Fundamentals of classical_arabic

A
FUNDAMENTALS OF
CLASSICAL ARABIC
VOLUME I:
CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS
AND DERIVED NOUNS

II
To the ‘Ulamā’ of Deoband and the Mashā’ikh of Naqshband

III
FUNDAMENTALS OF
CLASSICAL ARABIC
VOLUME I:
CONJUGATING REGULAR VERBS
AND DERIVED NOUNS
HUSAIN ABDUL SATTAR
FAQIR PUBLICATIONS
CHICAGO

IV
© 2002 FAQIR PUBLICATIONS™.
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CONTENTS
Prologue 7
Lesson 1 Mapping the Arabic Language 9
Lesson 2 Introducing Arabic Words 13
Lesson 3 The Past Tense Verb [ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ] 17
Lesson 4 The Present Tense Verb [ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﹺﻉ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ] 23
Lesson 5 The Present Tense Verb in the State of Rafa’ [‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬] 29
Lesson 6 The Present Tense Verb in the State of Nasb [‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬] 33
Lesson 7 The Present Tense Verb in the State of Jazm [‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬] 37
Lesson 8 The Emphatic [‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬] 41
Lesson 9 The Command [‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻷ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬] 43
Lesson 10 The Prohibition [‫ﻲ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬] 49
Lesson 11 The Active Participle [ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﹾﻔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ] 53
Lesson 12 The Passive Participle [ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ] 61
Lesson 13 The Noun of Time and Place [ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ] 65
Lesson 14 The Noun of Usage [ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﹶﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻵ‬ ] 69
Lesson 15 The Superlative Noun [ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ] 71
Lesson 16 The Six Types of Verb Form I 75
Appendices 85

Fundamentals of classical_arabic

VII
Prologue
All praise is due to Allah (u), Creator of the universe. Peace and
blessings be upon His final and noble messenger, Muhammad (s).
Traditionally students of sacred knowledge began by learning the tenets
of Arabic verb conjugation. Each independent lesson was mastered
before a teacher allowed students to advance. Once proficient, students
then focused on the principles of Arabic grammar.
I was blessed to attend a school of religious learning in Pakistan that still
employs traditional methods. My instructors studied under sincere
teachers and carried themselves with similar devotion. Furthermore, they
led their students, step by step, along a trail softened by fourteen
hundred years of scholarship. Although I was able to spend only a few
years in the company of such guides, my progress was rapid. Such is the
fortune of the debris that manages to land itself on a rapidly flowing,
pristine river.
Few Arabic textbooks in English are modeled after traditional Islamic
educational methodologies. In this book, I have combined the notes and
resources used by my teachers to present an overview of Arabic verb
and noun conjugation. Insha’llah (God willing), future volumes will
address other principles of classical Arabic grammar.
My fear in compiling this work is that I have soiled a pure chain. My
teachers sacrificed their lives, wealth, and families to achieve perfection
in their respective fields. I was permitted to sit in, and eat from, their
vast gardens despite my obvious deficiencies and lack of commitment.
This is the mercy of a teacher toward his student. I pray that Allah (u)
overlooks this last link and allows the seeker to benefit from the

FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL ARABIC8
devotion of the great scholars of the past. Please pray for me, my
teachers, and all those who transmitted this tradition from one
generation to the next.
A servant of the scholars
Husain Abdul Sattar
Safar 1423 – April 2002

Lesson One: Mapping the Arabic Language
Figure 1.1 presents a map of the Arabic language. This chart provides an
overview of the task at hand and establishes a framework for future
learning.
PRINCIPLE ONE
The term articulation (‫ﹶﻆ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬)1 refers to all words that are produced by the
tongue. Articulations (‫ﹶﻆ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬) are divided into (1) words that are meaningful
(‫ﻉ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣ‬) and (2) words that are meaningless (‫ﻞ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻣ‬). Meaningful (‫ﻉ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣ‬)
articulations have established, understood meanings. For example, the
Arabic word kitab )‫ﺎﺏ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻛ‬( means, “a book.” On the other hand,
meaningless (‫ﻞ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻣ‬) articulations lack established meanings. Consider, for
example, the word “Pepsi.” If articulated five hundred years ago, before
the advent of this now famous beverage, this word would have had no
meaning.
PRINCIPLE TWO
Meaningful (‫ﻉ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣ‬) articulations can be further divided into (1) single
(‫ﺩ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬) and (2) compound (‫ﱠﺐ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬). If an articulation is composed of one
word, it is called single )‫ﺩ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬( ; whereas, if it is composed of more than
one word, it is called compound (‫ﱠﺐ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬). For example, the word kitab
(‫ﺎﺏ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻛ‬) is single (‫ﺩ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬), while the phrase rasul-Allah ( ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﷲ‬ ), 2 made up of
two words, is compound (‫ﱠﺐ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬).
1 Lafad (‫ﹶﻆ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬) is derived from the verbal noun “to throw.” Arabic grammarians use this term to
refer to articulations because speech involves “throwing” sounds from the tongue.
2 ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺍﷲ‬ means, “Messenger of Allah.”

PRINCIPLE THREE
All single (‫ﺩ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬) words are classified into one of three types:
1) noun (‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬)
2) verb (‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻓ‬)
3) particle (‫ﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺣ‬)
Stated otherwise, every word in the Arabic dictionary fits into one of
these three categories.
PRINCIPLE FOUR
Compound (‫ﱠﺐ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬) articulations are made up of two or more words. Such
combinations are either beneficial (‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬) or non-beneficial ( ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ). Beneficial
(‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬) groups of words express a complete idea and join together to form
a complete sentence. Non-beneficial ( ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ) groups of words express an
incomplete idea and join together to form a phrase, 3 or an incomplete
sentence.
This volume deals with single (‫ﺩ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬) words and emphasizes conjugating
verbs and nouns.
3 A phrase is defined as two or more words that form a syntactic unit that is less than a
complete sentence.

Mapping the Arabic Language 11
FIGURE 1.1
A MAP OF THE ARABIC LANGUAGE
‫ﹶﻆ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Articulation
‫ﻞ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻣ‬
Meaningless
‫ﻉ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻣ‬
Meaningful
‫ﺩ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
Single
‫ﱠﺐ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬
Compound
‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻓ‬
Verb
‫ﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺣ‬
Particle
‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬
Noun
‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
Non-beneficial
‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
Beneficial

Lesson Two: Introducing Arabic Words
PRINCIPLE ONE
The Arabic alphabet consists of twenty-nine letters and three short
vowels (figure 2.1). This text assumes that the reader is familiar with the
alphabet and its short vowels.
PRINCIPLE TWO
Most Arabic words are formed from three base letters. These three
letters join together to establish a meaning. For example, the base letters
‫ﻙ‬-‫ﺕ‬-‫ﺏ‬ (read from right to left) express the meaning of “to write.”
PRINCIPLE THREE
The letters ‫ﻝ‬-‫ﻉ‬-‫ﻑ‬ are used as model base letters.4 The first letter is
called the “fā’ ( ‫ﻑ‬ ) position.” The second is called the “‘ain ( ‫ﻉ‬ )
position.” The third is called the “lām ( ‫ﻝ‬ ) position.” The base letters
‫ﻝ‬-‫ﻉ‬-‫ﻑ‬ express the meaning of “to do.”
PRINCIPLE FOUR
Most Arabic nouns and verbs are derived by placing the three base
letters on designated patterns. These patterns involve voweling5 the base
letters and often require the addition of non-base letters. Each of these
patterns reflects the meaning of the base letters in a unique way. For
example, the pattern ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ describes a person who enacts the meaning of
the base letters.6 This pattern involves voweling the fa’ ( ‫ﻑ‬ ) position
4 The letters ‫ﻑ‬-‫ﻉ‬-‫ﻝ‬ are used throughout the text to illustrate verb and noun patterns.
5 Voweling refers to the addition of the short vowels: dammah, fathah, and kasrah.
6 The English language also makes use of patterns. Consider, for example, the word “teacher.”
Adding the suffix “er” to the verb teach produces the word “teacher.” This pattern describes a
person who enacts the meaning of the verb (i.e., one who teaches). Similarly, consider
additional English words that follow this pattern, such as “builder” (one who builds) and
“thinker” (one who thinks).

with a fathah, adding an ‘alif, and voweling the ‘ain ( ‫ﻉ‬ ) position with a
kasrah. If the base letters ‫ﻙ‬-‫ﺕ‬-‫ﺏ‬ (to write) replace the fā’ ( ‫ﻑ‬ ), ‘ain
( ‫ﻉ‬ ), and lām ( ‫ﻝ‬ ) positions in this pattern, the word ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬ (one who
writes) is formed (figure 2.2). Similarly, replacing the fā’ ( ‫ﻑ‬ ), ‘ain ( ‫ﻉ‬ ),
and lām ( ‫ﻝ‬ ) positions with the base letters ‫ﻉ‬-‫ﺏ‬-‫ﺩ‬ (to worship) forms
the word ‫ﹺﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (one who worships).

Introducing Arabic Words 15
THE ARABIC ALPHABET
‫ﺝ‬ ‫ﺙ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍ‬
JĪM THĀ’ TĀ’ BĀ’ ‘ALIF
‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺫ‬ ‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﺥ‬ ‫ﺡ‬
RĀ’ DHĀL DĀL KHĀ’ HĀ’
‫ﺽ‬ ‫ﺹ‬ ‫ﺵ‬ ‫ﺱ‬ ‫ﺯ‬
DHĀD SĀD SHĪN SĪN ZĀ’
‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﻍ‬ ‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﻅ‬ ‫ﻁ‬
FĀ’ GHAIN ‘AIN ZHĀ’ THĀ’
‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻡ‬ ‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻙ‬ ‫ﻕ‬
NŪN MĪM LĀM KĀF QĀF
‫ﺀ‬ ‫ﻯ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻩ‬
N HAMZAH YĀ’ WĀW HĀ’
THE ARABIC SHORT VOWELS
ِ َ ُ
KASRAH FATHAH DAMMAH
FIGURE 2.1
THE ARABIC ALPHABET AND ITS SHORT VOWELS

Step One: Separate the letters
of the pattern
Step Two: Replace the base letters ( ‫ﻑ‬-‫ﻉ‬-‫ﻝ‬ )
with corresponding new letters ( ‫ﻙ‬-‫ﺕ‬-‫ﺏ‬ )
Step Three: Reattach the letters
to form the new word
FIGURE 2.2
FORMING WORDS FROM BASE LETTERS
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻑ‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻙ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬
ONE WHO WRITES or A WRITER
‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
ONE WHO DOES

Lesson Three: The Past Tense Verb
[‫ﻲ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬]
The past tense verb (‫ﻲ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬) describes actions or events that have
already occurred.
PRINCIPLE ONE
The pattern ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ (he did) is used as a model for the past tense verb. In this
pattern each of the base letters is voweled with a fathah.7
PRINCIPLE TWO
Verbs in the English language are conjugated to reflect the subject8 of
the verb. For example, “he did” and “we did.” Here, the pronouns “he”
and “we” indicate the subject. Arabic verbs are conjugated in a similar
manner. In particular, the Arabic verb is conjugated to reflect three
aspects of its subject:
1) person9 (first, second, third)
2) gender10 (masculine, feminine)
3) plurality11 (singular, dual, plural)
7 The pattern ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ is one of several patterns used for the past tense verb. Others are presented in
Lesson Sixteen.
8 The subject denotes the doer of the action described by a verb.
9 The first person is used to refer to the speaker. For example, “I did” or “we did.” The second
person is used to refer to the individual spoken to. For example, “you did.” The third person is
used to refer to the individual spoken of. For example, “he did” or “they did.”
10 The masculine is used to refer to male beings or masculine objects. For example, “he did” or “it
did.” The feminine is used to refer to female beings or feminine objects. For example, “she did” or
“it did.”
11 The singular is used to refer to an individual. For example, “he did.” The dual is used to refer
to two individuals. For example, “both of them did.” The plural is used to refer to a group. For
example, “they did.”

