2. Agenda
Background of cloud computing
Evolution of Client Server Architecture
Introduction to cloud computing
Deployment Models
Virtualization
Hypervisor
Cloud Services
Issues
2
3. Background of Cloud Computing
1990: Heyday of parallel computing, multi-
processors
– 52% growth in performance per year!
2002: The thermal wall
– Speed (frequency) peaks,
but transistors keep
shrinking
The Multicore revolution
– 15-20 years later than
predicted, we have hit
the performance wall
5. Data Deluge
Billions of users connected through the
net
– WWW, FB, twitter, cell phones, …
– 80% of the data on FB was produced last year
Storage getting cheaper
– Store more data!
6. Solving the Impedance Mismatch
Computers not getting
faster, and we are
drowning in data
– How to resolve the
dilemma?
Solution adopted by
web-scale companies
– Go massively distributed
and parallel
7. Evolution of Client/Server
Architecture
Clients & Server on different computer systems
Local Area Network for Server and Client
connectivity
Multiple Users
Distributed computation, analysis, and
presentation between PCs
Heterogeneous hardware and software
Provides greater usability, flexibility, scalability
and interoperability
8. CLIENT / SERVER MODEL
Model or architecture describes the relationship
between two computer programs – Client & Server
Client is the requester that makes a service request
Server fulfills the request or services the request
Multiple client programs share the services of a
common server program
9. Types of Servers
File Server
Database Server
Application Server
Web Server
Object Server
Others – Chat Server, Fax Server, Mail server,
News Server …
10. Enter the World of Distributed
Systems
Distributed Systems/Computing
– Loosely coupled set of computers,
communicating through message passing,
solving a common goal
Distributed computing is challenging
– Dealing with partial failures
– Dealing with asynchrony
Distributed Computing versus Parallel
Computing?
– distributed computing=parallel computing +
partial failures
11. Dealing with Distribution
We have seen several of the tools that help
with distributed programming
– Message Passing Interface (MPI)
– Distributed Shared Memory (DSM)
– Remote Procedure Calls (RPC)
But, distributed programming is still very
hard
– Programming for scale, fault-tolerance,
consistency, …
12. The Datacenter is the new Computer
• “Program” == Web search, email,
map/GIS, …
• “Computer” == 10,000’s computers,
storage, network
• Warehouse-sized facilities and workloads
• Built from less reliable components than
traditional datacenters
13. Datacenter/Cloud Computing OS
If the datacenter/cloud is the new computer
– What is its Operating System?
– Note that we are not talking about a host OS
15. Datacenter/Cloud Operating System
Data sharing
– Google File System, key/value stores
Programming Abstractions
– Google MapReduce, PIG, Hive, Spark
Multiplexing of resources
– Apache projects: Mesos, YARN (MRv2),
ZooKeeper, BookKeeper, …
16. Introduction to Cloud Computing
Cloud computing is a technology that
uses the internet and central remote
servers to maintain data and applications.
Cloud computing allows consumers and
businesses to use applications without
installation and access their personal files
at any computer with internet access.
17. How is it useful?
In-house computing
– Each system can run limited applications.
– Each system requires distinct resources.
– Each system needs separate
infrastructure.
19. How is it useful? cont…
Advantages of Cloud Computing:
– It can lower initial costs for start-up companies
and for traditional companies which own IT
resources.
– It provides IT resources immediately and enables
scalability according to needs of user or customer.
– Usage of cloud computing services can foster
innovation because there are no huge upfront
costs for test and development environments.
21. Deployment Models
Public cloud :
– A public cloud is one based on the standard
cloud computing model, in which a service
provider makes resources, such as
applications and storage, available to the
general public over the Internet.
– Public cloud services may be free or offered
on a pay-per-usage model.
22. Deployment Models Cont…
Private cloud :
– Private cloud is infrastructure operated solely for a
single organization, whether managed internally or by
a third-party and hosted internally or externally.
23. Deployment Models Cont…
Hybrid cloud :
– Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or
more clouds that remain unique entities
but are bound together, offering the
benefits of multiple deployment models.
24. Virtualization
Virtualization is using the same hardware
infrastructure to build several virtual servers as
per the requirements and needs.
Virtual sever with the same configuration as
dedicated server, will give the exact
performance what dedicated server can perform
if required.
25. Virtualization Cont…
Host server run any operating system and the
virtual servers can be built on any operating
system as per requirement.
Using virtualization concept in cloud computing
we can hire an off shore or off site virtual server
from a cloud computing provider rather having
each physical server for each services or
applications on-site
27. Hypervisor
Hypervisor, also called virtual machine manager
(VMM), allows multiple operating systems, termed
guests, to run concurrently.
The hypervisor presents to the guest operating
systems a virtual operating platform and manages
the execution of the guest operating systems.
Multiple instances of a variety of operating systems
may share the virtualized hardware resources.
28. Hypervisor Cont…
Types of Hypervisor
– Type 1 (or native) hypervisors run directly on the
host's hardware to control the hardware and to
manage guest operating systems. E.g. Microsoft
Hyper - V .
– Type 2 (or hosted) hypervisors run within a
conventional operating system environment. With
the hypervisor layer as a distinct second software
level. E.g. VirtualBox.
30. Cloud Service Model
There are three cloud service models:
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Software as a Service (SaaS)
30
32. Cloud Services
SaaS :
– ‘Software as a service’ over the Internet,
eliminates the need to install and run the
application on the customer's own computers
and simplifying maintenance and support.
– E.g.
• Google Apps
• SalesForce
34. Cloud Services Cont…
PaaS :
– ‘Platform as a Service’, deliver a computing
platform as a service
– This makes it possible for the subscribers to deploy
an application without having to buy and manage
the necessary software and hardware requirements.
– E.g.
• Windows Azure
• VMware vFabric
36. Cloud Services Cont…
IaaS :
– ‘Infrastructure as a Service’, deliver computer
infrastructure as a service, along with raw (block)
storage and networking.
– It is the sole responsibility of the service provider
to house, run and maintain all the hardware
resources.
– E.g.
• Amazon
39. Issues
Privacy
– The increased use of cloud computing services such as Gmail and Google
Docs has pressed the issue of privacy concerns of cloud computing services
to the utmost importance. The provider of such services lie in a position
such that with the greater use of cloud computing services has given access
to a plethora of data.
Compliance
– To comply with regulations including FISMA, HIPAA, and SOX in the United
States, the Data Protection Directive in the EU and the credit card industry's
PCI DSS, users may have to adopt community or hybrid deployment modes
that are typically more expensive and may offer restricted benefits
Security
– As cloud computing is achieving increased popularity, concerns are being
voiced about the security issues introduced through adoption of this new
model. The effectiveness and efficiency of traditional protection
mechanisms are being reconsidered as the characteristics of this innovative
deployment model can differ widely from those of traditional architectures.
#10:Partial failures, network and computers
Asynchrony, network, computers,
#39: Federal Information Security Management Act of 2002
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002
Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard
