brasse iij
polles whuth Shyvers of wode iij
polles with v colkes of Brasse and oone of wode vj
Garnettes to the foremast with iiij poles[1494] ij](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-38-320.jpg)
![Garnet with ij polles and shyvers of Brasse j
Garnet with a shever of Brasse and another of
tymbre j
Trusses to the foremast ij
Drynges[1495] to the same j
Doble polles for the trusses with colkes of brasse ij
Single poles of tymbre ij
Drynges with a doble pole with a colk of brasse and
oone single pole of wode j
halyers to the foremast ij
Shyvers of Brasse to the brest[1496] of the
forecastell iij
Ramehedes with ij shevers of Brasse j
Shetes to the foresayle ij
pollies with shevers of Brasse to the same ij
lyftes to the foresayle ij
Doble polies with shyvers of Brasse to the same ij
Single polies with colkes of Brasse ij
Shetes to the toppe Sayle ij
Single polies with woden pynnes to the same ij
Tackes to the foresayle ij
Stodynges[1497] to the foreyerd ij
pollies to the same with woden pynnes ij
cranelynnes to the foremast j
Single poles with shyver of Brasse j
Bowelynnes to the foreyerd with the poleis and
dedemanes hies and oone doble pole with a
shever of brasse j
Stayes to the foreyerd with iiij dedemens heies ij
Sprete sayle yerdes ij
halyers to the same ij
Single poleis with shyvers of Brasse to the same ij
lyftes to the Sprete Sayle with iij single polies and
woden pynnes j
Grapilles[1498] with the cheyne hangyng apon the
bowspret with a pole havyng a colk of brasse j](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-39-320.jpg)
![knyghtes[1499] longyng to the lyftes of the foresayle
with ij shevers of brasse
ij
The fore topmast j
Shrowdes to the same xij
halyers with a doble polie and a colk of brasse ij
single poleis with woden pynnes ij
Bowlynes to the foretop Sayle yerd with
pawes[1500] and dedemens hyes to the same ij
Brasses[1501] for the foretop sayle yerd ij Single
poles with pynnes of wode ij
lyftes to the foretopsayle yerd with iiij poleis with
wooden pynnes ij
Shetes to the foretopsayle with ij woden poles ij
Steyes to the foretopmast j
Sayle yerdes to the foretop j
Toppe Galant apon the foretopmast j
mastes to the same j
Shrowdes to the same viij
halyers with ij single poles with woden pynnes ij
Brasses to the same with ij single poleis and
wodepynnes and dedemens hyes to the same ij
Bowlynes to the topgalant yerd the power and
dedemens hies to the same ij
lyftes to the foretopgalant yerd with iiij single polies
with woden pynnes ij
Shetes with ij single poles with woden pynnes ij
Stayes to the foretopgalant mast j
Shevers of Brasse for the cattes in the forecastell iiij
Davettes[1502] with iiij shevers of Brasse ij
Smale davettes with oone shever of Brasse j
The mayne mast[1503] j
Shrowdes with cheynes of yron and dedemenes
hies to the same xl
Bote tacles of sterebord syde with iiij doble poles
and viii single poleis with xvj shyvers of
Brasse[1504] iiij](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-40-320.jpg)
![Swifters on the same syde with vij doble poleis and
vii single polees with colkes of Brasse and ij
poles of tymbes[1505] pynnes
viij
Garnettes with ij single poles with shivers of Brasse j
Garnettes with ij single polies with colkes of Brasse j
Garnettes with oone single pole with a shever of
Brasse and an other pole with a colk of Brasse j
Stodynges with a single polie with a Shever of
Brasse j
Bote tacles oon ladbord syde with iiij doble polies
and viij single polies with xvj Shevers of Brasse iiij
Bretayn tacles[1506] with ij single polies and
Shevers of Brasse to the same j
Swyfters with vij doble polies with colkes of Brasse
and viij single poles with colkes of Brasse viij
Garnettes whereof oone with ij single polies and ij
shevers of Brasse an other with ij single poleis
with ij colkes of Brasse and an other with a
shever of Brasse iij
Stodynges with a shever of Brasse j
tymber polies for the Shuts[1507] ij
The mayne yerde with the mayne parell j
Single poleis with a shever of Brasse to wynde up
the mayne parell j
Trusses with iiij doble polleis and iiij single polies
with xij shevers of Brasse iij
Drynges with ij doble polies and iiij shevers of
Brasse ij
Single poleis of tymbre to the same ij
Tyes j payer
Whele Ropes[1508] j
Geers with vj single poleis whereof iiij with shevers
of Brasse and ij of tymbre iij
knyghtes belonging to the same with iij Shevers of
Brasse iij
Single poles for the topsayle iiij](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-41-320.jpg)
![Spare knyghtes standyng by the mast with ij
shevers of Brasse
ij
The mayne meson mast j
Shrowdes with xj doble poles and xj single poles, a
doble and single polee with colkes of Brasse xij
Swyftyers with vj doble poles and vj single poles
with colkes of Brasse vj
Tacles with ij doble poles of tymbre ij
Single poles oone of tymbre the other with a colk of
Brasse ij
Steyes j
Shutes j
Single poles oon of tre[1509] the other with a colke
of Brasse for the same Shutes ij
cranelynes with a single polie and a colk of Brasse j
Brases with ij single poles ij
Teyes[1510] ij
halyers ij
The Rame hede j
knyghtes with iij Shevers of Brasse j
The yerd to the meson Sayle j
lyftes with iij poles and dedemens hies j
Trusses with a double and a single polie with
colkes of Brasse j
Toppe j
Topmast to the same j
Rynges of yron j
Shrowdes with dedemens hies x
The Sayle yerd j
Tyes j
poles to the same ij
lyftes with iij poles and dedemens hies j
The top Galant of the mayne meson j
The mast to the same j
Shrowdes to the same vj
lyftes with iij poleis and dedemens hies j
The Sayle yerd j](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-43-320.jpg)
![Tyes to the same j
halyers j
The boneaventure mast j
Shrowdes with x Doble poles and x syngle poleis x
Sayle yerdes j
Tyes j
halyers with a doble pole ij
knyghtes with iiij Shevers of Brasse j
Shutes with ij poleis to the same j
The boneaventure top j
mastes to the same j
Sayle yerdes j
Shrowdes viij
Steyes j
In the storehouse of the Shipp viij single pendaunt
polies with shevers of Brasse viij
Smale single garnet poleis with shevers of Brasse j
Doble lyft poleis with shevers of Brasse iiij
Doble poleanker[1511] poleis with shevers of Brasse iiii
Snach polleis with gret Shevers of Brasse iiij
Single poleis with Shevers of Wode xiiij
Doble poleis with Shevers of Wode ij
Doble poleis with a colk of Brasse j
Single poleis with a colk of Brasse j
pottes called piche pottes j
ketilles to melt in pyche j
boyes for ankers x
boy Ropes x
Shevers of Brasse without poleis iij
leddern[1512] bokettes xij dossen
love[1513] hokes iiij
lynch[1514] hokes iij
Copper ketill not sett in furnes weying by estimacon
ccc[1515] j
cables and cablettes of
xiij ynch compas j](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-44-320.jpg)
![xvij ynch compas ij
xv ynch compas ij
ix ynch compas j
viij ynch compas j
vij
hawsers of
iiij ynch compas iiij
vj ynch compas iij
vj ynch di[1516] compas j
v ynch compas j
viij ynch compas j
iiij ynch compas j
iij ynch compas j
v ynch compas j
iiij ynch compas vij
iij ynch compas j
iij ynch di compas j
xxij
Smale lyne ij peces
Bygger lyne for lanyers[1517] ij peces
Brayle Ropes with iij poles to the same j
Grete doble Blockes ether of them ij Shyvers of
Brasse ij
Single blokes with ij Shevers of Brasse ij
long Ores for the Grete bote lx
Tarre ij barelles
Ores for the Cocke bote xxiij
Standart Staves[1518] lix
Stremers viij
lytle flagges c
Top Armours vii
Targettes xx dossen
large fflagges lx
To the mayne Sayle Acorse[1519] and ij bonettes
doble j mayne sayle
mayne topsayles j](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-45-320.jpg)
![Topgalant Sayle j
The meson Sayle j
The boneaventure Sayle j
The foresayle Acorse and a bonet doble and bonet
single an other corse and iij bonettes single in
all ij foresayles
The fore topsayle j
The foretopgalant Sayle j
The Bowspret Seyle j
The mayne Sayle for the gret Bote, a corse and ij
bonettes single j sayll
The foreseyle acorse and ij bonettes single j
Top Seyle j
The meson Seyle j
The boneaventure Sayle j
An old corse of a hulk Sayle j
ankers called
Sterbord bowers ij
ladbord bowers ij
Destrelles[1520] of Sterbord ij
Destrelles on ladbord ij
Shot[1521] ankers j
Caggers[1522] j
Spare ankers ix
xix
Trene[1523] platters iiij dossen
Trene cuppes v dossen
Tankerdes iij dossen
lantrons[1524] vj
grete lantrons j
middellantrons ij
Copper ketilles in furnes iij
lede in oone pece by estimacon d[1525]
Grete belles in the seid Ship of Brasse j
The grete botes mayne mast j
Shrowdes to the same xiiij](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-46-320.jpg)
![Steyes j
bowlynes with a polie j
Single Trusses with a polie j
Bowspretes j
mayne meson mast j
Shrowdes to the same vj
The Sayle yerd j
the parell to the same j
The Tye j
Single halyers with a pole j
Trusses with ij poles j
lyftes with iij poles j
Brases with ij poles ij
Steys with ij Smale poles j
The boneaventure mast j
Shrowdes to the same iiij
Tyes j
Single halyers with oone pole j
The sayle yerd j
The parell to the same j
Ankers for the said bote iij
Cablettes of v ynch compas ij
Cocke bote j
mastes to the same j
Sayle yerdes j
Shevers of Brasse ij
Ores to the same xij
bote hokes j
The skyff otherwise called Jolywatt j
mastes to the same j
Sayles j
Ores to the same vj
Shevers of Brasse j
Shevers of Brasse called a Wyndyng Shever for the
j Rame hede j
hawsers of v ynch compas j
hawsers of vj ynch di compas di hawser[1526]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-48-320.jpg)
![hawsers of v ynch compas iij
Cables of ix ynch compas j
hawsers of vj ynch compas di hawser
Soundyng ledes vj
Ordynaunce Artillarie and habillamentes for warr delyvered to the
charge and custodie of Thomas Spert, master, and William
Bonython, purser of the seid shipp by Indenture as aforeseid, that is
to sey
Serpentynes of yron with miches[1527] boltes and
forelockes cxxij
Chambers to the same ccxliiij
Stone gonnes of yron Apon trotill wheles and all
other Apparell iiij
Chambers to the same iiij
Serpentynes of Brasse apon wheles shod with yron iij
Serpentynes of Brasse apon wheles unshodd j
Grete peces of yron of oon makyng and bygnes xij
Chambers to the same xxiiij
Grete yron gonnes of oone sort that come owt of
fflaunders with myches bolts and forelockes iiij
Chambers to the same viij
Grete Spanysh peces of yron of oone sorte ij
Chambers to the same iiij
Stone gonnes apon Trotill wheles with miches
boltes and forelockes to the same xviij
Chambers to the same xxxiiij
Smale vice peces of Brasse apon shodd wheles of
Symondes makyng j
long vice peces of Brasse of the same makyng iij
ffawcons of Brasse apon Trotill wheles vj
a fayre pece of Brasse of Arragows makyng j
A Slyng of yron Apon Trotill wheles j
Chambers to the same with other apparell j
grete Stone gonnes of yron ij
chambers to the same iiij](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-49-320.jpg)
![Grete culverynes of Brasse apon unshodd wheles
of Symondes makyng
ij
Grete bumberdes of Brasse apon iiij trotill wheles
of herberd[1528] makyng j
Grete curtalles of Brasse apon iiij wheles and of the
same makyng[1529] j
hakebusshes of yron hole clxxxxiij
hakbusshes of yron broken vjj
Shott of yron of Dyverse Sortes dclx shott
Stone Shott of Dyverse Sortes in the balist of the
ship A grete nomber not told
In the Grete Bote of the seid ship Remaynyng fyrst
Serpentynes of yron with myches boltes and
forelockes viij
Chambers to the same xxv
Serpentynes of Brasse apon shodd wheles j
ffawcons of Brasse apon Shodd wheles ij
In the Storehouse of the shipp
Bowes of Ewe cxxiiij
chestes for the same ij
hole chestes of Arrowes iij
Billys cxliiij
moryspykes lxxx
Backes and Brestes of Almyne Ryvettes of ether cc
Splentes[1530] clxxxxviii payer
Salettes[1531] cc
Standardes of mayle cc
chargyng ladylles for Gonnes with staves vj
staves withowt ladelles viij