PRINCIPLE THREE
While English verbs are conjugated by placing a noun or pronoun
before the verb, Arabic verbs are conjugated by adding designated letters
to the end of the verb. Carefully study the past tense verb conjugations
(table 3.1), noting the changes in person, gender, and plurality.
PRINCIPLE FOUR
English verbs may express either the active or the passive voice. The
active voice is used when the subject of the sentence performs the action
expressed by the verb. For example, “Zaid wrote a book.” Here, the
verb “wrote” is in the active voice because Zaid is indicated as the
writer. The passive voice, on the other hand, is used when the subject of
the verb is not indicated. For example, “A book was written.” Here, the
verb “was written” is in the passive voice because, although a book was
written, the writer is not indicated.
Arabic verbs also express either the active or the passive voice. Earlier,
principle one illustrated ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ as a model for the active voice of the past tense
verb. The pattern for the passive voice of the past tense verb is formed from
the active voice by (1) changing the voweling of the first letter to a
dammah and (2) changing the voweling of the second to last letter to a
kasrah. Thus ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ (he did) becomes ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ (it was done).
PRINCIPLE FIVE
Principle two established that verbs in the active voice are conjugated to
reflect the subject of the verb. When conjugating verbs in the passive
voice, each conjugation reflects the person, gender, and plurality of the
object, 12 and not the subject, of the verb. For example, consider the
statement ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ (he was hit). Here, the object of the verb is stated (i.e.,
he), but the subject is not indicated. Therefore, the verb is conjugated to
12 The object denotes the noun that receives the action of a verb.

The Past Tense Verb 19
reflect the object of the verb. As illustrated in table 3.2, active and passive
voice conjugations use the same endings.
PRINCIPLE SIX
Placing the word “ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ” before both the active and passive voice negates
the past tense verb (table 3.2). For example, ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ (he did) becomes ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ (he
did not do), and ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ (it was done) becomes ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ (it was not done).
ESSENTIAL NOTE
The conjugations of the past tense verb must be memorized (table 3.2)
before moving to the next lesson.

TABLE 3.1
CONJUGATING THE PAST TENSE VERB
PERSON GENDER PLURALITY BASE SUFFIX
ACTIVE
VOICE
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬3rd Masculine Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬
He/It (S/M) did
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬3rd Masculine Dual ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺍ‬
They (D/M) did
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬13
3rd Masculine Plural ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬
They (P/M) did
‫ﺖ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬3rd Feminine Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬
She/It (S/F) did
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬3rd Feminine Dual ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬
They (D/F) did
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬3rd Feminine Plural ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬
They (P/F) did
‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬2nd Masculine Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬
You (S/M) did
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬2nd Masculine Dual ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (D/M) did
‫ﻢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬2nd Masculine Plural ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (P/M) did
‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬2nd Feminine Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬
You (S/F) did
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬2nd Feminine Dual ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (D/F) did
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬2nd Feminine Plural ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (P/F) did
‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬1st
Masculine and
Feminine
Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬
I did
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬1st
Masculine and
Feminine
Plural ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬
We did
M=Masculine F=Feminine S=Singular D=Dual P=Plural
13 The ‘alif ( ‫ﺍ‬ ) at the end of this conjugation is not pronounced.

The Past Tense Verb 21
TABLE 3.2
THE PAST TENSE VERB
PASSIVE VOICE
NEGATION
ACTIVE VOICE
NEGATION
PASSIVE VOICE ACTIVE VOICE
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
He/It (S/M) was not done He/It (S/M) did not do He/It (S/M) was done He/It (S/M) did
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
They (D/M) were not done They (D/M) did not do They (D/M) were done They (D/M) did
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
They (P/M) were not done They (P/M) did not do They (P/M) were done14 They (P/M) did
‫ﺖ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
She/It (S/F) was not done She/It (S/F) did not do She/It (S/F) was done She/It (S/F) did
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
They (D/F) were not done They (D/F) did not do They (D/F) were done They (D/F) did
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
They (P/F) were not done They (P/F) did not do They (P/F) were done They (P/F) did
‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
You (S/M) were not done You (S/M) did not do You (S/M) were done You (S/M) did
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
You (D/M) were not done You (D/M) did not do You (D/M) were done You (D/M) did
‫ﻢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
You (P/M) were not done You (P/M) did not do You (P/M) were done You (P/M) did
‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
You (S/F) were not done You (S/F) did not do You (S/F) were done You (S/F) did
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
You (D/F) were not done You (D/F) did not do You (D/F) were done You (D/F) did
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
You (P/F) were not done You (P/F) did not do You (P/F) were done You (P/F) did
‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
I was not done I did not do I was done I did
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
We were not done We did not do We were done We did
14 “They were done,” implies several acts were performed. Recall that the passive verb is
conjugated to reflect its object.

Lesson Four: The Present Tense Verb
[ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﹺﻉ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ]
The present tense verb (‫ﹺﻉ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬ِ‫ﻔ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬) describes actions or events that are
ongoing.15 Present tense verbs are conjugated using prefixes and suffixes.
PRINCIPLE ONE
The pattern ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ (he does) is used as a model for the active voice of the
present tense verb. Depending on the particular conjugation, one of four
letters (yā’, tā’, nūn, or hamzah) is always prefixed to the three base letters
(table 4.1).
PRINCIPLE TWO
The active voice of the present tense verb is conjugated by adding
designated letters to the end of the verb. Like the past tense, these
conjugations reflect three aspects of the verb’s subject: person, gender,
and plurality. Carefully study table 4.1, noting the differences between the
various conjugations.
PRINCIPLE THREE
The present tense verb may express either the active or the passive voice.
The pattern for the passive voice of the present tense verb is formed from
the active voice by (1) changing the voweling of the first letter to a
dammah and (2) changing the voweling of the second to last letter to a
fathah.16 Thus ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ (he does) becomes ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ (it is being done).
15 The present tense verb includes both the continuous present tense (e.g., he is doing) and the
habitual present tense (e.g., he does).
16 This second step is only necessary if the active voice of the present tense verb has a dammah or a
kasrah on its second to last letter. Such patterns are covered in Lesson Sixteen.

PRINCIPLE FOUR
The designated suffixes used for the active voice of the present tense verb
are also used for the passive voice. However, the conjugations of the
passive voice reflect the person, gender, and plurality of the object, and
not the subject, of the verb. Table 4.2 illustrates both active and passive
conjugations of the present tense verb.
PRINCIPLE FIVE
Placing the word “ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ” before both the active and the passive voice
conjugations negates the present tense verb (table 4.2). For example, ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ (he
does) becomes ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ (he does not do), and ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ (it is being done) becomes
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ (it is not being done).
PRINCIPLE SIX
The present tense verb may also describe a future event or action.17 For
example, ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ may be translated as, “he will do.” Placing either the letter
“ ‫ﺱ‬ ” or the word “ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ” before active and passive voice conjugations
of the present tense verb explicitly indicates future meaning (table 4.3). For
example, ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ and ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ are both translated as, “he will do.”
ESSENTIAL NOTE
The conjugations of the present tense verb must be memorized (table 4.2)
17 Throughout this book, ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﹺﻉ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ has been translated as “the present tense verb.” More
accurately, however, this Arabic term refers to the imperfect tense. Imperfect implies that the
actions referred to are not yet complete. Thus, it includes both the present tense, “he does,”
and the future tense, “he will do.”

The Present Tense Verb 25
TABLE 4.1
CONJUGATING THE PRESENT TENSE VERB
PERSON
GENDER & PLURALITY
SUFFIX BASE PREFIX
ACTIVE
VOICE
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬3rd Masculine Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻱ‬
He/It (S/M) does
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬3rd Masculine Dual ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻱ‬
They (D/M) do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬3rd Masculine Plural ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻱ‬
They (P/M) do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬3rd Feminine Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬
She/It (S/F) does
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬3rd Feminine Dual ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬
They (D/F) do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬3rd Feminine Plural ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻱ‬
They (P/F) do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬2nd Masculine Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬
You (S/M) do
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬2nd Masculine Dual ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬
You (D/M) do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬2nd Masculine Plural ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬
You (P/M) do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬2nd Feminine Singular ‫ﻳ‬‫ﻦ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬
You (S/F) do
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬2nd Feminine Dual ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬
You (D/F) do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬2nd Feminine Plural ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬
You (P/F) do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬1st
Masculine
and
Feminine
Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺃ‬
I do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬1st
Masculine
and
Feminine
Plural ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻥ‬
We do

TABLE 4.2
THE PRESENT TENSE VERB
PASSIVE VOICE
NEGATION
ACTIVE VOICE
NEGATION
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
He/It (S/M) is not being done He/It (S/M) does not do He/It (S/M) is being done He/It (S/M) does
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
They (D/M) are not being done They (D/M) do not do They (D/M) are being done They (D/M) do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
They (P/M) are not being done They (P/M) do not do They (P/M) are being done They (P/M) do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
She/It (S/F) is not being done She/It (S/F) does not do She/It (S/F) is being done She/It (S/F) does
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
They (D/F) are not being done They (D/F) do not do They (D/F) are being done They (D/F) do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
They (P/F) are not being done They (P/F) do not do They (P/F) are being done They (P/F) do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (S/M) are not being done You (S/M) do not do You (S/M) are being done You (S/M) do
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (D/M) are not being done You (D/M) do not do You (D/M) are being done You (D/M) do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (P/M) are not being done You (P/M) do not do You (P/M) are being done You (P/M) do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (S/F) are not being done You (S/F) do not do You (S/F) are being done You (S/F) do
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (D/F) are not being done You (D/F) do not do You (D/F) are being done You (D/F) do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (P/F) are not being done You (P/F) do not do You (P/F) are being done You (P/F) do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
I am not being done I do not do I am being done I do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬
We are not being done We do not do We are being done We do

The Present Tense Verb 27
TABLE 4.3
THE FUTURE TENSE
PASSIVE VOICE
FUTURE
ACTIVE VOICE
FUTURE
PASSIVE VOICE
FUTURE
ACTIVE VOICE
FUTURE
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬
He/It (S/M) will be done He/It (S/M) will do He/It (S/M) will be done He/It (S/M) will do
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬
They (D/M) will be done They (D/M) will do They (D/M) will be done They (D/M) will do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬
They (P/M) will be done They (P/M) will do They (P/M) will be done They (P/M) will do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬
She/It (S/F) will be done She/It (S/F) will do She/It (S/F) will be done She/It (S/F) will do
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬
They (D/F) will be done They (D/F) will do They (D/F) will be done They (D/F) will do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺳ‬
They (P/F) will be done They (P/F) will do They (P/F) will be done They (P/F) will do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬
You (S/M) will be done You (S/M) will do You (S/M) will be done You (S/M) will do
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬
You (D/M) will be done You (D/M) will do You (D/M) will be done You (D/M) will do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬
You (P/M) will be done You (P/M) will do You (P/M) will be done You (P/M) will do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬
You (S/F) will be done You (S/F) will do You (S/F) will be done You (S/F) will do
‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬
You (D/F) will be done You (D/F) will do You (D/F) will be done You (D/F) will do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺳ‬
You (P/F) will be done You (P/F) will do You (P/F) will be done You (P/F) will do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺳ‬
I will be done I will do I will be done I will do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺳ‬
We will be done We will do We will be done We will do

Lesson Five: The Present Tense Verb
in the State of Rafa’ [‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬]
INTRODUCING GRAMMATICAL STATES
Like people, Arabic words experience states. Human emotional states
occur as a result of our daily interactions and are indicated by our facial
expressions. For example, meeting a friend makes us happy, which is
then expressed on our faces by smiling.
Arabic words behave in a similar manner. In a sentence they interact
with surrounding words and, as a result, experience grammatical states.
These grammatical states are then expressed on the end of the word. Just
as a person’s face indicates his emotional state, the last letter of a word
reveals its grammatical state. While people experience many emotional
states, Arabic words experience only four grammatical states:
1) rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬)
2) nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬)
3) jarr (‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬)
4) jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬)
PRINCIPLE ONE
Of the four grammatical states, Arabic verbs only experience three18:
1) rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬)
2) nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬)
3) jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬)
18 The fourth state, jarr (‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬), is experienced only by nouns.

