Fundamental of computer
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Computer takes input, processes it, and provides output. It works using binary digits 0 and 1 to represent high and low voltage levels. Hardware refers to the physical parts of a computer like the central processing unit, memory, storage, and input/output devices. The operating system acts as an interface between the user and hardware, managing resources and running programs. Files store saved work and support programs in various formats identified by file extensions like .exe for executable files. When a program runs, the operating system loads its executable file from storage into random access memory where the CPU fetches and executes instructions one by one until the program ends and its memory is released.
Fundamental of computer
- 2. WHAT IS COMPUTER ? • Computer is an electronic device that takes input, process it and gives output. Examples are desktop computers, Laptop, Palmtop, Super computer, embedded systems, etc. computer works on 0 and 1 • There is no physical significance of 0 and 1 in computer system. 0 and 1 are just representation of two states of voltage levels in digital circuits. If there is a supply of high volt in the circuit it is termed as 1 and for low volt it is 0. These encoding help us to handle any sort of information through digital circuits.
- 3. WHAT IS HARDWARE ? • Hardware is a comprehensive term for all of the physical parts of a computer, as distinguished from the data it contains or operates on, and the software that provides instructions for the hardware to accomplish tasks.
- 4. WHAT IS AN OPERATING SYSTEM ? • Operating system is essential software which provides an interface between user and machine. It acts as a manager in the system, which manages hardware and software resources. It also does process management, memory management and file management. • Examples of Operating systems are windows XP, Windows 2007, Windows 8 Linux, Mac etc.
- 5. WHAT IS FILE ? • A computer file is a data bundle created by a program used to refer back to saved work or support the operating of the program. • Files are of different types, which mean information is encoded in a particular manner. Each such manner is a separate file format. Notice files stored in your computer’s memory disk, each has some name for identification followed by file extension. File name and extension are separated by a dot operator. File extension tells about type of the file. For example track1.mp3 is a file with extension mp3 which means it is an audio file. • Among the several file formats, we are concern about a special file format with extension exe.
- 6. BASIC COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE ? • It is important to describe the role of few of the hardware resources during execution of program. Earlier we talked about an executable file. Here we are describing execution process of any one of such exe file. • Firstly, your program (sum.exe) file is stored somewhere in hard disk of your system. Now we clicked on it to run this program. This click event from mouse is listened by operating system and loads this file from hard disk to RAM (random access memory) using loader (a dedicated program to load content to RAM). Here it is important to note that each time when some program need to be activate, program must load in to RAM. RAM is also known as primary memory which is volatile in nature that is nothing can reside permanently. RAM contains only those programs that are active at particular instant.
- 7. • Operating system allocates memory for our program in RAM. First instruction goes to the processor and resides in instruction register. This instruction is decoded by control unit. Control unit sends appropriate signal to ALU. ALU performs specific task. Registers, control unit and Arithmetic Logic Unit are part of processor. ALU is responsible to perform all kind of arithmetic, logical and shift instructions. Again next instruction moves to processor and stored at instruction register, control unit decode it and sends a signal to ALU. Every instruction of the program executes in similar fashion in a sequential manner. • As soon as the last instruction is executed memory of the program will released from RAM.