![‘The Lord our God, who, for the sake of his heritage, hath often
heretofore rebuked and limited the raging waves of the sea,
hath, blessed be his name, mercifully dispersed the cloud
threatening a storm, which lately seemed to hang over us;
which, together with the favour God hath given us in the eyes of
the king and the government, for the free enjoyment of our
religious and civil liberties, call for true thankfulness to him. And
humbly to pray to Almighty God for the king and those in
authority, for his and their safety and defence, is certainly our
Christian duty, as well as to walk inoffensively as a grateful
people.’
Thus they signified their thankfulness for the favour they enjoyed;
[112] and as they did now enjoy liberty, and quiet, so the other
subjects were also maintained in their rights under a gentle
government, so that none had cause to fear, who behaved
themselves like peaceable subjects. And yet in many places in
England were great convulsions and tumults; and some hot-headed
clergymen were not a little instrumental therein; whereupon an open
rebellion ensued, but the rebels were defeated near Preston by the
king’s forces.
[112] But seeing from the first grant of an affirmation instead of an oath,
the form then obtained was not entirely such as was desired, and many
were not easy therewith; they several times applied to the parliament for
a more easy form, which at length, through the merciful providence of
God, and the favour of king George and the parliament, was obtained in
the latter end of the year 1721; the form now being, ‘I, A. B. do solemnly,
sincerely, and truly declare and affirm,’ &c.
Before I conclude this year, I am to say that the French king Lewis
XIV. did not live to see the end of it, but on the first of September,
N. S. after having long languished by a malignant distemper, died in
the 77th year of his age; having before appointed his brother’s son,
the duke of Orleans, regent of the kingdom of France.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/12817-250311214256-92c79315/85/Fundamentals-of-Human-Resource-Management-Functions-Applications-and-Skill-Development-2nd-Edition-Robert-N-Lussier-64-320.jpg)
Fundamentals of Human Resource Management: Functions, Applications, and Skill Development 2nd Edition Robert N. Lussier
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- 12. 10 Fundamentals of Human Resource Management Functions, Applications, Skill Development Second Edition Robert N. Lussier Springfield College John R. Hendon University of Arkansas at Little Rock Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC
- 13. 11 Melbourne
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- 15. 13 All third party trademarks referenced or depicted herein are included solely for the purpose of illustration and are the property of their respective owners. Reference to these trademarks in no way indicates any relationship with, or endorsement by, the trademark owner. Printed in the United States of America ISBN (pbk): 978-1-5443-8767-3 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Acquisitions Editor: Maggie Stanley Senior Content Development Editor: Darcy Scelsi Editorial Assistant: Janeane Calderon Marketing Manager: Sarah Panella Production Editor: Veronica Stapleton Hooper Copy Editor: Colleen Brennan Typesetter: C&M Digitals (P) Ltd. Proofreader: Sally Jaskold Indexer: Sheila Bodell Cover Designer: Gail Buschman
- 16. 14
- 17. 15 Brief Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Part I • The Human Resource Management Environment Chapter 1 • Today’s Human Resource Management Process Chapter 2 • Strategy-Driven Human Resource Management Chapter 3 • The Legal Environment Part II • Staffing Chapter 4 • Workforce Planning: Job Analysis, Design, and Employment Forecasting Chapter 5 • Recruiting Job Candidates Chapter 6 • Selecting New Employees Part III • Developing and Managing Chapter 7 • Training, Learning, Talent Management, and Development Chapter 8 • Performance Management and Appraisal Chapter 9 • Employee Rights and Labor Relations Part IV • Compensating Chapter 10 • Compensation Management Chapter 11 • Employee Incentives and Benefits Part V • Protecting and Expanding Organizational Outreach Chapter 12 • Workplace Safety, Health, and Security Chapter 13 • Ethics, Sustainability, Diversity, and Inclusion Chapter 14 • Global Issues for Human Resource Managers Glossary Notes Index
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- 19. 17 Detailed Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Part I • The Human Resource Management Environment Chapter 1 • Today’s Human Resource Management Process Why Study Human Resource Management (HRM)? Employee Engagement Student Engagement and Skill Development HRM Past and Present Today’s HRM Challenges Labor Demographics Technology and Knowledge Knowledge Workers and the Knowledge- Based Firm The Pace of Technological Change Knowledge Workers Are in Short Supply Technology’s Effect on Efficiency The Purpose for Managing Human Resources Disciplines Within HRM The Legal Environment: EEO and Diversity Management Staffing Training and Development Employee Relations Labor and Industrial Relations Compensation and Benefits Safety and Security Ethics and Sustainability HRM Responsibilities Line Versus Staff Management Major HR Responsibilities of HR Staff and Line Management HRM Skills Technical Skills Interpersonal Skills Conceptual and Design Skills