PRINCIPLE TWO
All present tense verbs, active and passive voice, are in the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬).
Conjugations of the present tense verb end with either (1) a dammah
( ُ ) on the last letter or (2) a nūn ( ‫ﻥ‬ ) as the final letter (table 4.2). Both
of these endings are signs of the grammatical state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬).
PRINCIPLE THREE
When considering the grammatical states of words in general, and verbs in
particular, three questions must be asked.
1) What is the grammatical state of the word?
2) What caused it to enter this grammatical state?
3) How does it reflect its grammatical state?
Asking these three questions helps illustrate the principles of this lesson.
Consider for example, ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ (he does):
1. What is the grammatical state of the verb?
The verb ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ is in the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬).
2. What caused it to enter this grammatical state?
Rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬) is the default state of present tense verbs.
3. How does it reflect its grammatical state?
The state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬) is reflected by the
dammah ( ُ ) on the last letter of ‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬ .

The Present Tense Verb in the State of Rafa’ 31
As a second example, consider the verb ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫َﺗ‬(you [masculine, plural] do):
1. What is the grammatical state of the verb?
The verb ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫َﺗ‬is in the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬).
2. What caused it to enter this grammatical state?
Rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬) is the default state of present tense verbs.
3. How does it reflect its grammatical state?
The state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬) is reflected by the nūn
( ‫ﻥ‬ ) at the end of ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫َﺗ‬.
PRINCIPLE FOUR
As an exception to the principles of this lesson, a subset of Arabic words
never enter states. These are called stateless (‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬) and are similar to a stoic
person who is indifferent to emotional situations. Just as such a person
does not experience emotion, stateless (‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬) words do not enter
grammatical states.
PRINCIPLE FIVE
By definition, two conjugations of the present tense verb are stateless (‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬).
They are the third person feminine plural (‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬) and the second person
feminine plural (‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬). The final nūn on each of these conjugations is not
a reflection of grammatical state; instead, it indicates the subject of the verb
(i.e., a group of women). The importance of recognizing these two
conjugations as stateless (‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬) will become apparent in the next lesson
where changes in grammatical states are discussed.
PRINCIPLE SIX
All past tense verbs (lesson three) are also classified as stateless (‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬).

Lesson Six: The Present Tense Verb
in the State of Nasb [‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬]
PRINCIPLE ONE
Certain words when placed before a verb alter its meaning. These are
called particles. For example, the particle “ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ” negates the past tense verb,
and the particle “ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ” negates the present tense verb (lessons three and four).
PRINCIPLE TWO
Particles that change the meaning of a verb often affect its grammatical
state as well. The following four particles, when placed before the present
tense verb, cause it to enter the state of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬)19:
1) ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
2) ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
3) ‫ﻲ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻛ‬
4) ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺫ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺇ‬
PRINCIPLE THREE
Changes in grammatical state are reflected at the end of a word by either
(1) changes in voweling or (2) changes in lettering. If the present tense verb
ends with a dammah ( ُ ) in the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬), the dammah is changed
to a fathah ( َ ) to reflect the state of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬). If the verb ends in a nūn
( ‫ﻥ‬ ) in the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬), the nūn is dropped to reflect the state of nasb
(‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬) [table 6.1].
19 These particles do not have independent meaning. When placed before the present tense verb,
they act to alter its meaning. Refer to higher-level books of Arabic grammar for a discussion of
how each of these particles changes the meaning of a verb.

PRINCIPLE FOUR
The two stateless (‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬) conjugations of the present tense verb (i.e., the
second and third person feminine plurals) never enter states (lesson five,
principle five). The four particles that cause the state of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬) do not
alter these two conjugations, and the final nūn on each of these
conjugations does not drop from the end of the verb (table 6.1).
PRINCIPLE FIVE
The particle ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ is used as a model to illustrate the state of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬).
This particle changes the verb from its default state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬) to the
state of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬). Furthermore, it alters the meaning of the verb by (1)
limiting the present tense to the future tense and (2) negating it. Thus
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ (he does) becomes ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ (he will never do).
ESSENTIAL NOTE
The conjugations of the present tense verb in the state of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬) must
be memorized (table 6.2) before moving to the next lesson.

The Present Tense Verb in the State of Nasb 35
TABLE 6.1
EXPRESSING THE STATE OF NASB
VERB IN
ORIGINAL
RAFA’
SIGN
OF
RAFA’
PARTICLE
CAUSING
NASB
MEANS OF
SHOWING
NASB
ACTIVE VOICE
IN NASB
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
He/It (S/M) does
Final
dammah + ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ Change final
dammah to fathah
He/It (S/M) will never do
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (D/M) do
Final
nūn + ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ Drop final nūn
They (D/M) will never do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (P/M) do
Final
They (P/M) will never do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
She/It (S/F) does
Final
dammah to fathah
She/It (S/F) will never do
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (D/F) do
Final
They (D/F) will never do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (P/F) do
Stateless
(‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬) + ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ No change
They (P/F) will never do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (S/M) do
Final
dammah to fathah
You (S/M) will never do
You (D/M) do
Final
You (D/M) will never do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (P/M) do
Final
You (P/M) will never do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (S/F) do
Final
You (S/F) will never do
You (D/F) do
Final
You (D/F) will never do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (P/F) do
Stateless
(‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬) + ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ No change
You (P/F) will never do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
I do
Final
dammah to fathah
I will never do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
We do
Final
dammah to fathah
We will never do

TABLE 6.2
THE PRESENT TENSE VERB IN THE STATE OF NASB
PASSIVE VOICE IN NASB ACTIVE VOICE IN NASB
‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
He/It (S/M) will never be done He/It (S/M) will never do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (D/M) will never be done They (D/M) will never do
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (P/M) will never be done They (P/M) will never do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
She/It (S/F) will never be done She/It (S/F) will never do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (D/F) will never be done They (D/F) will never do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (P/F) will never be done They (P/F) will never do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (S/M) will never be done You (S/M) will never do
You (D/M) will never be done You (D/M) will never do
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (P/M) will never be done You (P/M) will never do
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (S/F) will never be done You (S/F) will never do
You (D/F) will never be done You (D/F) will never do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (P/F) will never be done You (P/F) will never do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
I will never be done I will never do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
We will never be done We will never do

Lesson Seven: The Present Tense Verb
in the State of Jazm [‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬]
PRINCIPLE ONE
The following five particles, when placed before the present tense verb,
cause it to enter the state of jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬)20:
1) ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺇ‬
2) ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
3) ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
4) 21
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬
5) ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬22
PRINCIPLE TWO
Recall that changes in grammatical state are reflected at the end of a word
by either (1) changes in voweling or (2) changes in lettering. If the present
tense verb ends with a dammah ( ُ ) in the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬), the dammah is
changed to a sukūn ( ْ ) to reflect the state of jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬). If the verb ends
in a nūn ( ‫ﻥ‬ ) in the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬), the nūn ( ‫ﻥ‬ ) is dropped to reflect
the state of jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬) [table 7.1].
PRINCIPLE THREE
The two stateless (‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬) conjugations of the present tense verb (i.e., the
second and third person feminine plurals) never enter states (lesson five,
20 These particles do not have independent meaning. When placed before the present tense verb,
they act to alter its meaning. Refer to higher-level books of Arabic grammar for a discussion of
how each of these particles changes the meaning of a verb.
21 This particle is called, “ lām al-amr ” (the lām of command).
22 This particle is called, “ lām al-nahy ” (the lām of prohibition). It differs in meaning from the ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬
used to negate the present tense verb, which is called “ lām al-nafy ” (the lām of negation).

principle five). The five particles that cause the state of jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬) do not
alter these two conjugations, and the final nūn on each of these
conjugations does not drop from the end of the verb (table 7.1).
PRINCIPLE FOUR
The particle ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ is used as a model to illustrate the state of jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬). This
particle changes the verb from its default state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬) to the state of
jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬). Furthermore, it alters the meaning of the verb by (1)
changing the present tense to the past tense and (2) negating it. Thus
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ (he does) becomes ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ (he did not do).
ESSENTIAL NOTE
The conjugations of the present tense verb in the state of jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬) must be
memorized (table 7.2) before moving to the next lesson.

The Present Tense Verb in the State of Jazm 39
TABLE 7.1
EXPRESSING THE STATE OF JAZM
VERB IN
ORIGINAL
RAFA’
SIGN
OF
RAFA’
PARTICLE
CAUSING
JAZM
MEANS OF
SHOWING
JAZM
ACTIVE
VOICE IN
JAZM
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
He/It (S/M) does
Final
dammah + ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ Change final
dammah to sukūn
He/It (S/M) did not do
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (D/M) do
Final
nūn + ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ Drop final nūn
They (D/M) did not do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (P/M) do
Final
They (P/M) did not do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
She/It (S/F) does
Final
dammah + ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻢ‬ Change final
dammah to sukūn
She/It (S/F) did not do
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (D/F) do
Final
They (D/F) did not do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬
They (P/F) do
Stateless
(‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬) + ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ No change
They (P/F) did not do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (S/M) do
Final
dammah to sukūn
You (S/M) did not do
You (D/M) do
Final
You (D/M) did not do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (P/M) do
Final
You (P/M) did not do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (S/F) do
Final
You (S/F) did not do
You (D/F) do
Final
You (D/F) did not do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (P/F) do
Stateless
(‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬) + ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ No change
You (P/F) did not do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
I do
Final
dammah to sukūn
I did not do
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
We do
Final
dammah to sukūn
We did not do

TABLE 7.2
THE PRESENT TENSE VERB IN THE STATE OF JAZM
PASSIVE VOICE IN JAZM ACTIVE VOICE IN JAZM
‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
He/It (S/M) was not done He/It (S/M) did not do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (D/M) were not done They (D/M) did not do
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (P/M) were not done They (P/M) did not do
‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
She/It (S/F) was not done She/It (S/F) did not do
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (D/F) were not done They (D/F) did not do
ُ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (P/F) were not done They (P/F) did not do
‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (S/M) were not done You (S/M) did not do
You (D/M) were not done You (D/M) did not do
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (P/M) were not done You (P/M) did not do
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (S/F) were not done You (S/F) did not do
You (D/F) were not done You (D/F) did not do
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (P/F) were not done You (P/F) did not do
‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
I was not done I did not do
‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
We were not done We did not do

Lesson Eight: The Emphatic
[‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬]
The emphatic describes, with emphasis, future actions or events. For
example, ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ means, “verily he will do!”
PRINCIPLE ONE
The emphatic is formed by: (1) adding the particle “ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻝ‬ ” to the beginning
of active and passive voice conjugations of the present tense verb and (2)
adding a “ ‫ﹼ‬‫ﻥ‬ ” to their end.23 (table 8.1). Depending on the particular
conjugation, the “ ‫ﹼ‬‫ﻥ‬ ” is voweled with either a fathah or a kasrah. The
particle “ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻝ‬ ” is called the lām of emphasis (‫ﺪ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﹶﻡ‬‫ﻻ‬) and it causes the
verb, originally in the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬), to become stateless
(‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬). It also alters the meaning of the verb from the present tense to
the future tense with emphasis. Thus, ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ (he does) becomes ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ (verily
he will do!).
ESSENTIAL NOTE
The conjugations of the emphatic must be memorized (table 8.1) before
moving to the next lesson.24
23 A second pattern for the emphatic is formed by (1) adding the particle “ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻝ‬ ” to the beginning
of the present tense verb and (2) adding a “ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻥ‬ ” to its end. This pattern is less common than the
form presented above and is not discussed in this text.
24 Detailed rules exist for constructing each of the emphatic conjugations from their
corresponding present tense conjugations (e.g., ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ from ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬). For the beginner emphasis is
placed on memorizing patterns. A comprehensive discussion of these rules is present in
higher-level books of Arabic grammar.