Spare miches for Gonnes xiiij
Spare boltes ij
Javelyns ix dossen
Dartes lvij dossen
hamers for Gonnes xiiij
Crowes of yron iiij
Stokepykes of yron xiiij](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-50-320.jpg)
![APPENDIX B
THE MUTINY OF THE GOLDEN LION
On the 19th April 1587, Drake with the Bonaventure, Lion,
Dreadnought, Rainbow, and Spy, of the Queen’s, and some twenty
armed merchantmen attacked Cadiz, with results disastrous to
Spain. Borough was vice-admiral and in command of the Lion. The
fleet left Cadiz harbour on 21st April, and on the 30th Borough
addressed a long and vigorously worded letter to Drake[1532]
protesting that the councils of war called were only nominal
consultations where the admiral declared his will, or else merely
entertained his visitors who departed ‘without any consultacyon or
counsell holden.’ Drake’s answer was to supersede him. All we know
further is that on 27th May the Lion’s company put their new captain,
Marchant, on the Spy, and sailed away for England with Borough
who afterwards declared that he was in daily fear of his life, and
therefore had no great reason to try and stop their action. If Borough
did not incite them to mutiny the men of the Lion must have been for
some time full of discontent and ready to desert. The chase of the
Bark of Lyme, which took them from under the guns of the rest of the
fleet, gave them their opportunity. On 30th May, Drake constituted a
court-martial on the Bonaventure, of himself and the other superior
officers, at which most of the mutineers were condemned to death in
their absence. The account of this inquiry gives a vivid picture of the
modes of thought among the men, and their ideas of their rights and
duties.
Although time has settled the historical perspective in which we
view Drake and Borough, it must be said for the latter that, in 1587,
the admiral was only to him, one of half-a-dozen great seamen with
whom Borough, and doubtless his contemporaries, thought he could
claim equality. He was an experienced commander and one of the
four Principal Officers of the Navy; he was, here, second in](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-52-320.jpg)
![command to Drake, and it was contrary to all the traditions of the
service that the admiral should undertake any enterprise without the
advice and consent of his captains. In this matter Drake was one of
the first expedition leaders to strike out a line of his own, and
Borough, tenacious of custom and what he considered his rights, at
once came into collision with him. It was long before Drake’s
principle of accepting sole responsibility was generally followed. In a
private note of farewell to Burghley in 1596, and perhaps with this
incident in his mind, Howard, when leaving for the Cadiz voyage
wrote,
‘I have no meaning to ronne any rash or unadvysed course
nor to settell any thyng for Her Maiesties servyce upon my
own jugment but to yeald to those that shall show best
reson.’[1533]
After their return an inquiry was held at which the vice-admiral was
charged with neglect of duty at Cadiz.[1534] No actual result followed,
but Borough came off with the honours of war since he was not
disgraced, and remained one of the chief Officers of the Navy.
Burghley appears to have been on his side, and Borough wrote
subsequently an effusive letter thanking him ardently for his support.
[1535] From one passage in this letter in which he says that he had
hoped that after the inquiry his innocence would be proclaimed, but
that ‘I have suppressed my greefe in respect of the comandment and
charge given me,’ it may be inferred that the finding was actually
favourable to Borough but not made public, perhaps from a desire
not to offend Drake. One other point is worth noticing: if the crew of
the Lion voiced the general feeling among English seamen, Drake
was certainly not loved by them.
ADD. MSS., 12,505, f., 241.[1536]
A generall courte holden for the service of her Maᵗⁱᵉ
abourde the Elizabeth Bonaventure the xxxth day of Maye
before Sir Ffrauncis Drake, knighte, generall of Her Maᵗⁱᵉˢ](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-53-320.jpg)
![fleete; Thomas Fennard, Vice-Admirall; Anthony Plotte,
Leivetenant-generall; John Marchant, serjant-major, and
the reste of the captaines and masters of the fleete as
followeth,
The generall, att this courte, called in question and
judiciallye demaunded of Captayne Merchaunt howe he colde
discharge himselfe to answere the departure of Her Maᵗⁱᵉˢ
shippe the Golden Lyon which he latelye gave him in charge?
Captayne Marchaunt protestinge, with all earnest affeccon,
his innocencye alledged and declared,—That there was a
great Mutynie growen amonge the Company of the Lyon the
27 of this month; as sone as we had given over the chase
undertaken, understandinge that she was the Barke of Lyme,
[1537] when I requyred the Master that we mighte lye close by
the wynde to recover our generall, the Master answered,
‘Well, Captaine, we will.’ But presentely one of the
quartermasters came and delivered me a lettere in the
behalfe of the whole company as followeth:—
‘Captayne Marchaunt, Captayne of the Golden Lyon
appoynted by Sir Ffrauncis Drake, generall of this fleete,—
Wee, the Quenes, and yours at this tyme desyre that, as you
are a man and beare the name of a captayne over us, so to
weighe of us like men, and lett us not be spoyled for wante of
foode, for our allowaunce is so smale we are not able to lyve
any longer of it; for when as three or foure were wonte to take
a charge in hande, nowe tenne at the leaste, by reason of our
weake victuallinge and filthie drinck, is scarce able to
discharge it, and yet growe rather weaker and weaker; which
suerly if it be not loked into, will growe to greate dishonour on
your parte, and to a lastinge shame on our sydes, by reason
of the moste worthie and the moste honorable challendge of
our generall at Caste Calleys[1538] in daringe the kinges
deputie, or the kinge himselfe if he were in place, or the
proudest champyon he had to come fourthe and chaunge a
Bullett with him; but none durste once adventure to come](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/60300-241223163330-ac0cc764/85/Full-download-Advanced-Applications-of-Blockchain-Technology-Shiho-Kim-pdf-docx-54-320.jpg)
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- 5. Studies in Big Data 60 Shiho Kim Ganesh Chandra Deka Editors Advanced Applications of Blockchain Technology
- 6. Studies in Big Data Volume 60 Series Editor Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- 7. The series “Studies in Big Data” (SBD) publishes new developments and advances in the various areas of Big Data- quickly and with a high quality. The intent is to cover the theory, research, development, and applications of Big Data, as embedded in the fields of engineering, computer science, physics, economics and life sciences. The books of the series refer to the analysis and understanding of large, complex, and/or distributed data sets generated from recent digital sources coming from sensors or other physical instruments as well as simulations, crowd sourcing, social networks or other internet transactions, such as emails or video click streams and other. The series contains monographs, lecture notes and edited volumes in Big Data spanning the areas of computational intelligence including neural networks, evolutionary computation, soft computing, fuzzy systems, as well as artificial intelligence, data mining, modern statistics and Operations research, as well as self-organizing systems. Of particular value to both the contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe and the world-wide distribution, which enable both wide and rapid dissemination of research output. ** Indexing: The books of this series are submitted to ISI Web of Science, DBLP, Ulrichs, MathSciNet, Current Mathematical Publications, Mathematical Reviews, Zentralblatt Math: MetaPress and Springerlink. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11970
- 8. Shiho Kim • Ganesh Chandra Deka Editors Advanced Applications of Blockchain Technology 123
- 9. Editors Shiho Kim School of Integrated Technology Yonsei University Incheon, Korea (Republic of) Ganesh Chandra Deka RDSD&E, NE Region Guwahati, Assam, India ISSN 2197-6503 ISSN 2197-6511 (electronic) Studies in Big Data ISBN 978-981-13-8774-6 ISBN 978-981-13-8775-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8775-3 © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore
- 10. Preface The initial and the most popular application of Blockchain was cryptocurrency. Blockchain technology is likely to revolutionize various domains by providing a secure and fast end-to-end users’ transaction without the intervention of any trusted third party or central authorities. Although there are various technical and security threats associated with Blockchain technology, they can be tackled with the novel technology, tools, and frameworks. A holistic and coordinated effort between the government, business, and academia will take Blockchain technology to higher standards. This edited book having 13 chapters contributed by academia, practi- tioners, and researchers from reputed universities/organizations from various countries deliberates upon the different aspects of Blockchain technology. Chapter “Introduction to Blockchain and IoT” discusses the technical aspects of Blockchain and IoT. Some of the use cases of the Blockchain technology are also discussed in this chapter. Chapter “IoT, AI, and Blockchain: Implementation Perspectives” presents an implementation perspective of AI, IoT, and Blockchain. Four important Blockchain platforms such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Hyperledger, and Stellar are also discussed. Chapter “Blockchain Technologies for IoT” describes the potential benefits and challenges of using Blockchain technology for IoT applica- tions and provides some use case, while Chapter “Blockchain Technology Use Cases” is a list of use cases which could rely on Blockchain and smart contracts, the most potential application of Blockchain technology. Chapter “Blockchain Meets Cybersecurity: Security, Privacy, Challenges and Opportunity” reviews the main IoT security issues associated with the adoption of Blockchain technology. The chapter also presents a comprehensive overview of blockchain as it relates to IoT security. Chapter “On the Role of Blockchain Technology in Internet of Things” deliberates about the private Blockchain in terms of scalability in different IoT devices. Chapter “Blockchain of Things (BCoT): The Fusion of Blockchain and IoT Technologies” is a survey on recent research articles and projects/applications on the implementation of the Blockchain for IoT Security and identifies associated challenges. Chapter “Blockchain Architecture” is about the issues in designing the Blockchain application development process and to identify the key participants in the Blockchain environments. v
- 11. Chapter “Authenticating IoT Devices with Blockchain” is about the privacy and security concerns of IoT device authentication and authorization flaws in the heterogeneous deployment. Chapter “Security and Privacy Issues of Blockchain Technology” discusses the security and the privacy of Blockchain along with their impact with regard to different trends and applications. The chapter is intended to discuss key security attacks and the enhancements that will help develop better Blockchain systems. Chapter “Supply Chain Management in Agriculture Using Blockchain and IoT” discusses the implementation of a user-friendly Web-based platform in agricultural supply chain management using Blockchain technology to enhance agriculture-based product quality. Chapter “Blockchain Technologies and Artificial Intelligence” is about the capabilities of the intersection of AI and Blockchain and also discusses the standard definitions, benefits, and challenges of this alliance. Finally, Chapter “Blockchain Hands on for Developing Genesis Block” discusses the data processing models which are applicable in the Blockchain technology. We hope the reader of the book will be benefited by it’s diverse coverage of topics on Blockchain and IoT. New Delhi, India Prof. Shiho Kim Incheon, Korea (Republic of) Ganesh Chandra Deka vi Preface