- 20. 18 Business Skills Resources for HRM Careers Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) Other HR Organizations Professional Responsibility and Liability Practitioner’s Model for HRM The Model Section I: Current HRM Practices, Strategic Planning, and HR Laws Section II: Staffing Section III: Developing and Managing Section IV: Compensating Section V: Protecting and Expanding Stakeholder Reach Trends and Issues in HRM Employee Engagement Improves Productivity HRM and Organizational Agility Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 1.1 Fracturing the Labor Market: Employment in the Oil Services Industry Skill Builders Chapter 2 • Strategy-Driven Human Resource Management An Introduction to Strategic Planning and the Environment HR Management’s Role in Strategic Planning The External Environment Strategy What Is Strategy? Vision, Mission, and Objectives The Vision The Mission Putting the Vision and Mission Together Setting Objectives Generic Strategies Cost Leadership
- 21. 19 Differentiation Focus or Niche How Strategy Affects HRM HRM and Cost Leadership HRM and Differentiation HRM and Focus Strategy HRM Promotes Strategy Through High Performance Work Practices Structure Basics of Organizational Structure How Does Structure Affect Employee Behavior? How Does Structure Affect HRM? Organizational Culture What Is Organizational Culture? Artifacts of Organizational Culture How Culture Controls Employee Behavior in Organizations Social Media and Culture Management An Introduction to Data Analytics and HR Technology Big Data A Brief on Data Analytics HR Technology Desired Outcomes Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS) What Are HRMS? How Do HRMS Assist in Making Decisions? Measurement Tools for Strategic HRM Economic Value Added (EVA) Return on Investment (ROI) Trends and Issues in HRM Structure, Culture, and Technology Are Misaligned Continuing Globalization Increases the Need for Strategic and HRM Planning Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills
- 22. 20 Case 2.1 Catalya Hats: Pulling a Rabbit Out of the Hat or Coming Up Empty Handed? Skill Builders Chapter 3 • The Legal Environment The Legal Environment for HRM and a User’s Guide to Managing People The OUCH Test Guide Objective Uniform in Application Consistent in Effect Has Job Relatedness Major Employment Laws Equal Pay Act of 1963 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (CRA) Types of Discrimination Organizational Defenses Against Discrimination Charges Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) Vietnam Era Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974 (VEVRAA) Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 (PDA) Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), as Amended in 2008 Civil Rights Act of 1991 Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA) Veterans Benefits Improvement Act of 2004 (VBIA) Title II of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 (LLFPA) Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) What Does the EEOC Do? Other EEOC Enforcement Actions Employee Rights Under the EEOC Employer Rights and Prohibitions Retaliation Constructive Damage
- 23. 21 HR Leadership Sexual Harassment Types of Sexual Harassment Quid Pro Quo Harassment Hostile Work Environment What Constitutes Sexual Harassment? Filing Complaints and HR’s Response Is It Really Sexual Harassment? HR Disciplinary Action and Cover-ups Reducing Organizational Risk From Sexual Harassment Lawsuits Religious Discrimination Trends and Issues in HRM Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination Technology May Create Dangers in Equal Opportunity and Diversity Management Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 3.1 When Religion Is on the Agenda Skill Builders Part II • Staffing Chapter 4 • Workforce Planning: Job Analysis, Design, and Employment Forecasting Workforce Planning and Workflow Analysis Workflow Analysis Organizational Output Tasks and Inputs Job Analysis Why Do We Need to Analyze Jobs? Job Analysis Databases Job Analysis Methods Questionnaires Interviews Diaries Observation Outcomes: Job Description and Job Specification
- 24. 22 Job Design/Redesign Organizational Structure and Job Design Approaches to Job Design and Redesign The Job Characteristics Model (JCM) Designing Motivational Jobs Job Simplification Job Expansion Job Rotation Job Enlargement Job Enrichment Flexible Job Design HR Forecasting Reliability Validity Forecasting Methods Quantitative Forecasting Qualitative Forecasting Methods for Reconciling a Labor Surplus Downsizing and Layoffs Pay Reduction Work Sharing Natural Attrition Hiring Freezes Retraining and Transfers Early Retirement Methods for Reconciling a Labor Shortage Overtime Temporary or Contract Workers Technological Innovation Retraining Workers Outsourcing Turnover Reduction New Hires Trends and Issues in HRM Gig Work and the Agile Workforce Automation at Work Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills
- 25. 23 Case 4.1 Walmart’s Everyday Hiring Strategy: Fueling Future Consumer Demand With Passion and Talent Skill Builders Chapter 5 • Recruiting Job Candidates The Recruiting Process External Forces Acting on Recruiting Efforts The Labor Market Social and Legal Environment Organizational Recruiting Considerations What Policies to Set When to Recruit Alternatives to Recruitment Reach of the Recruiting Effort The Technology Recruiting Revolution Issues With Technology Recruiting Internal or External Recruiting? Internal Recruiting Advantages and Disadvantages of Internal Recruiting External Recruiting Walk-ins Educational Institutions Employment Agencies Advertising Advantages and Disadvantages of External Recruiting Challenges and Constraints in Recruiting Budgetary Constraints Policy Constraints and Organizational Image Job Characteristics The Recruiter–Candidate Interaction and the Realistic Job Preview (RJP) Evaluation of Recruiting Programs Yield Ratio Cost per Hire Number of Hires Time Required to Hire New Hire Turnover New Hire Performance
- 26. 24 Trends and Issues in HRM Millennial Versus Generation Z: Aren’t They All the Same? Look for Grit, Not Just Talent Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 5.1 Trying to Build When Nobody Wants to Work Skill Builders Chapter 6 • Selecting New Employees The Selection Process The Importance of the Selection Process Bad Hires Cost Time and Money Bad Hires Result in Lower Productivity Bad Hires Can Be Negligent Hires Steps in the Selection Process Looking for “Fit” Personality-Job Fit Ability-Job Fit Person-Organization Fit Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures What Qualifies as an Employment Test? Valid and Reliable Measures Criterion-Related Validity Content Validity Construct Validity Reliability The Relationship Between Reliability and Validity Applications and Preliminary Screening Applications and Résumés Pre-employment Inquiries Testing and Legal Issues The EEOC and Employment Testing Polygraphs and Genetic Testing Genetic Testing Written Testing
- 27. 25 Skills Tests Personality and Interest Tests Cognitive Ability Tests Honesty or Integrity Tests Physical Testing Physical Skills Tests Physical Exams Drug Testing Fitness-for-Duty Testing To Test or Not to Test Selection Interviews Interviewing Types of Interviews and Questions Types of Interviews Types of Questions Preparing for and Conducting the Interview Background Checks Credit Checks Criminal Background Checks Reference Checks Social Media and Web Searches Selecting the Candidate and Offering the Job Hiring Trends and Issues in HRM Federal Regulation Limits Selection Testing The Global Workforce and Immigration Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 6.1 A Kink in Links of London’s Selection Process Skill Builders Part III • Developing and Managing Chapter 7 • Training, Learning, Talent Management, and Development The Need for Training and Development Training and Development When Is Training Needed? New Employee Onboarding
- 28. 26 New Job Requirements or Processes Remediation Employee Development for Advancement The Training Process and Needs Assessment Steps in the Training Process Interrelationship of the Training Process Steps Needs Assessment Employee Readiness Ability Willingness Learning and Shaping Behavior Learning Learning Theories Shaping Behavior Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Punishment Extinction Shaping (Changing) Behavior Increasing Targeted Behavior Decreasing Targeted Behavior Design and Delivery of Training On-the-Job Training (OJT) Classroom Training Distance or E-Learning Microlearning Simulations Assessing Training Assessment Methods Talent Management and Development Careers Common Methods of Employee Development Outsourcing Formal Education Experience Employment Assessment A Model of Career Development Consequences Exploration Establishment
- 29. 27 Maintenance Disengagement Trends and Issues in HRM Gamification—A Phoenix Rising? The Corporate Learning Imperative Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 7.1 Doing Crunches at Nestlé: Continuous Improvement of Human Assets Skill Builders Chapter 8 • Performance Management and Appraisal Performance Management Systems Is It Time to Delete the Annual Appraisal Process? Performance Management Versus Performance Appraisal The Performance Appraisal Process Accurate Performance Measures You Get What You Reinforce Valid and Reliable Acceptable and Feasible Specific Based on the Mission and Objectives Why Do We Conduct Performance Appraisals? Communication (Informing) Decision Making (Evaluating) Motivation (Engaging) What Do We Assess? Trait Appraisals Give Traits the OUCH Test Should We Measure Traits? Behavioral Appraisals Give Behavior the OUCH Test Should We Measure Behavior? Results Appraisals Give Results the OUCH Test Should We Measure Results? How Do We Use Appraisal Methods and Forms?