TABLE 8.1
THE EMPHATIC
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily he/it (S/M) will be done! Verily he/it (S/M) will do!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬25
Verily they (D/M) will be done! Verily they (D/M) will do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily they (P/M) will be done! Verily they (P/M) will do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily she/it (S/F) will be done! Verily she/it (S/F) will do!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily they (D/F) will be done! Verily they (D/F) will do!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily they (P/F) will be done! Verily they (P/F) will do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily you (S/M) will be done! Verily you (S/M) will do!
Verily you (D/M) will be done! Verily you (D/M) will do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬
Verily you (P/M) will be done! Verily you (P/M) will do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily you (S/F) will be done! Verily you (S/F) will do!
Verily you (D/F) will be done! Verily you (D/F) will do!
‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily you (P/F) will be done! Verily you (P/F) will do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily I will be done! Verily I will do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily we will be done! Verily we will do!
25 “ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬ ” indicates a nūn with a shaddah that is voweled with a kasrah.

Lesson Nine: The Command
[‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻷ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬]
The command (‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻷ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬) is used to demand an act. For example, ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ِﺍ‬means,
“do!” and ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ means, “he must do!” All conjugations of the command
are derived from the present tense verb in the state of jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬). Active
voice conjugations of the command reflect the person, gender, and
plurality of the individual commanded. For example, ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ means, “they
must do!” Passive voice conjugations of the command reflect the person,
gender, and plurality of the object of the command. For example, ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬
means, “they (e.g., those tasks) must be done!”
PRINCIPLE ONE
The command is formed from the present tense verb in two distinct ways. In
the case of the active voice of the first and third person, the command is
made by placing the particle “ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬ ” before the present tense verb (table 9.1).
This particle is called the lām of command (‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻷ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﹶﻡ‬‫ﻻ‬) and it is one of five
particles that cause present tense verbs to enter the state of jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬) [lesson
seven, principle one]. For example, ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ (he does) becomes ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ (he must do!).
PRINCIPLE TWO
Active voice conjugations of the second person command are created by
(1) placing the second person present tense verb in the state of jazm, (2)
replacing the initial tā’ of the second person with a hamzah (seated on an
‘alif), and (3) voweling this hamzah with a kasrah 26 (table 9.2). For
example, ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ (you do) becomes ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ِﺍ‬(do!).
26 In some cases, the hamzah is voweled with a dammah. This occurs when the letter at the ‘ain
position of the present tense verb is also voweled with a dammah. Such patterns are covered in
Lesson Sixteen. For example, ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻳ‬ (he helps), becomes ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺍ‬ (help!). See table 16.3, verb form I, types
A and E.

PRINCIPLE THREE
All passive voice conjugations of the command, including the second
person, are formed by placing the lām of command ( ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬ ) before passive
voice conjugations of the present tense verb. For example, ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ (you are being
done) becomes ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ (be done!) [table 9.3].
THE EMPHATIC COMMAND
The emphatic command is used to forcefully demand an act. For example,
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬ means, “verily do!” and ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ means, “verily he must do!” All
conjugations of the emphatic command are derived from the emphatic.
Active voice conjugations of the emphatic command reflect the person,
gender, and plurality of the individual commanded. For example, ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬
means, “verily they must do!” Passive voice conjugations of the emphatic
command reflect the person, gender, and plurality of the object of the
command. For example, ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ means, “verily they (e.g., those tasks)
must be done!”
PRINCIPLE FOUR
The emphatic command is formed from the emphatic in two distinct ways. In
the case of the active voice of the first and third person, the emphatic
command is formed by (1) removing the lām of emphasis ( ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻝ‬ ) from the
emphatic and (2) replacing it with the lām of command ( ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬ ). Because all
forms of the emphatic are stateless (‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬), this lām does not change the state
of the verb. However, the verb’s meaning changes from the emphatic to
the emphatic command. For example, ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ (verily he will do!) becomes
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ (verily he must do!).
PRINCIPLE FIVE
Active voice conjugations of the second person emphatic command are
formed by (1) removing the “ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻝ‬ ” from the beginning of the emphatic, (2)
replacing the initial tā’ of the second person with a hamzah (seated on an

The Command 45
‘alif), and (3) voweling this hamzah with a kasrah. 27 For example, ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
(verily you will do!) becomes ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻦ‬ (verily do!).
PRINCIPLE SIX
All passive voice conjugations of the emphatic command, including the
second person, are formed by replacing the lām of emphasis ( ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻝ‬ ) with the
lām of command ( ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬ ). For example, ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ (verily you will be done!) becomes
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ (verily be done!) [table 9.3].
ESSENTIAL NOTE
The conjugations of the command and the emphatic command must be
27 In some cases, this hamzah is voweled with a dammah. See footnote 26.

TABLE 9.1
CREATING THE FIRST AND THIRD PERSON ACTIVE VOICE COMMAND
VERB IN
ORIGINAL
RAF’A
SIGN
OF
RAF’A
LĀM OF
COMMAND
CAUSING
JAZM
MEANS OF
EXPRESSING
JAZM
ACTIVE
VOICE
COMMAND
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬
He or It (S/M)
does
Final
dammah + ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬ Change final
dammah to sukūn
He/It (S/M) must do!
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (D/M) do
Final
nūn + ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬ Drop final nūn
They (D/M) must do!
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (P/M) do
Final
They (P/M) must do!
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬
She or It (S/F)
does
Final
dammah to sukūn
She/It (S/F) must do!
‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (D/F) do
Final
They (D/F) must do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (P/F) do
Stateless
(‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬) + ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻝ‬ No change
They (P/F) must do!
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟ‬
I do
Final
dammah to sukūn
I must do!
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬
We do
Final
dammah to sukūn
We must do!

The Command 47
TABLE 9.2
CREATING THE SECOND PERSON28 ACTIVE VOICE COMMAND
PRESENT TENSE
IN JAZM
STEP ONE STEP TWO
ACTIVE VOICE
COMMAND
‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (S/M)
Remove the
initial tā’ +
Add a hamzah
(seated on an ‘alif)
with a kasrah to
the beginning of
the verb
‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬
[You] Do! (S/M)
‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬
You (D/M)
Remove the
initial tā’ +
Add a hamzah
with a kasrah to
the beginning of
the verb
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬
[You] Do! (D/M)
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (P/M)
Remove the
initial tā’ +
Add a hamzah
with a kasrah to
the beginning of
the verb
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬
[You] Do! (P/M)
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (S/F)
Remove the
initial tā’ +
Add a hamzah
with a kasrah to
the beginning of
the verb
‫ﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬
[You] Do! (S/F)
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (D/F)
Remove the
initial tā’ +
Add a hamzah
with a kasrah to
the beginning of
the verb
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬
[You] Do! (D/F)
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (P/F)
Remove the
initial tā’ +
Add a hamzah
with a kasrah to
the beginning of
the verb
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬
[You] Do! (P/F)
28 Recall that the second person is used to refer to the individual spoken to. Therefore, each of
the conjugations listed in table 9.2 directly commands an individual or a group of individuals.
For example, ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬ (do!) commands two individuals to perform an action (i.e., you two do!).

TABLE 9.3
THE COMMAND
PASSIVE VOICE
EMPHATIC
ACTIVE VOICE
EMPHATIC
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily he/it (S/M) must be done! Verily he/it (S/M) must do! He/It (S/M) must be done! He/It (S/M) must do!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily they (D/M) must be done! Verily they (D/M) must do! They (D/M) must be done! They (D/M) must do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬
Verily they (P/M) must be done! Verily they (P/M) must do! They (P/M) must be done! They (P/M) must do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily she/it (S/F) must be done! Verily she/it (S/F) must do! She/It (S/F) must be done! She/It (S/F) must do!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily they (D/F) must be done! Verily they (D/F) must do! They (D/F) must be done! They (D/F) must do!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily they (P/F) must be done! Verily they (P/F) must do! They (P/F) must be done! They (P/F) must do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ِﺍ‬
Verily [you] be done! (S/M) Verily [you] do! (S/M) [You] Be done! (S/M) [You] Do! (S/M)
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬
Verily [you] be done! (D/M) Verily [you] do! (D/M) [You] Be done! (D/M) [You] Do! (D/M)
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬
Verily [you] be done! (P/M) Verily [you] do! (P/M) [You] Be done! (P/M) [You] Do! (P/M)
‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬
Verily [you] be done! (S/F) Verily [you] do! (S/F) [You] Be done! (S/F) [You] Do! (S/F)
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬
Verily [you] be done! (D/F) Verily [you] do! (D/F) [You] Be done! (D/F) [You] Do! (D/F)
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬
Verily [you] be done! (P/F) Verily [you] do! (P/F) [You] Be done! (P/F) [You] Do! (P/F)
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily I must be done! Verily I must do! I must be done! I must do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily we must be done! Verily we must do! We must be done! We must do!

Lesson Ten: The Prohibition
[‫ﻲ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬]
The prohibition (‫ﻲ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬) is a form used to prohibit an act. For example,
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ means, “don’t do!” All conjugations of the prohibition are derived
from the present tense verb in the state of jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬). Active voice
conjugations of the prohibition reflect the person, gender, and plurality of
the individual who is being prohibited. For example, ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ means,
“they must not do!” Passive voice conjugations of the prohibition reflect
the person, gender, and plurality of the object of the prohibition. For
example, ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ means, “they (e.g., those tasks) must not be done!”
PRINCIPLE ONE
Placing the particle “ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ” before all conjugations of the present tense verb
creates the prohibition (‫ﻲ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬) [table 10.1]. This “ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ” is called the lām of
prohibition ( ‫ﹶﻡ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ) and it is one of five particles that cause present tense
verbs to enter the state of jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬) [lesson seven, principle one]. It also alters
the meaning of the verb from the present tense to a prohibition. For
example, ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ (you are doing) becomes ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ (don’t do!).
THE EMPHATIC PROHIBITION
The emphatic prohibition is used to firmly prohibit an act. For example,
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ means, “verily don’t do!” All conjugations of the emphatic
prohibition are derived from the emphatic. Active voice conjugations of the
emphatic prohibition reflect the person, gender, and plurality of the
individual who is being prohibited. For example, ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ means, “verily
they must not do!” Passive voice conjugations of the emphatic prohibition
reflect the person, gender, and plurality of the object of the prohibition.
For example, ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ means, “verily they (e.g., those tasks) must not be
done!”