- 12. Contents Introduction to Blockchain and IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Priyanka Rathee The Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and Blockchain: Implementation Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Ali Mohammad Saghiri, Kamran Gholizadeh HamlAbadi and Monireh Vahdati Blockchain Technologies for IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 V. Dedeoglu, R. Jurdak, A. Dorri, R. C. Lunardi, R. A. Michelin, A. F. Zorzo and S. S. Kanhere Blockchain Technology Use Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Valentina Gatteschi, Fabrizio Lamberti and Claudio Demartini Blockchain Meets Cybersecurity: Security, Privacy, Challenges, and Opportunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Philip Asuquo, Chibueze Ogah, Waleed Hathal and Shihan Bao On the Role of Blockchain Technology in the Internet of Things . . . . . . 129 Robin Singh Bhadoria, Atharva Nimbalkar and Neetesh Saxena Blockchain of Things (BCoT): The Fusion of Blockchain and IoT Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Mahdi H. Miraz Blockchain Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Ali Mohammad Saghiri Authenticating IoT Devices with Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Asutosh Kumar Biswal, Prasenjit Maiti, Sodyam Bebarta, Bibhudatta Sahoo and Ashok Kumar Turuk vii
- 13. Security and Privacy Issues of Blockchain Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 Neha Gupta Supply Chain Management in Agriculture Using Blockchain and IoT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Malaya Dutta Borah, Vadithya Bharath Naik, Ripon Patgiri, Aditya Bhargav, Barneel Phukan and Shiva G. M. Basani Blockchain Technologies and Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Sundaresan Muthukrishnan and Boopathy Duraisamy Blockchain Hands on for Developing Genesis Block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Robin Singh Bhadoria, Yatharth Arora and Kartik Gautam viii Contents
- 14. About the Editors Shiho Kim is Professor at the College of Engineering, Yonsei University. He completed his M.S. and Ph.D. at the Department of Electrical Engineering, KAIST and he has more than 15 years of teaching experience. His research interests include intelligent vehicles, virtual reality, reinforcement learning, sensors for wireless environmental monitoring, thermoelectric sensors, thermoelectric power generators, and energy harvesting techniques. He has received the Korean Prime Minister and Presidential award in the International Robot Contest in 2008 and 2010 respec- tively. He was founder and Head Director of the Research Center for Advanced Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Recovery Systems (RAVERS) from 2009 to 2010. He was Chair of Vehicle Electronics Research Group from 2013 to 2014 and IEEE Solid-State Circuit Society Seoul Chapter from 2013 to 2015. Currently, he is Vice-chair of the Korean Institute of Next Generation Computing and has been an IEEE VR standard Advisory Board member since 2018. He has filed numerous patents in his area of research. Ganesh Chandra Deka is currently Deputy Director (Training) at Regional Directorate of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship, North Eastern Region, Assam under Directorate General of Training, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Government of India, New Delhi, India. His research interests include e-Governance, Big Data Analytics, NoSQL Databases and Vocational Education and Training. He has authored 2 books on Cloud Computing published by LAP Lambert, Germany. He is the Co-author for 4 books on Fundamentals of Computer Science (3 books published by Moni Manik Prakashan, Guwahati, Assam, India and 1 IGI Global, USA). As of now he has edited 14 books (5 IGI Global, USA, 6 CRC Press, USA, 2 Elsevier & Springer 1) on Bigdata, NoSQL, Blockchain Technology and Cloud Computing in general and authored 10 Book Chapters. ix
- 15. He has published around 47 research papers in various National and IEEE International conferences. He has organized 08 IEEE International Conferences as Technical Chair in India. He is the Member of the editorial board and reviewer for various Journals and International conferences, IEEE, the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers, India and Associate Member, the Institution of Engineers, India. x About the Editors
- 16. Introduction to Blockchain and IoT Priyanka Rathee Abstract The blockchain is emerging rapidly as a current area of research these days. The blockchain is a technology used to run bitcoin. It is distributed database maintaining a list of record growing continuously called blocks in order to ensure the security of those blocks from revision and tampering. Every block is connected to other blocks by maintaining the hash of the previous block in the chain. This chapter discusses the technical aspects of blockchain and IoT. The IoT is merely not a concept these days. It is the necessity of time in everyday life. The “smartphone” is the most familiar application of IoT in the day-to-day life. The application of IoT is not limited to smart homes. It is ranging from industrial and commercial sectors to agriculture, public safety, and the health sector. The IoT can also be considered as “Internet of Everything (IoE)” because of a wide range of real-life applications of IoT. Keywords Bitcoin · Blockchain · IoT 1 Introduction The blockchain principle was introduced initially for bitcoin, which provides widely distributed and secured database. In IoT, there is a network of multiple devices which communicate with each other without direct human intervention. It facilitates quick transfer of data in an efficient manner. The IoT-enabled devices leads to operational improvements in terms of efficiency, performance, and safety. The IoT can also be thought of as a one unit global network. The implementation of IoT applications also projects revenue and growth in the IoT market. The IoT consists of intelligent devices or machines which communicate to other devices, things, machines objects, or infrastructure. Things in IoT referred to objects of physical as well as a virtual world which has the capacity to integrate within the communication network. It can be static or dynamic. P. Rathee (B) University of Delhi, Delhi, India e-mail: rathee.priyanka124@gmail.com © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 S. Kim and G. C. Deka (eds.), Advanced Applications of Blockchain Technology, Studies in Big Data 60, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8775-3_1 1
- 17. 2 P. Rathee 1.1 Background and Motivation First, we need to understand two basic terms. One is bitcoin and another one is blockchain. The digital coin is called bitcoin. It is money which is digital. The blockchain is a technology which helps the transmission of digital coins or assets from one person to another person. It is very important to note that bitcoin is different from the blockchain. Now after understanding the basic meaning of bitcoin and blockchain, what are the problems a blockchain attempts to solve? One problem is money transfer. I will be explaining it conceptually. In this section, I’m going to focus on concept rather than implementation details. For example, a person A wants to transfer money to person B. It is usually performed with the help of a third trusted party. The working of blockchain is described as follows: A sends the money to the third party and the third party identifies the B as the right person/account to transfer. This took 3–4 days typically. What blockchain does here? Blockchain avoids involving the third party and therefore perform the action faster and cheaper than the traditional method. Internet of Things The IoT is merely not a concept these days. It is the necessity of time in everyday life. The “smartphone” is the most familiar application of IoT in the day-to-day life. The application of IoT is not limited to smart homes. It is ranging from industrial and commercial sectors to agriculture, public safety, and the health sector. The IoT can also be considered as “Internet of Everything (IoE)” because of a wide range of real-life applications of IoT. In IoT, there is a network of multiple devices which communicate with each other without direct human intervention. It facilitates quick transfer of data in an efficient manner. The IoT-enabled devices leads to operational improvements in terms of efficiency, performance, and safety. The IoT can also be thought of as a one unit global network. The implementation of IoT applications also projects the revenue and growth in the IoT market. The IoT consists of intelligent devices or machines which communicate to other devices, things, machines objects, or infrastructure. Things in IoT referred to objects of physical as well as a virtual world have the capacity to integrate within the communication network. 1.2 History of Blockchain Underline theme of blockchain is not a new concept. In fact, it has been inspired by the timestamp ordering algorithm of the 90s which was used to prevent tampering of documents. The same thing has been extended for the purpose of ledgers and trans- actions in order to facilitate secure payment mechanisms. Blockchain was invented in a paper published by Satoshi Nakamoto in the year 2008. Since then various pro- grammers, cryptographers, and scientists have worked on this concept of blockchain to produce a cryptocurrency network called the bitcoin. The major design goal and
- 18. Introduction to Blockchain and IoT 3 the purpose of the blockchain were to solve two major problems. The first is to solve the double spending problem and second was to eliminate the need of central trusted third party. 2 Technical Aspects of Blockchain Technology The blockchain is a chain of blocks that contain information. Originally, this tech- nique was introduced in 1991 by the group of researchers and was originally meant for digital documents timestamp so it is not possible to backdate the documents or to tamper them. However, it was not in proper use until it was used and adapted by Satoshi Nakamoto in the year 2009 in order to create a digital cryptocurrency bitcoin [1]. 2.1 Concept and Working of a Blockchain The blockchain is a collection of blocks, which is totally open and public to everyone. The open ledger in the blockchain is distributed in nature. The important feature of blockchain is that once the data is recorded into the ledger, then that data can’t be erased. How does the blockchain work? Every block present in the chain consists of the data, hash to that particular data and the previous hash. The data recorded in the blockchain depends on the type of the blockchain. If the blockchain is related to bitcoins, it will store data for transactions, the information about the sender and receiver and the number of bitcoins present in the network. Each block in the chain is having a hash value that can be compared with the fingerprints. As the new block is created, the hash of that particular block will also be generated. The hash of the block will be changed with the modifications made in the block. Therefore, the hash value is a very important factor while making modifications in the block. If the hash value of any block will be changed, then it will not be considered to be in the same block. Other than the hash of the current block, the block also holds the hash of the previous block. This helps to make a chain by linking the current block to the previous block. These features of a block in the chain makes blockchain more secure. Consider an example of a chain having three blocks. As shown in Fig. 1, every block consists of the hash value of the current block and the previous block. In the figure the block number 2 is pointing toward the block number 1, block number 3 is connected to block number 2 using the previous hash. The previous hash of the first block is 0000 because it a special block which is not pointing back to any block. This block is known as the Genesis block. Now suppose somebody wants to tamper block number 2. With the tampering of the block, the hash value of that block will also be changed. In that case, the third block and the following blocks connected in the chain will stand invalid because there is no valid hash present at that moment. Therefore, changing one block in the chain will result in invalidating all the following blocks