- 30. 28 Critical Incidents Method Management by Objectives (MBO) Method Step 1: Set Individual Objectives and Plans Step 2: Give Feedback and Continually Evaluate Performance Step 3: Reward According to Performance Narrative Method or Form Graphic Rating Scale Form Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS) Form Ranking Method Which Option Is Best? Who Should Assess Performance? Supervisor Problems With Supervisor Evaluations Avoiding Supervisor Review Problems Peers Problems With Peer Reviews Avoiding Peer Review Problems Subordinates Problems With Subordinate Reviews Avoiding Subordinate Review Problems Self Problems With Self-Assessments Avoiding Self-Assessment Problems Customers Problems With Customer Assessments Avoiding Customer Assessment Problems 360-Degree Evaluations Problems With 360-Degree Evaluations Avoiding 360-Degree Evaluation Problems Performance Appraisal Problems Common Problems Within the Performance Appraisal Process Bias Stereotyping Halo Error Distributional Errors Similarity Error Proximity Error
- 31. 29 Recency Error Contrast Error Avoiding Performance Appraisal Process Problems Develop Accurate Performance Measures Use Multiple Criteria Minimize the Use of Trait-Based Evaluations Give the Measures the OUCH Test Train Evaluators Use Multiple Raters Effective Ongoing Coaching Debriefing the Appraisal The Evaluative Performance Appraisal Interview Conducting an Evaluative Interview The Developmental Performance Appraisal Interview Conducting a Developmental Interview Being Evaluated Trends and Issues in HRM Building Engagement Through Performance Management Electronic Performance Monitoring Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 8.1 Not Spilling the Beans at Jelly Belly: Developing a More Accurate Performance Appraisal System Skill Builders Chapter 9 • Employee Rights and Labor Relations Managing and Leading Your Workforce Trust and Communication Listening Skills Job Satisfaction Measuring Job Satisfaction The Faces Scale of Job Satisfaction Measurement
- 32. 30 The Questionnaire Job Satisfaction Measurement Pulse Surveys Determinants of Job Satisfaction Commonly Accepted Employee Rights Right of Free Consent Right to Due Process Right to Life and Safety Right of Freedom of Conscience (Limited) Right to Privacy (Limited) Right to Free Speech (Limited) Management Rights Codes of Conduct Employment-at-Will Coaching, Counseling, and Discipline Coaching The Coaching Model Management Counseling Problem Employees Disciplining Just Cause Guidelines for Effective Discipline Progressive Discipline The Discipline Model Causes of Immediate Termination Legal Issues in Labor Relations The Railway Labor Act (RLA) of 1926 The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935 (Wagner Act) The Labor Management Relations Act (LMRA) of 1947 (Taft-Hartley Act) The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 (WARN Act) Unions and Labor Rights Union Organizing The No TIPS Rules Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining Grievances Decertification Elections Trends and Issues in HRM
- 33. 31 Good Feedback Makes a Good Manager Social Media and the Web Continue to Create Managerial Nightmares Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 9.1 Willful Violation, or a Problem That Can Be Corrected? Skill Builders Part IV • Compensating Chapter 10 • Compensation Management Compensation Management The Compensation System Types of Compensation Motivation and Compensation Planning Expectancy Theory Equity Theory Compensation Strategy Ability to Pay At, Above, or Below the Market? What Types of Compensation? Pay for Performance or Pay for Longevity? Skill-Based or Competency-Based Pay? Wage Compression Pay Secrecy Legal and Fairness Issues in Compensation Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (Amended) Minimum Wage Exempt or Nonexempt Overtime Child Labor Employee Misclassification Under the FLSA Pay Equity and Comparable Worth Other Legal Issues Job Evaluation External Versus Internal Methods Job Ranking Method Point-Factor Method