PRINCIPLE TWO
The emphatic prohibition is formed by (1) removing the lām of emphasis ( ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻝ‬ )
from all conjugations of the emphatic and (2) replacing it with the lām of
prohibition ( ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ). Because all forms of the emphatic are stateless (‫ﹺﻲ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﻣ‬), this
does not change the grammatical state of the verb. However, the verb’s
meaning changes from the emphatic to the emphatic prohibition. For
example, ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ (verily you will do!) becomes ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ (verily don’t do!).
ESSENTIAL NOTE
The conjugations of the prohibition and the emphatic prohibition must be

The Prohibition 51
TABLE 10.1
THE PROHIBITION
PASSIVE VOICE
EMPHATIC
ACTIVE VOICE
EMPHATIC
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬
Verily he/it (S/M) must not be
done!
Verily he/it (S/M) must not do!
He/It (S/M) must not be
done!
He/It (S/M) must not do!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬
Verily they (D/M) must not be
done!
Verily they (D/M) must not do!
They (D/M) must not be
done!
They (D/M) must not do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬
Verily they (P/M) must not be
done!
Verily they (P/M) must not do!
They (P/M) must not be
done!
They (P/M) must not do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬
Verily she/it (S/F) must not be
done!
Verily she/it (S/F) must not do!
She/It (S/F) must not be
done!
She/It (S/F) must not do!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬
Verily they (D/F) must not be
done!
Verily they (D/F) must not do!
They (D/F) must not be
done!
They (D/F) must not do!
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬
Verily they (P/F) must not be
done!
Verily they (P/F) must not do!
They (P/F) must not be
done!
They (P/F) must not do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬
Verily don’t [you] be done! (S/M) Verily don’t [you] do! (S/M) Don’t [you] be done! (S/M) Don’t [you] do! (S/M)
Verily don’t [you] be done! (D/M) Verily don’t [you] do! (D/M) Don’t [you] be done! (D/M) Don’t [you] do! (D/M)
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬
Verily don’t [you] be done! (P/M) Verily don’t [you] do! (P/M) Don’t [you] be done! (P/M) Don’t [you] do! (P/M)
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬
Verily don’t [you] be done! (S/F) Verily don’t [you] do! (S/F) Don’t [you] be done! (S/F) Don’t [you] do! (S/F)
Verily don’t [you] be done! (D/F) Verily don’t [you] do! (D/F) Don’t [you] be done! (D/F) Don’t [you] do! (D/F)
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬
Verily don’t [you] be done! (P/F) Verily don’t [you] do! (P/F) Don’t [you] be done! (P/F) Don’t [you] do! (P/F)
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬
Verily I must not be done! Verily I must not do! I must not be done! I must not do!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬
Verily we must not be done! Verily we must not do! We must not be done! We must not do!

Lesson Eleven: The Active Participle
[‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬]
Most Arabic words are derived from three base letters that join together
to establish a meaning. Placing these letters on various patterns produces
different, but related words. Lessons Eleven through Fifteen cover several
commonly encountered noun forms.
PRINCIPLE ONE
The active participle ( ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ) refers to a person who does the action
described by the base letters. For example, the letters ‫ﻑ‬-‫ﻉ‬-‫ﻝ‬ mean, “to
do” and its active participle ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ refers to “one who does.”
PRINCIPLE TWO
The active participle has both masculine and feminine forms.29 Placing the
three base letters on the pattern ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ produces the masculine form of the
active participle. For example, replacing the fā’ ( ‫ﻑ‬ ), ‘ain ( ‫ﻉ‬ ), and lām
( ‫ﻝ‬ ) positions in this pattern with ‫ﻉ‬-‫ﺏ‬-‫ﺩ‬ (to worship) creates ‫ﹺﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (a male
who worships) [figure 11.1].
PRINCIPLE THREE
The feminine form of the active participle is constructed by placing the
base letters on the pattern of ‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶﺔ‬‫ﻠ‬ . Thus, ‫ﻉ‬-‫ﺏ‬-‫ﺩ‬ (to worship) becomes
‫ﺓ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (a female who worships).
29 All Arabic nouns, both living and non-living, are classified as either masculine or feminine.
For example, the word ‫ﺲ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺷ‬ (sun) is feminine while the word ‫ﺎﺏ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻛ‬ (book) is masculine. The
masculine form is used to refer to male beings or masculine objects. The feminine form is used to
refer to female beings or feminine objects.

of the model
with corresponding new letters ( ‫ﻉ‬-‫ﺏ‬-‫ﺩ‬ )
of the word to form the masculine
active participle
FIGURE 11.1
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻑ‬
‫ﺩ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻉ‬
‫ﹺﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬
A MALE WHO WORSHIPS or
A WORSHIPER
‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
MASCULINE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

The Active Participle 55
FORMING THE MASCULINE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
PRINCIPLE FOUR
Arabic words enter four grammatical states (lesson five). Of these, nouns
enter three30: (1) rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬), (2) nasb ( ‫ﻧ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬ ), and (3) jarr (‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬).
Nouns express these states through either (1) changes in voweling on the
last letter of the word or (2) changes in lettering at the end of the word.
PRINCIPLE FIVE
Most singular Arabic nouns, whether masculine or feminine, express
changes in their grammatical states through changes in voweling on the last
letter of the word. Two dammahs ( ٌ ) indicate the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬), two
fathahs ( ً ) indicate the state of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬), and two kasrahs ( ٍ ) indicate
the state of jarr (‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬).31 This is illustrated in table 11.3 (the final table of
this lesson) for both masculine singular and feminine singular forms of
the active participle.
PRINCIPLE SIX
Like verbs, Arabic nouns also have a dual form.32 The dual is produced
from the singular by (1) altering the voweling of the last letter and (2)
adding a designated ending. This ending reflects the grammatical state of
the word. If the word is in the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬) then the suffix “ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺍ‬ ” is
added; whereas if the word is in either the state of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬) or jarr
(‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬), the ending “ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬ ” is added. These endings are used for both the
masculine and the feminine as illustrated in table 11.1. For example, ‫ﹺﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬
30 These grammatical states result from the interactions of nouns with other words in a
sentence. For example, if a noun is the subject of the sentence, it takes on the grammatical state
of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬). The goal of the beginner is to realize that grammatical states exist and to memorize
their various forms. A discussion of the roles of words in sentences and what causes their
grammatical states is found in advanced Arabic grammar books.
31 The presence of a double vowel is known as tanwīn (‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺗ‬).
32 The dual is used to refer to two individuals or two objects.

(a male worshiper) becomes ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (two male worshipers) in the state of rafa’
(‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬) and ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (two male worshipers) in the states of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬) and jarr
(‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬). While the feminine, ‫ﺓ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (a female worshiper) becomes ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (two
female worshipers) in the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬) and ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (two female worshipers)
in the states of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬) and jarr (‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬).
PRINCIPLE SEVEN
The plural form of Arabic nouns is produced in two distinct ways: the
“broken plural” and the “sound plural.” The “broken plural” is formed
by (1) “breaking” apart the singular word, (2) inserting or removing
letters, and (3) changing voweling. A set pattern for these changes does
not exist. Therefore, each broken plural must be individually memorized.
For example, the broken plural for the singular ‫ﺎﺏ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻛ‬ (book) is ‫ﺘ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﺐ‬
(books), while the broken plural for the singular ‫ﹺﺪ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ (mosque) is ‫ﹺﺪ‬‫ﺟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬
(mosques). In each case the singular form was separated, letters were
inserted or removed, and voweling was changed.
PRINCIPLE EIGHT
The second type of Arabic plural is called the “sound plural,” and it is
used by the active participle.33 The “sound plural” is formed from the
singular by (1) making slight alterations to the last letter of the singular
and (2) adding a designated ending. This suffix varies between masculine
and feminine forms and reflects the grammatical state of the word (table
11.2). In the case of the masculine sound plural, if the word is in the state
of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬), the suffix “ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬ ” is added; whereas if the word is in either
the states of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬) or jarr (‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬), the ending “ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬ ” is added. For
example, ‫ﹺﺪ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (a male worshiper) becomes ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (many male worshipers) in
the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬) and ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (many male worshipers) in the states of nasb
(‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬) and jarr (‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬).
33 Some singular words only use the broken plural, others only use the sound plural. Rarely, a
singular word will use both the sound and broken plurals. For the most part, active participles
use the sound plural.

In the case of the feminine sound plural, if the word is in the state of rafa’
(‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬), then the suffix “ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺍ‬ ” is added; whereas if the word is in either nasb
(‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬) or jarr (‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬), the ending “ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺍ‬ ” is added. For example, ‫ﺓ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (a
female worshiper) becomes ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (many female worshipers) in the state of rafa’
(‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬) and ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺪ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬ (many female worshipers) in the states of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬) and jarr
(‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬).
ESSENTIAL NOTE
The conjugations of the active participle must be memorized (table 11.3)

TABLE 11.1
FORMING THE DUAL
BASE
FORM
FINAL
GOAL
STEP
ONE
RESULT ENDING DUAL
‫ﹲ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
A male doer Two male doers
Masculine
singular in rafa’
MASCULINE
DUAL IN
RAFA’
Change
vowel
of the
last
letter to
fathah
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ + ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺍ‬
Masculine dual
in rafa’
‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
Masculine
singular in nasb
MASCULINE
DUAL IN
NASB
Change
vowel
of the
last
letter to
fathah
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ + ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬
Masculine dual
in nasb
‫ﹴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
Masculine
singular in jarr
MASCULINE
DUAL IN
JARR
Change
vowel
of the
last
letter to
fathah
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ + ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬
Masculine dual
in jarr
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
Two female
doers
‫ﹲ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
A female doer
Feminine
singular in rafa’
FEMININE
DUAL IN
RAFA’
Change
vowel
of the
last
letter to
fathah
‫ﹶ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ + ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺍ‬
Feminine dual in
rafa’
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
Two female
doersA female doer
Feminine
singular in nasb
FEMININE
DUAL IN
NASB
Change
vowel
of the
last
letter to
fathah
‫ﹶ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ + ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬
Feminine dual in
nasb
‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ + ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
Two female
doersA female doer
Feminine
singular in jarr
FEMININE
DUAL IN
JARR
Change
vowel
of the
last
letter to
fathah
‫ﹶ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬
Feminine dual in
jarr

TABLE 11.2
FORMING THE SOUND PLURAL
BASE
FORM
FINAL
GOAL
STEP
ONE
RESULT ENDING
SOUND
PLURAL
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹲ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
A male doer
Masculine
singular in rafa’
MASCULINE
SOUND
PLURAL IN
RAFA’
Change
vowel of
the last
letter to
dammah
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ + ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬ Many male doers
Masculine plural
in rafa’
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
A male doer
Masculine
singular in nasb
MASCULINE
SOUND
PLURAL IN
NASB
Change
vowel of
the last
letter to
kasrah
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ + ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬ Many male doers
Masculine plural
in nasb
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
A male doer
Masculine
singular in jarr
MASCULINE
SOUND
PLURAL IN
JARR
Change
vowel of
the last
letter to
kasrah
‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ + ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬ Many male doers
Masculine plural
in jarr
‫ﹲ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
A female doer
Feminine
singular in rafa’
FEMININE
SOUND
PLURAL IN
RAFA’
Drop
final ta’
marbutah
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
Many female
doers
Feminine plural
in rafa’
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
A female doer
Feminine
singular in nasb
FEMININE
SOUND
PLURAL IN
NASB
Drop
final ta’
marbutah
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
Many female
doers
Feminine plural
in nasb
‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
A female doer
Feminine
singular in jarr
FEMININE
SOUND
PLURAL IN
JARR
Drop
final ta’
marbutah
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺕ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
Many female
doers
Feminine plural
in jarr

TABLE 11.3
THE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE
FEMININE MASCULINE
SOUND
PLURAL
DUAL SINGLE
SOUND
PLURAL
DUAL SINGLE
‫ﺕ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹲ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹲ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
female doers
two female
doers
a female doer male doers two male doers a male doer
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺕ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
female doers
two female
doers
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺕ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬
female doers
two female
doers
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬

Lesson Twelve: The Passive Participle
[‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬]
PRINCIPLE ONE
The passive participle ( ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ) refers to a person or thing upon which
the action described by the base letters is enacted. For example, the
letters ‫ﻑ‬-‫ﻉ‬-‫ﻝ‬ mean “to do” and its passive participle ‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ refers to
“that which was done.”
PRINCIPLE TWO
The masculine form of the passive participle is constructed by placing the
three base letters on the pattern of ‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬. For example, replacing the fā’
( ‫ﻑ‬ ), ‘ain ( ‫ﻉ‬ ), and lām ( ‫ﻝ‬ ) positions in this pattern with ‫ﺽ‬-‫ﺭ‬-‫ﺏ‬ (to
strike) forms ‫ﺏ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ (a male who was struck or a masculine object that was
struck) [figure 12.1].
PRINCIPLE THREE
The feminine form of the passive participle is constructed by placing the
three base letters on the pattern of ‫ﹶﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬. For example, ‫ﺽ‬-‫ﺭ‬-‫ﺏ‬ (to
strike) becomes ‫ﻣ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬ (a female who was struck or a feminine object that was
struck).
PRINCIPLE FOUR
The dual and the sound plural for the passive participle are constructed in a
manner similar to that outlined for the dual and the sound plural of the
active participle (lesson eleven). For the most part, passive participles do not use
the broken plural.
ESSENTIAL NOTE
The conjugations of the passive participle must be memorized (table 12.1)

of the model
with corresponding new letters ( ‫ﺽ‬-‫ﺭ‬-‫ﺏ‬ )
of the word to form the passive participle
FIGURE 12.1
FORMING THE MASCULINE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
‫ﻝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻉ‬ ‫ﻑ‬ ‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺭ‬ ‫ﺽ‬ ‫ﻡ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
A MALE WHO WAS STRUCK or
A MASCULINE OBJECT THAT WAS
STRUCK
‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
MASCULINE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE

The Passive Participle 65
TABLE 12.1
THE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE
FEMININE MASCULINE
SOUND
PLURAL
DUAL SINGLE
SOUND
PLURAL
DUAL SINGLE
‫ﺕ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹲ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹲ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
those which
were done
those two which
were done
that which
was done
those which
were done
those two which
were done
that which was
done
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺕ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
those which
were done
those two which
were done
that which
was done
those which
were done
those two which
were done
that which was
done
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺕ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹴ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
those which
were done
those two which
were done
that which
was done
those which
were done
those two which
were done
that which was
done
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬

Lesson Thirteen: The Noun of Time and Place
[‫ﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬]
PRINCIPLE ONE
The noun of time and place ( ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ) describes either the time when or the
place where the action described by the base letters occurs. For example,
the letters ‫ﻑ‬-‫ﻉ‬-‫ﻝ‬ mean “to do” and its noun of time and place ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ refers
to a place or a time of doing.
PRINCIPLE TWO
The noun of time and place is constructed by placing the three base letters
on the pattern of either ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ or ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ (table 13.1). A given set of base
letters will use only one of these two patterns. For example, replacing
the fā’ ( ‫ﻑ‬ ), ‘ain ( ‫ﻉ‬ ), and lām ( ‫ﻝ‬ ) positions in this pattern with
‫ﺱ‬-‫ﺝ‬-‫ﺩ‬ (to prostrate) forms ‫ﹺﺪ‬‫ﺠ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ (a place of prostration).
PRINCIPLE THREE
The noun of time and place does not have a feminine form.
PRINCIPLE FOUR
The dual for the noun of time and place is constructed in a manner similar
to that outlined for the dual of the active participle (lesson eleven).
PRINCIPLE FIVE
Unlike the previously discussed noun forms, the noun of time and place uses
the broken plural. As mentioned in Lesson Eleven, the broken plural for
any given singular noun must be memorized. Table 13.1 illustrates a
common pattern of the broken plural for the noun of time and place.

PRINCIPLE SIX
Recall that nouns express their grammatical states through (1) changes in
voweling on the last letter of the word or (2) changes in lettering at the
end of the word. As a general rule, broken plurals express their
grammatical states through changes in the voweling of their last letter. Two
dammahs ( ٌ ) indicate the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬), two fathahs ( ً ) indicate the
state of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬), and two kasrahs ( ٍ ) indicate the state of jarr (‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬).
PRINCIPLE SEVEN
The broken plural for the noun of time and place varies from the above
principle and allows only a single dammah ( ُ ) or a single fathah ( َ ) on its
last letter (table 13.1). Such words are classified as ghair munsarif
( ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﹺﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ). They neither permit double vowels (tanwīn) nor a single
kasrah on their last letter. Therefore, for the ghair munsarif, a single
dammah ( ُ ) indicates the state of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬), and a single fathah ( َ )
indicates the states of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬) and jarr (‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬).
ESSENTIAL NOTE
The conjugations of the noun of time and place must be memorized (table
13.1) before moving to the next lesson.

The Noun of Time and Place 69
TABLE 13.1
THE TWO PATTERNS FOR THE NOUN OF TIME AND PLACE
MASCULINE
BROKEN PLURAL DUAL SINGULAR
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹲ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
times or places of doing two times or places of doing a time or place of doing
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬
MASCULINE
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹲ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬

Lesson Fourteen: The Noun of Usage
[‫ﹶﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻵ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬]
PRINCIPLE ONE
The noun of usage ( ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﹶﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻵ‬ ) indicates a tool used to produce the action
described by the base letters. For example, the letters ‫ﻑ‬-‫ﻉ‬-‫ﻝ‬ mean “to
do” and its noun of usage ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ refers to a tool used to perform an act.
PRINCIPLE TWO
The noun of usage is produced by placing the base letters on one of three
patterns: (1) ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬, (2) ‫ﹶﺔ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬, and (3) ‫ﺎﻝ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬. These are designated as short,
medium, and long according to the number of letters in each pattern
(table 14.1). A given set of base letters may use one, two, or all three of
these patterns. For example, the letters ‫ﻑ‬-‫ﺕ‬-‫ﺡ‬ mean, “to open” and
its noun of usage ‫ﺎﺡ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ refers to a tool used to open (i.e., a key).
PRINCIPLE THREE
The noun of usage does not have a feminine form.
PRINCIPLE FOUR
The dual for the noun of usage is constructed in a manner similar to that
outlined for dual of the active participle (lesson eleven).
PRINCIPLE FIVE
The noun of usage uses a broken plural that is ghair munsarif ( ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﹺﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ).
Recall that ghair munsarif words neither permit double vowels [tanwīn] nor
a single kasrah on their last letter (lesson thirteen).
ESSENTIAL NOTE
The conjugations of the noun of usage must be memorized (table 14.1)

TABLE 14.1
THE THREE PATTERNS FOR THE NOUN OF USAGE
PATTERN A (SHORT)
MASCULINE
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹲ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
tools of doing two tools of doing a tool of doing
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬
PATTERN B (MEDIUM)
MASCULINE
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹲ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬
PATTERN C (LONG)
MASCULINE
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹲ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﻻ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹴ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬

Lesson Fifteen: The Superlative Noun
[ ‫ﻴ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻞ‬ ]
PRINCIPLE ONE
The superlative noun ( ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ) indicates the highest degree or the
comparative of the quality described by the base letters. For example, the
letters ‫ﻑ‬-‫ﻉ‬-‫ﻝ‬ mean “to do” and its superlative noun ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ refers to “one
who does the most” or “one who does more.”
PRINCIPLE TWO
The masculine singular of the superlative noun is constructed by placing
the three base letters on the pattern of ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ (table 15.1). For example,
replacing the fā’ ( ‫ﻑ‬ ), ‘ain ( ‫ﻉ‬ ), and lām ( ‫ﻝ‬ ) positions in this pattern
with ‫ﻙ‬-‫ﺏ‬-‫ﺭ‬ (to be big) forms ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ (a male who is biggest or a male who is
bigger). This pattern is ghair munsarif ( ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﹺﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ) and therefore neither
permits a double vowel [tanwīn] nor a single kasrah on its last letter.
PRINCIPLE THREE
The masculine form of the superlative noun uses the standard dual, and it
uses both the sound plural and the broken plural (table 15.1). The broken
plural of the masculine superlative is ghair munsarif ( ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻏ‬‫ﹺﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ).
PRINCIPLE FOUR
The feminine form of the superlative noun is constructed by placing the
three base letters on the pattern of ‫ﻰ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬.34
For example, replacing the fā’
( ‫ﻑ‬ ), ‘ain ( ‫ﻉ‬ ), and lām ( ‫ﻝ‬ ) positions in this pattern with ‫ﻙ‬-‫ﺏ‬-‫ﺭ‬ (to be
big) forms ‫ﻯ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬ (a female who is biggest or a female who is bigger).This form
undergoes changes in grammatical states without reflecting a change at the
34 ِAlthough the final letter of this word resembles a ya’, it is an ‘alif maqsurah. This letter, like
the standard ‘alif, causes extension of the letter before it. Thus, the feminine form of the
superlative noun is pronounced fu’lā.

end of the word. Therefore, the pattern of the word is the same for all
three grammatical states (table 15.2).
PRINCIPLE FIVE
The feminine form of the superlative noun uses the standard dual, and it
uses both the sound plural and the broken plural (table 15.2).
ESSENTIAL NOTE
The conjugations of the superlative noun must be memorized (tables 15.1
and 15.2) before moving to the next lesson.

The Superlative Noun 73
TABLE 15.1
THE MASCULINE SUPERLATIVE NOUN
MASCULINE
BROKEN PLURAL SOUND PLURAL DUAL SINGULAR
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
males who do more (or the
most)
males who do more (or
the most)
two males who do
more (or the most)
a male who does more
(or the most)
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
most)
the most)
two males who do
more (or the most)
(or the most)
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
most)
the most)
two males who do
more (or the most)
(or the most)
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬
TABLE 15.2
THE FEMININE SUPERLATIVE NOUN
FEMININE
‫ﹲ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬
females who do more (or the
most)
females who do more (or
the most)
two females who
do more (or the
most)
a female who does
more (or the most)
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬
most)
the most)
two females who
do more (or the
most)
a female who does
more (or the most)
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﹴ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻰ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬
most)
the most)
two females who
do more (or the
most)
a female who does
more (or the most)
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬

Lesson Sixteen: The Six Types of Verb Form I
PRINCIPLE ONE
Lesson Three illustrated ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ as a model pattern for the active voice of the
past tense verb. This is only one of several possible patterns. Some patterns
involve voweling the base letters alone while others involve adding
designated non-base letters.35 Patterns containing the base letters alone
(i.e., without additional letters) are classified as verb form I. The active
voice of the past tense of verb form I has three possible voweling patterns:
1) ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
2) ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
3) ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
Note that the fā’ ( ‫ﻑ‬ ) and lām ( ‫ﻝ‬ ) positions are always voweled with a
fathah ( َ ); however, the voweling of the ‘ain ( ‫ﻉ‬ ) position varies.
PRINCIPLE TWO
A given three-letter base, with rare exception, uses only one of these
three form I active voice past tense patterns. For example, the base letters
‫ﺱ‬-‫ﻡ‬-‫ﻉ‬ (to hear) use the pattern ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ to form ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺳ‬ (he heard). On the other
hand, the base letters ‫ﻙ‬-‫ﺭ‬-‫ﻡ‬ (to be noble) use the pattern ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ to form ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻛ‬
(he was noble). The particular pattern used by any given set of base letters
must be memorized.
PRINCIPLE THREE
The passive voice of the past tense of verb form I always uses the pattern
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬. This pattern was covered in Lesson Three.
35
Verb forms that involve the addition of non-base letters are not covered in this volume.