- 19. 4 P. Rathee Hash: 1P5F Hash: 2Q6R Hash: 3D2L Previous hash: 1P5F Previous hash: 2Q6R Previous hash: 0000 1 2 3 Genesis block Fig. 1 Blockchain structure in the chain. In order to make it valid, the hacker needs to change the hash value of all the following blocks. Though it a good idea to make the blockchain secure it is not sufficient to stop tampering. With the advancement in computer technologies, hundreds or thousands of hash values can be calculated per second. Anyone can change the hash of the current block and the following hash using the computational technologies. In that case, those blocks will be valid even after tempering. Therefore, in order to make it less serious, the blockchain introduces a concept known as proof of work. Using the technique of proof of work, the creation of the new block gets slow down up to some extent. In this case of bitcoin, the calculation of proof of work requires nearly 10 min in order to add the new block in the chain. This technique enhanced the security in the blockchain. Because if someone will try to tamper with any block in the chain then he has to recalculate the proof of work for all the following blocks which are quite difficult. Therefore, the collective use of hashing technique and the proof of work mechanism make the blockchain more secure. One of the major advantages of blockchain is its distributed nature, which makes blockchain secure themselves. Rather than the centralized system of managing the chain, blockchain uses peer-to-peer network. As the blockchain is open and public, anyone can join the network. After joining the network, the participant will be get- ting the complete copy of the chain. The node can verify using that copy whether everything is happening in order or not. Now if somebody creates a new block, then what happens? The block will be sent to everyone present in the network. Each node will verify that block in order to ensure that the block is genuine or tempered. After verification, the new block that is created recently and verified will be added by each node in their copy of the chain. Then an agreement is created by all the nodes in the network. They make a consensus on which block is valid and which is not. If the block is valid, it will be added in the chain. If the block is tempered with, then it will be rejected by all the nodes. Therefore, in order to temper with one block, one has to temper with all the blocks present in the chain, recalculate the has and the proof of work for all the blocks. After doing that, only the tempered block will be accepted by others present in the network, which is nearly impossible to perform. That is why the combination of hash and proof of work is quite a secure mechanism for blockchain [2]. The blockchains are evolving day by day. The smart contracts are the most recent development of the blockchain. The smart contacts are used to transfer coins among
- 20. Introduction to Blockchain and IoT 5 the nodes in the network automatically on the basis of some conditions and are recorded in the blockchain. The blockchain technology is creating interest for many users these days. Other than the transfer of bitcoin, this technology can also be used in other sectors as well, like managing medical records, tax collection, digital notary creation, etc. 2.2 Principle of Blockchain Technology This section will be discussing the principle of blockchain technology. Now let’s see how the problem of money transfer is being addressed by blockchain. The first principle related to a blockchain is an open ledger. This concept is explained with the help of an example. Suppose there is a network connected by four people who are interested in transferring money to each other. Suppose A is the genesis node and currently has $10. Let’s focus on the concept of an open ledger and its implementation in blockchain technology. Suppose the person A wants to transfer money to B, let us say he wants to transfer $5 to B. Now what will happen in the blockchain. In the existing blockchain, one more transaction will be added which depicts that A sends $5 to B. After this transaction, now B wants to transfer $3 to D. similarly there will be existing ledger and the new transaction will be clubbed in the existing chain. On the same line, if D wants to transfer $1 to C, the new transaction will be added to the existing chain. That means anyone can add its transaction to the ledger. This concept is known as an open ledger. The chain of the transaction is kept on adding the new blocks, therefore it is known as the blockchain. This chain is open and public to everyone present in the network. That means each and everyone present in the network can trace the movement of money in the network, how much money others are having in their wallet. It can also be decided by everyone in the network whether the transaction is valid or not. For example, at this moment if A wants to transfer $12 to C, then it is not a valid transaction. Because A started with $10 and had already sent $5 to B. Then, in this case, A is left with only $5 in its wallet. So it can’t initiate a transaction of $10. Therefore, it can easily find out that this is not a valid transaction. This transaction will not be the part of a chain and will not be clubbed in the open ledger (Fig. 2). The distributed ledger is the second principle of the blockchain. One of the major goals of blockchain chain technology is to get rid of the centralized system. Therefore, distributed ledger is another principle of the blockchain. The open ledger will be distributed among all nodes in the network. That means everyone in the network will be having their copy of open ledger. It means there is no need to have a centralized place to store the open ledger as everyone will keep it in their personal space. But again it may arise some problem. All the copies of the ledger present in the network must be synchronized so that all the participants can watch the same version of the open ledger. The solution of this problem leads to the emergence of the third principle of blockchain, i.e., synchronized ledger. How the nodes in the distributed environment
- 21. 6 P. Rathee Fig. 2 Open ledger A=$10 A→B $5 B→D $3 D→C $1 A B D C $5 $3 $1 of storing open ledger can be synchronized? Suppose B is willing to transfer $5 to C. Then B will broadcast this intended transaction in the network. Everyone present in the network can immediately notice that B wants to transfer $5 to C. Till now, it is an invalidated transaction. It is not yet approved and will not be added into the open ledger. Here comes the concept of miners. The special node holding the ledger is called miner. Suppose A and D are miners for this case. Following are the functions to be performed by miners. There will be the competition among miners at this moment that who will validate this transaction first in order to add it in the open ledger. The miner winning the competition by validating the transaction first will be rewarded financially in the form of bitcoin. In order to win the competition that means to validate and add the transaction in the open ledger first, the miners have to perform two things: initially, the transaction needs to be validated. As the ledger is open and public. Anyone present in the network can immediately calculate whether the initiated transaction is valid or not. The second task the miner has to do is finding the special key. This key will assist the miner to find the previous transaction and to lock the current transaction. The miner has to invest more time and computational power because searching the key is completely random. The miner will do it by hit and trial method by guessing the new keys repeatedly until it will find the correct match of the key. The miner finishing this task first will get the financial reward. Now how the distributed ledgers will be synchronized in the network. The miner getting the key first will edit the transaction to its own ledger. Say A wins the compe- tition and edits its ledger first. Now A will broadcast and publish this modified ledger to the network. This will save the time of other participants and they will directly append the changes in their ledger. The solution and the key will be published in the network. The other participants can use the key and solution to edit their ledgers.
- 22. Introduction to Blockchain and IoT 7 2.3 Distributed Power The Blockchain is nothing but a group of blocks or a chain of blocks. Each block is going to contain some data and in the context of the blockchain, that data is a ledger or a transaction. Let’s say at time T = 0 is the time when the first block was added to the blockchain system and this block which was added at T = 0 is called the Genesis block. Each block of the blockchain also linked to other blocks via linkages to the previous blocks. So in other words, each block of the blockchain has a reference to its previous block. This is how each block of the blockchain is connected to each other. One of the major architectural aspects of blockchain is that blocks are distributed across the P2P network. The P2P is a network wherein each node of the network is connected to every other node of the network. These are the nodes, which also help to store the blocks as well as to do some mining process on the blocks as per the criteria which are mentioned in the blockchain algorithm. This arrangement with which the blocks and the ledgers are distributed across the various nodes of the network is also called as distributed ledger technology or DLT. The DLT is also abbreviated as an alternative name of blockchain in order to make it more generic. 2.4 Security The blockchain is one of the most fundamental technologies underpinning. One area where the number of people getting excited to use blockchain is identity. Identity is a very important concept at the basis of any security puzzle because if you know who you are talking to, where they are coming from, then you can trust them. Blockchain with its replicated storage and its decentralized management offers some exciting possibilities for storing and providing access to identities which can then be used in bigger transactions [3]. 2.5 Transparency One of the core philosophies of blockchain is transparency or visibility. So there is open ledger for all to see what happened. Deterrence is a useful way of stopping bad things from happening. If people know that the record of what they are doing is going to be laid bare to be checked later to be verified, they often just won’t do the bad things in the first place. It is not worth if the risk of getting caught is too high. So in principle, this openness and transparency is a great way of taking out some of the security problems and some requirements from technology from blockchain-based systems.