PRINCIPLE FOUR
All patterns of the past tense verb, whether active or passive voice, are
conjugated using the suffixes illustrated in Lesson Three (table 3.2). When
conjugating each of the three active voice past tense patterns of verb form I,
the ‘ain ( ‫ﻉ‬ ) position retains its particular voweling (table 16.1).
PRINCIPLE FIVE
Lesson Four illustrated ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ as a model pattern for the active voice of the
present tense verb. This is only one of several possible patterns. The present
tense always begins with one of the following four letters: hamzā’ ( ‫ﺃ‬ ), tā’
( ‫ﺕ‬ ), yā’ ( ‫ﻱ‬ ), and nūn ( ‫ﻥ‬ ). In verb form I, this prefixed letter is always
voweled with a fathah ( َ ). However the voweling of the ‘ain ( ‫ﻉ‬ )
position varies. Thus the active voice of the present tense of verb form I has
three possible patterns:
1) ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
2) ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
3) ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
PRINCIPLE SIX
The passive voice of the present tense of verb form I always takes the pattern
‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬. This pattern was covered in Lesson Four.

The Six Types of Verb Form I 77
TABLE 16.1
VERB FORM I ON THE PATTERN OF ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
PERSON GENDER PLURALITY BASE SUFFIX
ACTIVE
VOICE
3rd Masculine Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
3rd Masculine Dual ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
3rd Masculine Plural ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
3rd Feminine Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
3rd Feminine Dual ‫ﻓ‬‫ﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬َ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
3rd Feminine Plural ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
2nd Masculine Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
2nd Masculine Dual ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
2nd Masculine Plural ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
2nd Feminine Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
2nd Feminine Dual ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
2nd Feminine Plural ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
1st
Masculine and
Feminine
Singular ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺕ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
1st
Masculine and
Feminine
Plural ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬

PRINCIPLE SEVEN
All patterns of the present tense verb, whether active or passive voice, are
conjugated using the suffixes illustrated in Lesson Four (table 4.2). When
conjugating each of the three active voice present tense patterns, the ‘ain
( ‫ﻉ‬ ) position always retains its particular voweling (table 16.2). This
holds true for the states of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬) and jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬), and with the
active voice conjugations of the emphatic, the command, and the prohibition.
The passive voice always uses the pattern ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬. The fathah on the ‘ain
( ‫ﻉ‬ ) position is retained in the states of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬) and jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬), and
with the passive voice conjugations of the emphatic, the command, and the
prohibition. The appendices include complete conjugations of the base
letters ‫ﺽ‬-‫ﺭ‬-‫ﺏ‬ (to strike) as illustrative models.
PRINCIPLE EIGHT
Each set of base letters uses only one of the three active voice past tense
patterns and one of the three active voice present tense patterns. For
example, the base letters ‫ﺽ‬-‫ﺭ‬-‫ﺏ‬ use the pattern ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ for the active
voice past tense and ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ for the active voice present tense. Combining all
variations allowed for the voweling of the ‘ain ( ‫ﻉ‬ ) position in both the
active past and active present tense results in nine combinations (figure 16.1).
However, in practice, only six of these combinations are used. These are
called the six types of verb form I.

TABLE 16.2
VERB FORM I ON THE PATTERN OF ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
PERSON/GENDER/PLURALITY PREFIX PAST SUFFIX
ACTIVE
VOICE
3rd Masculine Singular ‫ﻱ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
3rd Masculine Dual ‫ﻱ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
3rd Masculine Plural ‫ﻱ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
3rd Feminine Singular ‫ﺕ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
3rd Feminine Dual ‫ﺕ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
3rd Feminine Plural ‫ﻱ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
2nd Masculine Singular ‫ﺕ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
2nd Masculine Dual ‫ﺕ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
2nd Masculine Plural ‫ﺕ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻠ‬
2nd Feminine Singular ‫ﺕ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
2nd Feminine Dual ‫ﺕ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻼ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
2nd Feminine Plural ‫ﺕ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ + ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻠ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬
1st
Masculine and
Feminine
Singular ‫ﺃ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
1st
Masculine and
Feminine
Plural ‫ﻥ‬ + ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻧ‬

Exists ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
Exists ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
Exists ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
Exists ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
Exists ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
Does not exist ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
Does not exist ‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
Does not exist ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
Exists ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
FIGURE 16.1
COMBINATIONS OF ACTIVE VOICE VERB FORM I PATTERNS

PRINCIPLE NINE
Table 16.3 provides sample verbs for each of the six types of verb form I.
The first line includes the active voice (third person masculine) of the
past and present tense verbs, the active masdar,36 and the active participle. The
second line includes the passive voice (third person masculine) of the
past and present tense verbs, the passive masdar, and the passive participle. The
third line includes the command and the prohibition. The fourth line
includes the noun of time and place and the noun of usage. Finally, the fifth
line includes the masculine and feminine forms of the superlative noun.
This complete model is illustrated in figure 16.2.
PRINCIPLE TEN
Verb form I, type E (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻛ‬) differs from the other types in two ways. First,
its active participle is formed on the pattern ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬. Second, it forms neither
passive voice verbs nor a passive participle. All verbs that follow the
pattern of ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻛ‬ differ from the other types in these two ways.
ESSENTIAL NOTE
Each type of verb form I presented in table 16.3 must be memorized and
completely conjugated. For example, ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬ and ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬ should be conjugated
through the past tense conjugations illustrated in Lesson Three while ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻳ‬
and ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻳ‬ should be conjugated in the states of rafa’ (‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬), nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬), and
jazm (‫ﻡ‬‫ﺰ‬‫ﺟ‬) as illustrated in Lessons Four, Six, and Seven. Similarly, practice
in conjugating the emphatic, the command, the prohibition, and all noun
forms is required. The appendices include complete conjugations of the
base letters ‫ﺽ‬-‫ﺭ‬-‫ﺏ‬ (to strike) as illustrative models.
36 The masdar represents the verbal noun of the base letters, usually translated as a gerund
ending in “ing” or “ion.” For example, ‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬, from ‫ﻥ‬-‫ﺹ‬-‫ﺭ‬ (to help), means, “helping.” In
order to preserve the rhyme of the model, the masdar is presented in the state of nasb (‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬).

‫ﺮ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
The active participle is, “a helper”
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬37
Helping
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻳ‬
He helps
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
He helped
‫ﺭ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
The passive participle is,
“he who was helped”
‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
Being helped
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻳ‬
He is being
helped
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
He was helped
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
And the prohibition for this form is, “Don’t help.”
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻷ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬
The command for this form is, “Help!”
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
And the noun of usage is, “a tool used for helping.”
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺃ‬
The noun of time and place is,
“a place or time of helping.”
‫ﻯ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬
The feminine superlative noun is “a female who helps more
(or most).”
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
The superlative noun is
“one who helps more (or most).”
FIGURE 16.2
ILLUSTRATING THE MODEL FOR THE VERB FORMS
37 See footnote 36.

TABLE 16.3
THE SIX TYPES OF VERB FORM I
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺻ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺭ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻷ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺃ‬
‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻯ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻀ‬
FORM I, TYPE A
On the pattern of
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
The past tense (‫ﻲ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬)
has a fathah on the ‘ain
position and the present
tense (‫ﹺﻉ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬) has a
dammah on the ‘ain
position
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬ , He helped
‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻷ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻰ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬
FORM I, TYPE B
On the pattern of
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
kasrah on the ‘ain
position
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ , He struck
‫ﻣ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻊ‬
‫ﻉ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺳ‬
‫ﻊ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻷ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻊ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺃ‬
‫ﻰ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻊ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
FORM I, TYPE C
On the pattern of
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
has a kasrah on the ‘ain
fathah on the ‘ain
position
‫ﻊ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺳ‬ , He heard

‫ﺢ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺡ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬
‫ﺢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻷ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﺢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺃ‬
‫ﻰ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
FORM I, TYPE D
On the pattern of
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
fathah on the ‘ain
position
‫ﺢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ , He opened
‫ﻢ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻛ‬
‫ﻡ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻷ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﻡ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻵ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻜ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬
‫ﻰ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻡ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
FORM I, TYPE E
On the pattern of
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
has a dammah on the
‘ain position and the
present tense ( ‫ﻀ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﹺﻉ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬ )
has a dammah on the
‘ain position
‫ﻡ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻛ‬ , He was noble
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ِ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ِ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺣ‬38
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ِ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺣ‬
‫ﺐ‬ِ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﻬ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ِ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻣ‬َ‫ﻷ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬
‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ِ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﱠ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﺃﻟ‬‫ﺐ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺤ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻵ‬
‫ﻰ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﺚ‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺐ‬‫ﺴ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻪ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺍﻟ‬ ‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺃ‬
FORM I, TYPE F
On the pattern of
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻳ‬
has a kasrah on the ‘ain
kasrah on the ‘ain
position
‫ﺐ‬ِ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺣ‬ , He considered
38 Some verbs have multiple masdars. In the case of ‫ﺐ‬ِ‫ﺴ‬‫ﺣ‬, two are common and both are
included above.

APPENDICES
The following appendices illustrate conjugations for the base letters
‫ﺽ‬-‫ﺭ‬-‫ﺏ‬ (to strike). These are provided to review the previous material
and to better illustrate translations of the various verb and noun forms.

APPENDIX A
THE PAST TENSE: VERB FORM I (TYPE B)
NEGATION
PASSIVE VOICE
NEGATION
ACTIVE VOICE
‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
He/It (S/M) was not struck He/It (S/M) did not strike He/It (S/M) was struck He/It (S/M) struck
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
They (D/M) were not struck They (D/M) did not strike They (D/M) were struck They (D/M) struck
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
They (P/M) were not struck They (P/M) did not strike They (P/M) were struck They (P/M) struck
‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
She/It (S/F) was not struck She/It (S/F) did not strike She/It (S/F) was struck She/It (S/F) struck
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
They (D/F) were not struck They (D/F) did not strike They (D/F) were struck They (D/F) struck
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
They (P/F) were not struck They (P/F) did not strike They (P/F) were struck They (P/F) struck
‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
You (S/M) were not struck You (S/M) did not strike You (S/M) were struck You (S/M) struck
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
You (D/M) were not struck You (D/M) did not strike You (D/M) were struck You (D/M) struck
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
You (P/M) were not struck You (P/M) did not strike You (P/M) were struck You (P/M) struck
‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
You (S/F) were not struck You (S/F) did not strike You (S/F) were struck You (S/F) struck
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
You (D/F) were not struck You (D/F) did not strike You (D/F) were struck You (D/F) struck
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
You (P/F) were not struck You (P/F) did not strike You (P/F) were struck You (P/F) struck
‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
I was not struck I did not strike I was struck I struck
‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬
We were not struck We did not strike We were struck We struck

Appendices 87
APPENDIX B
THE PRESENT TENSE: VERB FORM I (TYPE B)
NEGATION
PASSIVE VOICE
NEGATION
ACTIVE VOICE
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬
He/It (S/M) is not being struck He/It (S/M) does not strike He/It (S/M) is being struck He/It (S/M) strikes
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬
They (D/M) are not being struck They (D/M) do not strike They (D/M) are being struck They (D/M) strike
‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬
They (P/M) are not being struck They (P/M) do not strike They (P/M) are being struck They (P/M) strike
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬
She/It (S/F) is not being struck She/It (S/F) does not strike She/It (S/F) is being struck She/It (S/F) strikes
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬
They (D/F) are not being struck They (D/F) do not strike They (D/F) are being struck They (D/F) strike
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬
They (D/F) are not being struck They (P/F) do not strike They (D/P) are being struck They (P/F) strike
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (S/M) are not being struck You (S/M) do not strike You (S/M) are being struck You (S/M) strike
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (D/M) are not being struck You (D/M) do not strike You (D/M) are being struck You (D/M) strike
‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (P/M) are not being struck You (P/M) do not strike You (P/M) are being struck You (P/M) strike
‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (S/F) are not being struck You (S/F) do not strike You (S/F) are being struck You (S/F) strike
‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (D/F) are not being struck You (D/F) do not strike You (D/F) are being struck You (D/F) strike
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬
You (D/F) are not being struck You (P/F) do not strike You (D/F) are being struck You (P/F) strike
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
I am not being struck I do not strike I am being struck I strike
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻧ‬
We are not being struck We do not strike We are being struck We strike

APPENDIX C
THE PRESENT TENSE IN NASB AND JAZM: VERB FORM I (TYPE B)
PASSIVE VOICE
JAZM
ACTIVE VOICE
JAZM
PASSIVE VOICE
NASB
ACTIVE VOICE
NASB
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
He/It (S/M) was not struck He/It (S/M) did not strike
He/It (S/M) will never be
struck
He/It (S/M) will never strike
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﹺﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (D/M) were not struck They (D/M) did not strike
They (D/M) will never be
struck
They (D/M) will never strike
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (P/M) were not struck They (P/M) did not strike
They (P/M) will never be
struck
They (P/M) will never strike
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
She/It (S/F) was not struck She/It (S/F) did not strike
She/It (S/F) will never be
struck
She/It (S/F) will never strike
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (D/F) were not struck They (D/F) did not strike They (D/F) will never be struck They (D/F) will never strike
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
They (P/F) were not struck They (P/F) did not strike They (P/F) will never be struck They (P/F) will never strike
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (S/M) were not struck You (S/M) did not strike You (S/M) will never be struck You (S/M) will never strike
You (D/M) were not struck You (D/M) did not strike You (D/M) will never be struck You (D/M) will never strike
‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (P/M) were not struck You (P/M) did not strike You (P/M) will never be struck You (P/M) will never strike
‫ﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (S/F) were not struck You (S/F) did not strike You (S/F) will never be struck You (S/F) will never strike
You (D/F) were not struck You (D/F) did not strike You (D/F) will never be struck You (D/F) will never strike
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶﻦ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﹶﻦ‬‫ﻟ‬
You (P/F) were not struck You (P/F) did not strike You (P/F) will never be struck You (P/F) will never strike
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
I was not struck I did not strike I will never be struck I will never strike
‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
We were not struck We did not strike We will never be struck We will never strike

Appendices 89
APPENDIX D
THE EMPHATIC: VERB FORM I (TYPE B)
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily he/it (S/M) will be struck! Verily he/it (S/M) will strike!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily they (D/M) will be struck! Verily they (D/M) will strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily they (P/M) will be struck! Verily they (P/M) will strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily she/it (S/F) will be struck! Verily she/it (S/F) will strike!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily they (D/F) will be struck! Verily they (D/F) will strike!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily they (P/F) will be struck! Verily they (P/F) will strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily you (S/M) will be struck! Verily you (S/M) will strike!
‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily you (D/M) will be struck! Verily you (D/M) will strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily you (P/M) will be struck! Verily you (P/M) will strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily you (S/F) will be struck! Verily you (S/F) will strike!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily you (D/F) will be struck! Verily you (D/F) will strike!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily you (P/F) will be struck! Verily you (P/F) will strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily I will be struck! Verily I will strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily we will be struck! Verily we will strike!

APPENDIX E
THE COMMAND: VERB FORM I (TYPE B)
PASSIVE VOICE
EMPHATIC
ACTIVE VOICE
EMPHATIC
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily he/it (S/M) must be struck! Verily he/it (S/M) must strike!
He/It (S/M) must be
struck!
He/It (S/M) must strike!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily they (D/M) must be struck! Verily they (D/M) must strike!
They (D/M) must be
struck!
They (D/M) must strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬
Verily they (P/M) must be struck! Verily they (P/M) must strike!
They (P/M) must be
struck!
They (P/M) must strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily she/it (S/F) must be struck! Verily she/it (S/F) must strike!
She/It (S/F) must be
struck!
She/It (S/F) must strike!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬
Verily they (D/F) must be struck! Verily they (D/F) must strike!
They (D/F) must be
struck!
They (D/F) must strike!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily they (P/F) must be struck! Verily they (P/F) must strike! They (P/F) must be struck! They (P/F) must strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺍ‬
Verily [You] be struck (S/M)! Verily [You] strike! (S/M) [You] Be struck! (S/M) [You] Strike! (S/M)
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺍ‬
Verily [You] be struck (D/M)! Verily [You] strike! (D/M) [You] Be struck! (D/M) [You] Strike! (D/M)!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺍ‬
Verily [You] be struck (P/M)! Verily [You] strike! (P/M) [You] Be struck! (P/M) [You] Strike! (P/M)
‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺍ‬
Verily [You] be struck (S/F)! Verily [You] strike! (S/F) [You] Be struck! (S/F) [You] Strike! (S/F)
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺍ‬
Verily [You] be struck (D/F)! Verily [You] strike! (D/F) [You] Be struck! (D/F) [You] Strike! (D/F)
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﺍ‬
Verily [You] be struck (P/F)! Verily [You] strike! (P/F) [You] Be struck! (P/F) [You] Strike! (P/F)
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺄ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily I must be struck! Verily I must strike! I must be struck! I must strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﻟ‬
Verily we must be struck! Verily we must strike! We must be struck! We must strike!

Appendices 91
APPENDIX F
THE PROHIBITION: VERB FORM I (TYPE B)
PASSIVE VOICE
EMPHATIC
ACTIVE VOICE
EMPHATIC
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
Verily he/it (S/M) must not be
struck!
Verily he/it (S/M) must not
strike!
He/It (S/M) must not be
struck!
He/It (S/M) must not
strike!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
Verily they (D/M) must not be
struck!
Verily they (D/M) must not
strike!
They (D/M) must not be
struck!
They (D/M) must not
strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬
Verily they (P/M) must not be
struck!
Verily they (P/M) must not strike!
They (P/M) must not be
struck!
They (P/M) must not
strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
Verily she/it (S/F) must not be
struck!
Verily she/it (S/F) must not
strike!
She/It (S/F) must not be
struck!
She/It (S/F) must not
strike!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
Verily they (D/F) must not be
struck!
Verily they (D/F) must not strike!
They (D/F) must not be
struck!
They (D/F) must not
strike!
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻳ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
Verily they (P/F) must not be
struck!
Verily they (P/F) must not strike! They (P/F) must not be struck!
They (P/F) must not
strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
Verily don’t [you] be struck! (S/M) Verily don’t [you] strike! (S/M) Don’t [you] be struck! (S/M) Don’t [you] strike! (S/M)
Verily don’t [you] be struck!
(D/M)
Verily don’t [you] strike! (D/M) Don’t [you] be struck! (D/M) Don’t [you] strike! (D/M)
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺍ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
Verily don’t [you] be struck! (P/M) Verily don’t [you] strike! (P/M) Don’t [you] be struck! (P/M) Don’t [you] strike! (P/M)
‫ﻻ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻲ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
Verily don’t [you] be struck! (S/F) Verily don’t [you] strike! (S/F) Don’t [you] be struck! (S/F) Don’t [you] strike! (S/F)
Verily don’t [you] be struck! (D/F) Verily don’t [you] strike! (D/F) Don’t [you] be struck! (D/F) Don’t [you] strike! (D/F)
‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﱢ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
Verily don’t [you] be struck! (P/F) Verily don’t [you] strike! (P/F) Don’t [you] be struck! (P/F) Don’t [you] strike! (P/F)
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺿ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
Verily I must not be struck! Verily I must not strike! I must not be struck! I must not strike!
‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﻻ‬
Verily we must not be struck! Verily we must not strike! We must not be struck! We must not strike!

APPENDIX G
THE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE ( ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ): VERB FORM I (TYPE B)
FEMININE MASCULINE
SOUND
PLURAL
DUAL SINGLE
SOUND
PLURAL
DUAL SINGLE
‫ﺕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺿ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﹲ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬
females who
strike
two females
who strike
a female who
strikes
males who
strike
two males who
strike
a male who
strikes
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬
females who
strike
two females
who strike
a female who
strikes
males who
strike
two males who
strike
a male who
strikes
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬ ‫ﹴ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺿ‬
females who
strike
two females
who strike
a female who
strikes
males who
strike
two males who
strike
a male who
strikes
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬
APPENDIX H
THE PASSIVE PARTICIPLE ( ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻝ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻤ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ): VERB FORM I (TYPE B)
FEMININE MASCULINE
SOUND
PLURAL
DUAL SINGLE
SOUND
PLURAL
DUAL SINGLE
‫ﺕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹲ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
those which are
struck
those two which
are struck
that which is
struck
those which are
struck
those two
which are
struck
that which is
struck
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
those which are
struck
those two which
are struck
that which is
struck
those which are
struck
those two
which are
struck
that which is
struck
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﹴ‬‫ﺏ‬
those which are
struck
those two which
are struck
that which is
struck
those which are
struck
those two
which are
struck
that which is
struck
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬

Appendices 93
APPENDIX I
THE NOUN OF TIME AND PLACE39 (‫ﻑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﻈ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺍ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬): VERB FORM I (TYPE B)
MASCULINE
‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
places or times of striking two places or times of striking
a place or time of striking
(e.g., a battlefield)
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
places or times of striking two places or times of striking a place or time of striking
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹴ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
places or times of striking two places or times of striking a place or time of striking
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬
39 The base letters ‫ﺽ‬-‫ﺭ‬-‫ﺏ‬ use the pattern ‫ﻞ‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﻣ‬ to form the noun of place and time.

APPENDIX J
THE NOUN OF USAGE (‫ﹶﺔ‬‫ﻟ‬‫ﺍﻵ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺍ‬): VERB FORM I (TYPE B)
PATTERN A (SHORT)
MASCULINE
‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
tools of striking two tools of striking
a tool of striking
(e.g., a hammer)
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
tools of striking two tools of striking a tool of striking
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹴ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬
PATTERN B (MEDIUM)
MASCULINE
‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹲ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
a tool of striking
(e.g., a hammer)
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺏ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬
PATTERN C (LONG)
MASCULINE
‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺏ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
a tool of striking
(e.g., a hammer)
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹰ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺍﺑ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺐ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺭ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﹴ‬‫ﺏ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬

Appendices 95
APPENDIX K
THE MASCULINE SUPERLATIVE NOUN ( ‫ﺳﻢ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ): VERB FORM I40
MASCULINE
‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﹶ‬‫ﻥ‬‫ﻭ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
those who are older/greater
those who are
older/greater
two who are
older/greater
one who is
older/greater41
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
those who are
older/greater
two who are
older/greater
one who is
older/greater
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﺮ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﹶﺎ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﹺ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻛ‬‫ﹶ‬‫ﺃ‬
those who are
older/greater
two who are
older/greater
one who is
older/greater
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬
APPENDIX L
THE FEMININE SUPERLATIVE NOUN ( ‫ﺳﻢ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﻞ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻀ‬‫ﹾ‬‫ﻔ‬‫ﺘ‬‫ﹶﻟ‬‫ﺍ‬ ): VERB FORM I (TYPE B)
FEMININE
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻥ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻯ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬
those who are
older/greater
two who are
older/greater
one who is
older/greater42
‫ﹾﻊ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺭ‬
‫ﹰ‬‫ﺍ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻯ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬
those who are
older/greater
two who are
older/greater
one who is
older/greater
‫ﺐ‬‫ﺼ‬‫ﻧ‬
‫ﹴ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺕ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﹺ‬‫ﻦ‬‫ﻴ‬‫ﻳ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﻯ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺒ‬‫ﹸ‬‫ﻛ‬
those who are
older/greater
two who are
older/greater
one who is
older/greater
‫ﺮ‬‫ﺟ‬
40 The base letters ‫ﻙ‬-‫ﺏ‬-‫ﺭ‬ (to be big) are used here to better illustrate the translations of the
superlative noun.
41 Each of these conjugations may also be translated in the superlative, e.g., one who is
eldest/greatest.
42 Ibid.

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