- 23. 8 P. Rathee 2.6 Privacy Not everything should be laid open for everybody to see. The details of a transaction may be private between the people who did it for very good reason. So getting the balance of openness and transparency with other reasonable expectations of privacy and secrecy is trick one. 2.7 Smart Contract Another core technology associated with blockchain is called smart contract. These are little pieces of code that can execute automatically without any interference from external systems. These are basically set up and if something happens in the future then the other thing should happen as a consequence. For example, if I sell something at a certain price, the money should automatically move and I don’t need to get in the way of that. In terms of insurance if an event happens which triggers my insurance automatically get paid. 3 Blockchain and IoT Implications 3.1 Economic Implication Blockchain technology has relevance for all areas but because of its nature as a secure value exchange protocol, the most readily identifiable ones are within finance, busi- ness, and economy. As with other areas, the blockchain has the capacity to decen- tralize economic activity creating a distributed peer-to-peer networks of exchange. It greatly expands the scope and extent of economic markets and finances within the ongoing developments of economic globalization were in the process of massive scaling up of the global economy of exchange. The blockchain has many applications for enabling the global economy of exchange including its capacity to establish prop- erty rights where previously there were none in enabling supply chain provenance in business collaborations in the industry. The components in enabling economic exchange are 1. Property rights: The first component in enabling economic exchange in develop- ments is the capacity to define and enforce property rights. Traditional top-down attempts have been costly to implement on large scale and have been unsuccess- ful at increasing global property rights. A bottom-up approach instead follows a process wherein claims are made by individuals verified by those affected aggre- gated by the community and then brought to the legal authority. The blockchain
- 24. Introduction to Blockchain and IoT 9 user monitored digital registry is a kind of tool that allows communities to serve themselves in the face of unresponsive governments. 2. Supply chains: These are one of the primary areas of blockchain which has found application and is largely due to the fact that they involve many different organi- zations. Here it works to improve collaborations by creating a single database and source of truth. It can reduce fraud and corruption, automate a manual process, and control for issues of authentication. With blockchain technology, one can get a much more granular view of the complete supply chain. The things can be recorded like all of the manufacturing data for an aircraft assembly where all of the elements or the subsystems have been in its journey from the original man- ufacturer all the way through to integration into the final aircraft. The hashing and time stamping capacity of the blockchain means we can record exactly who does what with asset over the life cycle with all the parties having access to and being able to trust this data. Currently, the supply chain for many organizations is very complex in pack given the fact that they have many tiers to them with many different parties involved. It is difficult to find the issue that where it came from when something went wrong. With the blockchain registry, this information can be known almost immediately. Therefore, the whole supply chain management becomes much more effective and transparent using blockchain. 3. Finance: The application of blockchain technology to finance are many. A new model of venture capital in the form of initial coin offerings to prediction markets. By adding a layer of automated trust and building market platforms, blockchain technology offers the real possibility. 3.2 Technological Implications While moving into the world of connectivity and networks, a new technology paradigm is emerging. It is called the internet of things. The technology paradigm of the industrial age was one of the machines, standalone mechanized systems. They were physical in nature, monofunctional, and mechanized. It is a world where indi- vidual component technologies are instrumented and connected into large networks devices that can communicate peer–peer, adapt, and self-organized around the end users needs. So as to deliver a seamless service, the best illustration of this is a smart city where different systems no longer exist in silos but are interconnected and organized around end users needs through information networks. The internet of things is a journey that we are just beginning on over the course of the next decades. Billions of devices will come online. The amount of data the internet has to han- dle will grow massively as a vast network of devices and machines continuously communicate with each other to coordinate production processes for transport and logistics for construction, climate control, etc. This requires an IT infrastructure that goes far beyond the existing capacities of the internet in terms of dealing with the massive amount of secure data, secure communication transactions and automated micro exchanges of value. The role of blockchain is already discussed above in these
- 25. 10 P. Rathee areas. The combination of IoT and blockchain seems to be a very efficient technology in every field. Blockchain networks could provide a robust and decentralized system for handling these issues on the micro level of individual devices and machines. The internet of things going to need micropayments systems where devices can pay automatically on demand based on the resources they consumed [4]. 3.3 Social Implication of Blockchain and IoT There are various social implications of blockchain and IoT. Some of them are illustrated as follows: Personal responsibility: It puts the responsibility of an individual solely in their hands. You can no longer offload responsibility if you live in a completely open environment. If you lose your private key, your money is gone. Spreading of value distribution: One is also spreading the value of distribution if one takes note of a few hacks in exchange. The system can’t be broken. The whole things can’t be taken down by taking a single part of it. Only can be done is the value distribution existing in the network. All of the data or value is held at the end nodes. Service in transit: People who try to build on top of the network focus on actually providing service through transit. The money is transmitting, and never held by one node. The data is transformed and moved it somewhere else. Large-scale agreement of information: As opposed to the client–server model, data on one application may doesn’t correspond to the same redundant data on another application. So when you have things like a consortium of banks, you have to have a lot of middlemen which have to keep track of a lot of auditing. The blockchain solves this problem in order to make the payment and money transfer system by making it completely automated. As the blockchain technology is decentralized, so the problem of the middleman is also got solve by using blockchain. And apart from it, the IoT provides the interconnection of all the devices and blockchain provides the decentralized property. Therefore, the combination of two makes it convenient for the agreement of information on a large scale. 4 Blockchain Use Cases for IoT 4.1 Healthcare Industry This section will illustrate how emerging technologies can be leveraged by the health- care industry to capture, manage, and analyze patient details. The data sent by the patient is recorded and presented to the doctors through IoT application. The doctor can record the patient’s medical history and store it in a blockchain. Thereby pro- viding immutability to the patient’s medical record. In the end states, doctors will
- 26. Introduction to Blockchain and IoT 11 be able to share patient’s record with other doctors with explicit authorization from the patient. The patient can be charged for storing and sharing medical records. This could lead to the creation of a thriving e-commerce platform. The application and all its components are hosted on the cloud. One cloud is IBM blue-mix cloud. There are several other clouds also available. Anyone of them can be used. 4.2 Public Safety—Secure Communication for Critical Incidences This section will be explaining the public-key infrastructure (PKI) for IoT. What is the role of PKI in IoT? PKI serves to support building and maintaining trust in the IoT ecosystem. Aligning with traditional information security principles, the first role we are looking for PKI is authentication, authenticating devices to the cloud services between users and devices and from things to things. It is also an open standard for interoperability. Privacy is the major concern for all the devices and applications available online. Encrypting communications to and from these devices is essential. Applying PKI affords some basic and essential mechanisms ensuring the privacy of communications using encryption. The integrity of data is a very important factor to be considered during communication. With the introduction of IoT, the devices got automated and capable of taking decisions without the interference of human. In such situations, both the risk and the value are related directly to the integrity of data. The example of PKI implementation is cellular signal amplifier devices— spider cloud wireless. Spider cloud node sits within a warehouse or office building to build a system that extends mobile coverage. During manufacturing, publicly trusted certificates are embedded into a trusted platform module which enables a secure boot process, mutual authentication, and encrypted communication with the spider cloud appliances. They accomplish this leverage in Globalsign’s M/SSL platform and APIs to provision certificates during manufacturing and also during the system life cycle to reissue and renew the certificates. The next example is networking appliances— Nepara. Back in 2008, they became the first company to use a fully vetted X.509 digital certificate for networking gear which they managed over HTTPs. They choose to use PKI to solve their problems of identifying the device and encrypting the connection. To implement this, each appliance has its own unique fully qualified domain name. They use the API to import CERT on each device. It was important to include the certificates with each appliance so that the end user organization wouldn’t have to obtain a certificate themselves or use a self-signed certificate. They also choose to use publically trusted certificates so as administrators would be shown trust indicators when accessing the devices with browsers rather than the self-signed certificates, which they have to use for beta deployments.
- 27. 12 P. Rathee Home owner Renter Access management and security Lighting and temperature control Rent “add-on” rooms &devices Fig. 3 DApp functionalities 4.3 Smart Homes This use case study will discuss how homeowners can control and share their smart homes. Today, platforms like Airbnb own our personal data and have high fees while public listing less trust and security. NKN and IoTeX blockchain technology addresses these issues and offers a new decentralized alternative to short-term home rentals. They integrate lightweight IoT devices to the blockchain-smart locks, ther- mostats, and lights. They developed a DApp running on NKN’s peer-to-peer network and IoTeX’s smart contract platform. It lets the user control and authorizes access to their smart homes in fully P2P fashion. It is the first step towards the “Airbnb of the future”. Homeowners can securely authorize access to their smart homes. Authorize guests can seamlessly control lights, thermostats, and other connected devices. They can even unlock add-on rooms or equipment closets in real time through a conve- nient mobile application. With blockchain, homeowners can enjoy full control of their smart homes and data while offering renters the same convenience and a cus- tom rental experience. To bring it to a full circle, access can be securely shared with multiple people, and all terms between parties are enforced by smart contracts. The collaboration shows the possibilities of blockchain and IoT technologies (Fig. 3). 4.4 Supply Chain Management—Smart Supply Contracts In this section, the impact of smart contacts on the supply chain will be elaborated. Let’s imagine you decide to purchase a new computer. However, in this case, let’s imagine you are also concerned about the working conditions in the factory where the computer was assembled. You may have a concern about the quality of a specific component inside the computer. Right now, there is no easy way to check from where your computer came and how it got made. The complex web of relationships that provide the materials, manufacture the components, assemble the parts, and deliver the computer to market is known as the supply chain. Hundreds of years ago sup- ply chains were fairly simple. Miners and farmers provided natural resources to a skilled craftsman like blacksmiths and tailors who then created and sold finished products. Today’s supply chains are much more complicated, fragmented, and dif- ficult to understand. Hundreds or even thousands of suppliers all around the world contribute to make and ship the computer you purchased. Most of the time various
- 28. Introduction to Blockchain and IoT 13 companies don’t know about each other. As a consumer, you don’t know anything about how, where, when, what, under what conditions your computer was made. This is not just a problem for consumers. Today’s supply chain is so complex that even Apple, Dell, or HP has difficulty in tracking that how their computers get made. Smart contracts could make supply chain management simpler and more trans- parent. The idea is to create a single source of information about products in a supply chain in a global ledger. Each component would have its own entry on the blockchain that gets tracked over time. Both companies could then update the status of a com- ponent in real time. The end result is once you receive your computer, you could track every component back to its manufacturer. Theoretically, you could trace the supply chain all the way back to the mines where the raw materials came from. Companies can also use the blockchain supply chain as a single source of truth for their products. They can manage and monitor risks within the supply chain ensuring the quality of delivered parts and track delivery status. Additionally, companies can use smart contracts to manage and pay for supply chains autonomously. For exam- ple, a chip manufacturer could be paid immediately upon testing of each individual chip at the assembly facility. This would reduce the need for large contracts invoices and the back-and-forth of refund requests for faulty components. Those same smart contracts could assist with shipping and logistics, tracking valuable products as they travel around the world. Using blockchain companies can finally have a complete picture of their products at every stage in the supply chain bringing transparency to the production process while reducing the cost of manufactured goods. 5 Key Challenges for Block Chain and IoT 5.1 Operational The IoT and blockchain technologies are connecting several devices working on sev- eral platforms. The devices communicating with each other might face the problem of compatibility with each other. In order to make these technologies operational efficiently, we need a common platform for all the devices and inbuilt technologies [5]. 5.2 Technical The major technical issues of blockchain and IoT technology are scalability, security, and storage requirement. The issue of security has already been discussed in detail. So coming to the issue of scalability which means that the capacity to process a transaction on the blockchain is limited. In the case of financial transactions, there happens several thousands of transaction per second. This means that in blockchain
- 29. 14 P. Rathee we have some constraints of security, scalability, and storage capacity. Thought the researchers are working on these issues and improving day by day. 5.3 Legal and Compliance Issue Though it is very excited to have new technology on board, the internet lacks the ability to currently connect back to the real world in the way that machine-to-machine world as presented by the internet of things. Internet of things is not just the internet of things, it is the internet of behavior, and internet of life. What are some ethical concerns that people are thinking about are quality control and accountability? Ulti- mately, one wants to know where who do we go to when someone breached a legal parameter and it is getting quite difficult. Another issue is the repository of informa- tion that will be created. What will be the criteria of identity when we as a lawyer think about how to protect personal data. This is a legal and ethical concern how to put that in a framework and monitor and govern that. 6 Conclusion In this chapter, we discussed the concept of blockchain, how does blockchain works? The various technical aspects of blockchain were described including the principles of blockchain, distributive power, security, privacy, and smart contracts. After that, the implications of blockchain and IoT in terms of economic, technological, social and political were elaborated. Initially, blockchain was used for transferring bitcoins but later it was applied to various other sectors like medical records management, tax collection, etc. So some of the use cases of this technology are also given in the chapter. As the new technology is emerging so there will be various issues related to technology. So, the key challenges to the blockchain and IoT technology are explained in the chapter. References 1. Banafa, A.: IoT and blockchain convergence: benefits and challenges. IEEE Internet of Things (2017) 2. Khan, M.A., Salah, K.: IoT security: review, blockchain solutions, and open challenges. Futur. Gener. Comput. Syst. 82, 395–411 (2018) 3. Banafa, A.: IoT standardization and implementation challenges. IEEE. Org Newsletter (2014) 4. Serrano, M., Soldatos, J.: IoT is more than just connecting devices: the open IoT stack explained (2015) 5. Somov, A., Giaffreda, R.: Powering IoT devices: technologies and opportunities. Newsletter (2014)
- 30. The Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and Blockchain: Implementation Perspectives Ali Mohammad Saghiri, Kamran Gholizadeh HamlAbadi and Monireh Vahdati Abstract Blockchain technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and Internet of Things (IoT) will be used as the infrastructure of modern applications in the near future. Therefore, we need to know some information about the implementation of them. For this purpose, many tools and applications have been reported in the literature. In this chapter, we show how an application can be implemented using blockchain, AI, and IoT. In addition, we will introduce an approach for designing this type of applications using object-oriented techniques. At first, we summarize popular implementation technologies. Then, an implementation perspective based on object- oriented concepts for cognitive IoT based on blockchain is given. Finally, two case studies are analyzed. Keywords Blockchain technology · Artificial intelligence · Internet of Things 1 Introduction Blockchain technology, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT) will lead to a revolution in modern countries. The Internet is currently being managed by humans, who can use it to communicate with each other. However, this pattern is changing, as new types of devices are starting to use the Internet. These devices are not managed by humans, rather they communicate with each other and things are identified as main elements—this is known as the IoT. Samsung recently reported A. M. Saghiri (B) Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran e-mail: Saghiri@aut.ac.ir Computer Engineering and Information Technology Department, AmirKabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran K. G. HamlAbadi · M. Vahdati Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran e-mail: k.gholizadeh@qiau.ac.ir M. Vahdati e-mail: m.vahdati@qiau.ac.ir © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020 S. Kim and G. C. Deka (eds.), Advanced Applications of Blockchain Technology, Studies in Big Data 60, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8775-3_2 15
- 31. 16 A. M. Saghiri et al. Fig. 1 Number of connected devices [2] that, by 2020, 100% of its products will be available on the Internet [1]. Figure 1 shows that the number of connected devices has surpassed the human population and continues to rise. In this chapter, we focus on the implementation perspective in three fields: blockchain technology, AI, and the IoT. The rest of the chapter is organized as fol- lows. Section 2 discusses the implementation perspective of blockchain platforms. In Sects. 3 and 4, some important IoT and AI platforms for implementation are studied. A hybrid system based on IoT, AI, and Blockchain is explained in Sect. 5. Finally, the conclusions and future work are given in Sect. 6. 2 Blockchain Implementation Perspective Blockchaintechnologycanbeusedtodesignadecentralizedsystemfortracking,doc- umenting, and facilitating transactions. In this section, we study the most important platforms for implementing the blockchain. There are many solutions for blockchain- based applications in the literature. In this section, we survey eight well-known solu- tions. 2.1 Bitcoin Bitcoin, which was first registered in 2008, refers to a collection of concepts and technologies which establishes the basis for a digital money ecosystem [3]. Bitcoin users communicate with each other by utilizing a special form of peer-to-peer pro- tocol primarily via the Internet. The Bitcoin protocol stack, which is available as
- 32. The Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and Blockchain… 17 Fig. 2 Bitcoin overview [4]. Source Mastering Bitcoin Programming the Open Blockchain
- 33. 18 A. M. Saghiri et al. open-source software, can be used on a wide range of computing devices such as laptops and smartphones, which can lead to easier and greater Bitcoin accessibility. Some well-known features of Bitcoin are given as follows [4]: • A decentralized peer-to-peer network (the Bitcoin protocol), • A public transaction ledger (the blockchain), • A set of rules used for validating independent transaction validation and issuing the currency (consensus rules), and • A mechanism for obtaining a global decentralized consensus on the valid blockchain (proof-of-work algorithm). In order to develop an application based on Bitcoin, some of the best libraries and programming languages are mentioned in [4] (Fig. 2). 2.2 Ethereum Ethereum is considered to be a trusted computational platform, along with a native currency, which is established on top of a decentralized peer-to-peer network. Any digital content which can be controlled by someone may be saved in an Ethereum smart contract, which is then transferred between peers without requiring a third party or middleman, such as a bank, exchange, or central government [5]. The data stored in smart contracts are safe and easy to access, although the cost and structure of the store are more related to metadata-related applications because saving real data is too expensive. Figure 3 presents an architecture for the entire Ethereum ecosystem on a network. The Ethereum Virtual Machine is mostly utilized for directing smart contracts, as well as establishing a consensus among all participants [6]. In the Ethereum ecosystem, the following play important roles: • Whisper: Ethereum has its own messaging protocol called Whisper. Whisper is a decentralized chat mechanism on the Ethereum platform which operates on a peer-to-peer protocol. Fig. 3 Ethereum ecosystem [6]
- 34. Other documents randomly have different content
- 35. Flags and The Salute. Prices. money long since due.’ This was in 1658, but in March of the following year they wrote bitterly to the Council that, while such large debts were contracted and they were struggling with difficulties, it made them ‘exceeding unhappy’ to see that even their assignments on the customs were not handed over to them in full.[1482] In May 1659, among other items, £330,000 was owing for seamen’s and £43,000 for dockyard wages, and the £735 a week paid by the Navy Treasurer to the Savoy and Ely House hospitals was six months over-due.[1483] In September the army commissioners were directed to hand over £60,000 for naval purposes, although the soldiers’ pay was months in arrear. When the Commonwealth accounts close on 7th July 1660 the debt was £1,056,000.[1484] For this large sum every year from 1640 furnished its quota, thus detailed:—1640-9, £10,200; 1650, £71,000; 1651, £25,000; 1652, £16,000; 1653, £11,000; 1654, £5000; 1655, £50,000; 1656, £229,000; 1657, £218,000; 1660, £421,000. That the earlier amounts were not merely book debts carried forward for want of claimants is shown by the existence of a petition, of April 1658, begging for the settlement of a bill for freight incurred between 1643 and 1651.[1485] These liabilities, belonging to only one branch of the public service, help to explain why many classes of society, not actively royalist, may have welcomed a restoration which promised a settlement of debts and a more stable financial system. When the St George’s cross was made the national flag in February 1648-9, it was also ordered that an escutcheon should be carried on the stern of each man-of-war, containing a red cross in one compartment and a harp in another. In 1653 the three Generals at sea used, besides their standards, a pendant of red, white, or blue, at the main, and their vice- and rear-admirals their respective colours at the fore and mizen. From 18th May 1658 the standard of the General of the fleet was to bear the arms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, ‘with his Highnes’ escutcheon of pretence according to the great seal of England.’ The jack flag for admirals was to consist of the arms of England and Scotland united, ‘according to the ancient form,’ with the harp added, ‘according to a model now shown.’[1486] All saluting, whether from ships or forts, was strictly forbidden in 1652, except in honour of ambassadors; but the salute to the flag from foreigners was firmly upheld under all circumstances. By the treaty of 5th April 1654, the Dutch formally acknowledged the English right to the salute in the ‘British seas.’ In 1657 Opdam, with thirty Dutch sail, passing Dover struck his flag and saluted the castle; shortly afterwards he met the Dragon and the Colchester, whose captains ordered him again to strike. He refused, saying that he was not expected to pay this mark of respect to every ship he met, whereupon they replied that if he did not they would engage him till they sank alongside. Then ‘he struck in a great rage,’ and kept his flag down till out of sight of the Englishmen. Man-of-war captains sometimes displayed the same feeling of pride in their position at the expense of English ships. In 1654 a Virginiaman was run down and sunk in the Channel by the Ruby. In the subsequent inquiry the master of the merchantman held that the Ruby should have gone astern of his vessel, to which her captain retorted by asking, ‘How many men-of-war have you known go under a merchantman’s stern?’ The prices of naval stores varied greatly, according to the confidence felt in the treasury and conditions of peace or war; the following are the rates for some of the principal articles:— Iron Ordnance 1650, £20 a ton 1653, £26 ” Canvas Noyals, 1652, £15 to £17 a bale[1487] Noyals, 1654, £19, 7s a bale Vitery, 1654, 1s a yard Vitery, 1655, 1s 4d an ell Ipswich, 1654, £1, 12s a bolt Ipswich, 1655, £1, 7s 9d a bolt Hemp 1653, £32 a ton (English) 1655, £38, 10s a ton (Riga) 1657, £44 a ton (Riga)
- 36. 1658, £46 a ton (Riga) 1658, £33 a ton (English) 1658, £38 a ton (Russia) Anchors 1656, £34 a ton ” £37 ” Powder 1650, £3, 16s a barrel 1652, £4 ” 1653, £4, 10s ” Plank 1653, £2, 18s a load 1655, £3, 7s ” 1657, £3, 5s ” (oak) 1659, £3, 15s ” ” Small Arms Snaphaunces, 1658, 11s 6d each Matchlocks, 1658, 10s 6d each Carbines, 1658, 11s each Pistols, 1658, 14s a pair Black Rosin 1655, £10, 10s a ton 1657, £10 a ton (Mar.) 1657, £9, 5s ” (Aug.) Compass Timber 1656, £2, 5s a load 1658, £3 ” Cordage 1649, £30 a ton 1656, £44 ” 1657, £48 ” 1658, £44 ” Shot 1652, £11, 10s a ton 1653, £14 a ton Tar 1654, £1, 15s a barrel 1655, £10, 12s a last 1656, £12 a last 1657, £12, 10s a last 1658, £13 a last Pitch 1654, £1, 16s a barrel 1655, £15, 5s a last Beer 1654, £1, 15s a tun 1659, £2, 5s ” Sprutia[1488] Deals 1656, 12s 6d each 1659, 14s ” Ordinary Deals 1657, £4, 3s per 100 of six score Whale Oil 1659, £26, 15s a ton English Tallow 1658, £2, 3s per cwt.
- 37. Lignum Vitæ for blocks 1656, £6, 15s a ton Examples of that incongruity of expression usually associated with Puritan fervour are not frequent among the Navy papers, but they do occasionally occur. On one occasion Lawson writes, ‘All that look towards Zion should hold Christian communion—we have all the guns aboard.’ Major Robert Sedgwick, starting for the West Indies, asks the Navy Commissioners, after official details, for ‘your prayers that we may be sent out with a blessing and be a blessing where we go.’ Major Sedgwick’s duties were to kill Spaniards, plunder their property, and annex their territory. These men were too grimly earnest in the work they set their hands to do to trouble themselves about fine phrases. They lacked humour, and the court of Charles II was, we are taught, very witty; but when, in 1667, the roar of foreign guns was, for the only time in English history, heard in London, even that majority which always loves a royal jest must have begun to appreciate the distinction underlying Stewart wit and Puritan dulness.
- 38. APPENDIX A CHAPTER HOUSE BOOK Vol. XIII Here ensuyth An Inventorie or boke of All such Stuff, tacle, apparell, Ordynaunce, Artillarie and habillamentes for the warre as Remayned in our soveraigne lord the kynges shippes the xxvij day of July the vjᵗʰ yere[1489] of his reign, By a vewe taken by Sir Henry Wyat, Sir Andrewe Wyndsore, knightes, George Dalyson, and Thomas Tamworth, commissioners in that behalf appoynted, Whuch Stuff, tacle, apparell, Ordynaunce, Artillaries, and habillamentes for the warre Was delyvered into the charge and kepyng of severall persons hereaftyr particlerly named to our seid soveraigne lord the kynges use by Indentures thereof made and also billes signed with the handes of the seid commissioners in the custodie of the seid persones remaynyng, That is to Sey The kynges Shippe called the Henry Grace de Dewe:—Stuff, Tacle, and apparell of the seid shippe delyvered by the seid Commissioners into the charge of John Hopton by Indenture, that is to sey ffyrst the foremast of the seid shippe j Shrowdes to the same xvj Dedemens hyes[1490] to the same xvj Tacles to the foremast iiij Doble polles[1491] with Shyvers[1492] of Brasse iiij Single polles with Shyvers of Brasse iij Single polles with a colk[1493] of Brasse j Swyfters to the foremast vj Doble polles with colkes of Brasse iij polles whuth Shyvers of wode iij polles with v colkes of Brasse and oone of wode vj Garnettes to the foremast with iiij poles[1494] ij
- 39. Garnet with ij polles and shyvers of Brasse j Garnet with a shever of Brasse and another of tymbre j Trusses to the foremast ij Drynges[1495] to the same j Doble polles for the trusses with colkes of brasse ij Single poles of tymbre ij Drynges with a doble pole with a colk of brasse and oone single pole of wode j halyers to the foremast ij Shyvers of Brasse to the brest[1496] of the forecastell iij Ramehedes with ij shevers of Brasse j Shetes to the foresayle ij pollies with shevers of Brasse to the same ij lyftes to the foresayle ij Doble polies with shyvers of Brasse to the same ij Single polies with colkes of Brasse ij Shetes to the toppe Sayle ij Single polies with woden pynnes to the same ij Tackes to the foresayle ij Stodynges[1497] to the foreyerd ij pollies to the same with woden pynnes ij cranelynnes to the foremast j Single poles with shyver of Brasse j Bowelynnes to the foreyerd with the poleis and dedemanes hies and oone doble pole with a shever of brasse j Stayes to the foreyerd with iiij dedemens heies ij Sprete sayle yerdes ij halyers to the same ij Single poleis with shyvers of Brasse to the same ij lyftes to the Sprete Sayle with iij single polies and woden pynnes j Grapilles[1498] with the cheyne hangyng apon the bowspret with a pole havyng a colk of brasse j
- 40. knyghtes[1499] longyng to the lyftes of the foresayle with ij shevers of brasse ij The fore topmast j Shrowdes to the same xij halyers with a doble polie and a colk of brasse ij single poleis with woden pynnes ij Bowlynes to the foretop Sayle yerd with pawes[1500] and dedemens hyes to the same ij Brasses[1501] for the foretop sayle yerd ij Single poles with pynnes of wode ij lyftes to the foretopsayle yerd with iiij poleis with wooden pynnes ij Shetes to the foretopsayle with ij woden poles ij Steyes to the foretopmast j Sayle yerdes to the foretop j Toppe Galant apon the foretopmast j mastes to the same j Shrowdes to the same viij halyers with ij single poles with woden pynnes ij Brasses to the same with ij single poleis and wodepynnes and dedemens hyes to the same ij Bowlynes to the topgalant yerd the power and dedemens hies to the same ij lyftes to the foretopgalant yerd with iiij single polies with woden pynnes ij Shetes with ij single poles with woden pynnes ij Stayes to the foretopgalant mast j Shevers of Brasse for the cattes in the forecastell iiij Davettes[1502] with iiij shevers of Brasse ij Smale davettes with oone shever of Brasse j The mayne mast[1503] j Shrowdes with cheynes of yron and dedemenes hies to the same xl Bote tacles of sterebord syde with iiij doble poles and viii single poleis with xvj shyvers of Brasse[1504] iiij
- 41. Swifters on the same syde with vij doble poleis and vii single polees with colkes of Brasse and ij poles of tymbes[1505] pynnes viij Garnettes with ij single poles with shivers of Brasse j Garnettes with ij single polies with colkes of Brasse j Garnettes with oone single pole with a shever of Brasse and an other pole with a colk of Brasse j Stodynges with a single polie with a Shever of Brasse j Bote tacles oon ladbord syde with iiij doble polies and viij single polies with xvj Shevers of Brasse iiij Bretayn tacles[1506] with ij single polies and Shevers of Brasse to the same j Swyfters with vij doble polies with colkes of Brasse and viij single poles with colkes of Brasse viij Garnettes whereof oone with ij single polies and ij shevers of Brasse an other with ij single poleis with ij colkes of Brasse and an other with a shever of Brasse iij Stodynges with a shever of Brasse j tymber polies for the Shuts[1507] ij The mayne yerde with the mayne parell j Single poleis with a shever of Brasse to wynde up the mayne parell j Trusses with iiij doble polleis and iiij single polies with xij shevers of Brasse iij Drynges with ij doble polies and iiij shevers of Brasse ij Single poleis of tymbre to the same ij Tyes j payer Whele Ropes[1508] j Geers with vj single poleis whereof iiij with shevers of Brasse and ij of tymbre iij knyghtes belonging to the same with iij Shevers of Brasse iij Single poles for the topsayle iiij
- 42. Shutes with iiij shevers of Brasse ij knyghtes with ij shevers of Brasse ij The mayne yerd j lyftes with ij doble poleis and ij single with vj Shevers of Brasse to the same ij Knyghtes with ij Shevers of Brasse ij Shutes ij Tackes ij bowlynes with Brydelles and Dedemens hies ij poleis to the mayne Bowlyne with ij Shevers of Brasse j mayne Stayes with viij dedemens hies iiij Brasses with ij single poles and colkes of Brasse ij The mayne top j The mayne top mast and a coler of yron j Shrowdes to the same with dedemens hies xiiij The mayne top Sayle yerd j Tyes j halyers with a doble and a single polie with ij shevers of Brasse j Brases with iiij poles ij lyftes with iiij polies and colkes of Brasse ij Cranelynnes with a single pole and a colk of Brasse j Steyes to the mayne top mast j bowlynes with dedemens hies ij The top Galant apon the mayne topmast j mastes for the same j Rynges of yron for the same j Shrowdes to the same with dedemens hies x Sayle yerdes to the same j Stayes to the same j Bowlynes ij Brases with ij poles to the same ij Shutes ij Grabulles with cheynes to the same ij poleys apon the mayne yerd for the grabulles ij
- 43. Spare knyghtes standyng by the mast with ij shevers of Brasse ij The mayne meson mast j Shrowdes with xj doble poles and xj single poles, a doble and single polee with colkes of Brasse xij Swyftyers with vj doble poles and vj single poles with colkes of Brasse vj Tacles with ij doble poles of tymbre ij Single poles oone of tymbre the other with a colk of Brasse ij Steyes j Shutes j Single poles oon of tre[1509] the other with a colke of Brasse for the same Shutes ij cranelynes with a single polie and a colk of Brasse j Brases with ij single poles ij Teyes[1510] ij halyers ij The Rame hede j knyghtes with iij Shevers of Brasse j The yerd to the meson Sayle j lyftes with iij poles and dedemens hies j Trusses with a double and a single polie with colkes of Brasse j Toppe j Topmast to the same j Rynges of yron j Shrowdes with dedemens hies x The Sayle yerd j Tyes j poles to the same ij lyftes with iij poles and dedemens hies j The top Galant of the mayne meson j The mast to the same j Shrowdes to the same vj lyftes with iij poleis and dedemens hies j The Sayle yerd j
- 44. Tyes to the same j halyers j The boneaventure mast j Shrowdes with x Doble poles and x syngle poleis x Sayle yerdes j Tyes j halyers with a doble pole ij knyghtes with iiij Shevers of Brasse j Shutes with ij poleis to the same j The boneaventure top j mastes to the same j Sayle yerdes j Shrowdes viij Steyes j In the storehouse of the Shipp viij single pendaunt polies with shevers of Brasse viij Smale single garnet poleis with shevers of Brasse j Doble lyft poleis with shevers of Brasse iiij Doble poleanker[1511] poleis with shevers of Brasse iiii Snach polleis with gret Shevers of Brasse iiij Single poleis with Shevers of Wode xiiij Doble poleis with Shevers of Wode ij Doble poleis with a colk of Brasse j Single poleis with a colk of Brasse j pottes called piche pottes j ketilles to melt in pyche j boyes for ankers x boy Ropes x Shevers of Brasse without poleis iij leddern[1512] bokettes xij dossen love[1513] hokes iiij lynch[1514] hokes iij Copper ketill not sett in furnes weying by estimacon ccc[1515] j cables and cablettes of xiij ynch compas j
- 45. xvij ynch compas ij xv ynch compas ij ix ynch compas j viij ynch compas j vij hawsers of iiij ynch compas iiij vj ynch compas iij vj ynch di[1516] compas j v ynch compas j viij ynch compas j iiij ynch compas j iij ynch compas j v ynch compas j iiij ynch compas vij iij ynch compas j iij ynch di compas j xxij Smale lyne ij peces Bygger lyne for lanyers[1517] ij peces Brayle Ropes with iij poles to the same j Grete doble Blockes ether of them ij Shyvers of Brasse ij Single blokes with ij Shevers of Brasse ij long Ores for the Grete bote lx Tarre ij barelles Ores for the Cocke bote xxiij Standart Staves[1518] lix Stremers viij lytle flagges c Top Armours vii Targettes xx dossen large fflagges lx To the mayne Sayle Acorse[1519] and ij bonettes doble j mayne sayle mayne topsayles j
- 46. Topgalant Sayle j The meson Sayle j The boneaventure Sayle j The foresayle Acorse and a bonet doble and bonet single an other corse and iij bonettes single in all ij foresayles The fore topsayle j The foretopgalant Sayle j The Bowspret Seyle j The mayne Sayle for the gret Bote, a corse and ij bonettes single j sayll The foreseyle acorse and ij bonettes single j Top Seyle j The meson Seyle j The boneaventure Sayle j An old corse of a hulk Sayle j ankers called Sterbord bowers ij ladbord bowers ij Destrelles[1520] of Sterbord ij Destrelles on ladbord ij Shot[1521] ankers j Caggers[1522] j Spare ankers ix xix Trene[1523] platters iiij dossen Trene cuppes v dossen Tankerdes iij dossen lantrons[1524] vj grete lantrons j middellantrons ij Copper ketilles in furnes iij lede in oone pece by estimacon d[1525] Grete belles in the seid Ship of Brasse j The grete botes mayne mast j Shrowdes to the same xiiij
- 47. polles to the same xxviij Tacles oone with a doble pole and colkes of Brasse the other with a single pole and a Shever of tymbre ij Single poles with a shever of Brasse j mayne yerdis and the parell j Trusses with ij poleis and Shevers of tymbre j Tyes j halyers with a doble pole and Shever of Brasse j Single poleis on of them with a Shever of brasse and other of tymbre ij Shutes ij Tackes ij bowlynes with a pole and Shever of tymbre ij lyftes with ij Single poleis ij Topsayle Shotes with ij single poleis ij yerde Ropes ij The meyne Stey with ij doble poleis j The toppe j The topmast j Shrowdes to the same vj Sayle yerdes j Tyes j parell to the sayle yerd j Bowlynes ij lyftes ij Cranelynes j Brases ij The foremast j Shrowdes to the same vj The Sayle yerd j The parell j Teyes j Syngle halyers with a polie to the same j Shetes vj tackes j lyftes with ij poleys ij
- 48. Steyes j bowlynes with a polie j Single Trusses with a polie j Bowspretes j mayne meson mast j Shrowdes to the same vj The Sayle yerd j the parell to the same j The Tye j Single halyers with a pole j Trusses with ij poles j lyftes with iij poles j Brases with ij poles ij Steys with ij Smale poles j The boneaventure mast j Shrowdes to the same iiij Tyes j Single halyers with oone pole j The sayle yerd j The parell to the same j Ankers for the said bote iij Cablettes of v ynch compas ij Cocke bote j mastes to the same j Sayle yerdes j Shevers of Brasse ij Ores to the same xij bote hokes j The skyff otherwise called Jolywatt j mastes to the same j Sayles j Ores to the same vj Shevers of Brasse j Shevers of Brasse called a Wyndyng Shever for the j Rame hede j hawsers of v ynch compas j hawsers of vj ynch di compas di hawser[1526]
- 49. hawsers of v ynch compas iij Cables of ix ynch compas j hawsers of vj ynch compas di hawser Soundyng ledes vj Ordynaunce Artillarie and habillamentes for warr delyvered to the charge and custodie of Thomas Spert, master, and William Bonython, purser of the seid shipp by Indenture as aforeseid, that is to sey Serpentynes of yron with miches[1527] boltes and forelockes cxxij Chambers to the same ccxliiij Stone gonnes of yron Apon trotill wheles and all other Apparell iiij Chambers to the same iiij Serpentynes of Brasse apon wheles shod with yron iij Serpentynes of Brasse apon wheles unshodd j Grete peces of yron of oon makyng and bygnes xij Chambers to the same xxiiij Grete yron gonnes of oone sort that come owt of fflaunders with myches bolts and forelockes iiij Chambers to the same viij Grete Spanysh peces of yron of oone sorte ij Chambers to the same iiij Stone gonnes apon Trotill wheles with miches boltes and forelockes to the same xviij Chambers to the same xxxiiij Smale vice peces of Brasse apon shodd wheles of Symondes makyng j long vice peces of Brasse of the same makyng iij ffawcons of Brasse apon Trotill wheles vj a fayre pece of Brasse of Arragows makyng j A Slyng of yron Apon Trotill wheles j Chambers to the same with other apparell j grete Stone gonnes of yron ij chambers to the same iiij
- 50. Grete culverynes of Brasse apon unshodd wheles of Symondes makyng ij Grete bumberdes of Brasse apon iiij trotill wheles of herberd[1528] makyng j Grete curtalles of Brasse apon iiij wheles and of the same makyng[1529] j hakebusshes of yron hole clxxxxiij hakbusshes of yron broken vjj Shott of yron of Dyverse Sortes dclx shott Stone Shott of Dyverse Sortes in the balist of the ship A grete nomber not told In the Grete Bote of the seid ship Remaynyng fyrst Serpentynes of yron with myches boltes and forelockes viij Chambers to the same xxv Serpentynes of Brasse apon shodd wheles j ffawcons of Brasse apon Shodd wheles ij In the Storehouse of the shipp Bowes of Ewe cxxiiij chestes for the same ij hole chestes of Arrowes iij Billys cxliiij moryspykes lxxx Backes and Brestes of Almyne Ryvettes of ether cc Splentes[1530] clxxxxviii payer Salettes[1531] cc Standardes of mayle cc chargyng ladylles for Gonnes with staves vj staves withowt ladelles viij Spare miches for Gonnes xiiij Spare boltes ij Javelyns ix dossen Dartes lvij dossen hamers for Gonnes xiiij Crowes of yron iiij Stokepykes of yron xiiij
- 52. APPENDIX B THE MUTINY OF THE GOLDEN LION On the 19th April 1587, Drake with the Bonaventure, Lion, Dreadnought, Rainbow, and Spy, of the Queen’s, and some twenty armed merchantmen attacked Cadiz, with results disastrous to Spain. Borough was vice-admiral and in command of the Lion. The fleet left Cadiz harbour on 21st April, and on the 30th Borough addressed a long and vigorously worded letter to Drake[1532] protesting that the councils of war called were only nominal consultations where the admiral declared his will, or else merely entertained his visitors who departed ‘without any consultacyon or counsell holden.’ Drake’s answer was to supersede him. All we know further is that on 27th May the Lion’s company put their new captain, Marchant, on the Spy, and sailed away for England with Borough who afterwards declared that he was in daily fear of his life, and therefore had no great reason to try and stop their action. If Borough did not incite them to mutiny the men of the Lion must have been for some time full of discontent and ready to desert. The chase of the Bark of Lyme, which took them from under the guns of the rest of the fleet, gave them their opportunity. On 30th May, Drake constituted a court-martial on the Bonaventure, of himself and the other superior officers, at which most of the mutineers were condemned to death in their absence. The account of this inquiry gives a vivid picture of the modes of thought among the men, and their ideas of their rights and duties. Although time has settled the historical perspective in which we view Drake and Borough, it must be said for the latter that, in 1587, the admiral was only to him, one of half-a-dozen great seamen with whom Borough, and doubtless his contemporaries, thought he could claim equality. He was an experienced commander and one of the four Principal Officers of the Navy; he was, here, second in
- 53. command to Drake, and it was contrary to all the traditions of the service that the admiral should undertake any enterprise without the advice and consent of his captains. In this matter Drake was one of the first expedition leaders to strike out a line of his own, and Borough, tenacious of custom and what he considered his rights, at once came into collision with him. It was long before Drake’s principle of accepting sole responsibility was generally followed. In a private note of farewell to Burghley in 1596, and perhaps with this incident in his mind, Howard, when leaving for the Cadiz voyage wrote, ‘I have no meaning to ronne any rash or unadvysed course nor to settell any thyng for Her Maiesties servyce upon my own jugment but to yeald to those that shall show best reson.’[1533] After their return an inquiry was held at which the vice-admiral was charged with neglect of duty at Cadiz.[1534] No actual result followed, but Borough came off with the honours of war since he was not disgraced, and remained one of the chief Officers of the Navy. Burghley appears to have been on his side, and Borough wrote subsequently an effusive letter thanking him ardently for his support. [1535] From one passage in this letter in which he says that he had hoped that after the inquiry his innocence would be proclaimed, but that ‘I have suppressed my greefe in respect of the comandment and charge given me,’ it may be inferred that the finding was actually favourable to Borough but not made public, perhaps from a desire not to offend Drake. One other point is worth noticing: if the crew of the Lion voiced the general feeling among English seamen, Drake was certainly not loved by them. ADD. MSS., 12,505, f., 241.[1536] A generall courte holden for the service of her Maᵗⁱᵉ abourde the Elizabeth Bonaventure the xxxth day of Maye before Sir Ffrauncis Drake, knighte, generall of Her Maᵗⁱᵉˢ
- 54. fleete; Thomas Fennard, Vice-Admirall; Anthony Plotte, Leivetenant-generall; John Marchant, serjant-major, and the reste of the captaines and masters of the fleete as followeth, The generall, att this courte, called in question and judiciallye demaunded of Captayne Merchaunt howe he colde discharge himselfe to answere the departure of Her Maᵗⁱᵉˢ shippe the Golden Lyon which he latelye gave him in charge? Captayne Marchaunt protestinge, with all earnest affeccon, his innocencye alledged and declared,—That there was a great Mutynie growen amonge the Company of the Lyon the 27 of this month; as sone as we had given over the chase undertaken, understandinge that she was the Barke of Lyme, [1537] when I requyred the Master that we mighte lye close by the wynde to recover our generall, the Master answered, ‘Well, Captaine, we will.’ But presentely one of the quartermasters came and delivered me a lettere in the behalfe of the whole company as followeth:— ‘Captayne Marchaunt, Captayne of the Golden Lyon appoynted by Sir Ffrauncis Drake, generall of this fleete,— Wee, the Quenes, and yours at this tyme desyre that, as you are a man and beare the name of a captayne over us, so to weighe of us like men, and lett us not be spoyled for wante of foode, for our allowaunce is so smale we are not able to lyve any longer of it; for when as three or foure were wonte to take a charge in hande, nowe tenne at the leaste, by reason of our weake victuallinge and filthie drinck, is scarce able to discharge it, and yet growe rather weaker and weaker; which suerly if it be not loked into, will growe to greate dishonour on your parte, and to a lastinge shame on our sydes, by reason of the moste worthie and the moste honorable challendge of our generall at Caste Calleys[1538] in daringe the kinges deputie, or the kinge himselfe if he were in place, or the proudest champyon he had to come fourthe and chaunge a Bullett with him; but none durste once adventure to come
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