- 34. 32 Factor Comparison Method Developing a Pay System Job Structure and Pay Levels Creation of Pay Levels Product Market Competition and Labor Market Competition Benchmarking Pay Survey Data Pay Structure Delayering and Broadbanding Trends and Issues in HRM Designation of Independent Contractors Continues to Be an Issue The Stubborn Gender Wage Gap—Can It Be Fixed? Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 10.1 Discounting Everything but Compensation at Costco Skill Builders Chapter 11 • Employee Incentives and Benefits The Strategic Value of Incentives and Benefits Individual Incentives, or Variable Pay Advantages and Disadvantages of Individual Incentives Individual Incentive Options Bonus Commissions Merit Pay Piecework Plans Standard Hour Plans Group Incentives Advantages and Disadvantages of Group Incentives Group Incentive Options Profit Sharing Plans Gainsharing Plans Employee Stock Plans Executive Compensation
- 35. 33 The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 Shareholder “Say on Pay” and “Golden Parachute” Votes Executive Compensation Ratios Executive Incentives Statutory Benefits Social Security and Medicare Retirement Disability and Survivor Benefits Medicare Workers’ Compensation Unemployment Insurance Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) The Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) Statutory Requirements When Providing Certain Voluntary Benefits Consolidated Omnibus Budget and Reconciliation Act of 1985 (COBRA) Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) Eligibility Vesting Portability Fiduciary Responsibility PBGC Voluntary Benefits Group Health Insurance Traditional Plans (Also Called Fee-for- Service) Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs) Health or Medical Savings Accounts (HSAs/MSAs) and Health Reimbursement Accounts (HRAs) High-Deductible Health Plan (HDHP) Retirement Benefits
- 36. 34 Defined Benefit Versus Defined Contribution Plans Shift From Defined Benefit to Defined Contribution Plans 401(k) Plans IRAs and Roth IRAs Paid Time Off Vacation or Annual Leave Sick Leave Holiday Pay Paid Personal Leave Other Employee Benefits Employee Insurance Options Employee Services Flexible Benefit (Cafeteria) Plans Modular Plans Core-Plus Plans Full-Choice Plans Trends and Issues in HRM Does Incentive Pay Actually Improve Performance? Benefits for Domestic Partners Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 11.1 Best Buy or Best Scam? Trying to Get Commission Results on So-Called Non-Commission Pay Skill Builders Part V • Protecting and Expanding Organizational Outreach Chapter 12 • Workplace Safety, Health, and Security Workplace Safety and OSHA The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) What Does OSHA Do?
- 37. 35 Employer and Employee Rights and Responsibilities Under OSHA Employer Rights Employee Rights Hazard Communication Standards Violations, Citations, and Penalties National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Employee Health Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) and Employee Wellness Programs (EWPs) EAPs EWPs Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) Safety and Health Management and Training Stress Functional and Dysfunctional Stress Functional Stress Dysfunctional Stress Causes of Stress Negative Consequences of Dysfunctional Stress Stress Management Time Management Relaxation Nutrition Exercise Positive Thinking Support Network Cut Back Smart Phone Checking The Stress Tug-of-War Workplace Security Cyber Security Workplace Violence Signs of Potential Violence Organizational Prevention of Violence Social Media for Workplace Safety and Security Employee Selection and Screening
- 38. 36 General Security Policies, Including Business Continuity and Recovery Trends and Issues in HRM OSHA Changes Rules on Post-Incident Drug Testing eDocAmerica—Health and Wellness Online Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 12.1 You Are Not Hurt? Good—You’re Fired! Skill Builders Chapter 13 • Ethics, Sustainability, Diversity, and Inclusion Ethical Organizations Corporate Philanthropy—Ethics Defined Contributing Factors to Unethical Behavior Personality Traits and Attitudes Moral Development The Situation Justification of Unethical Behavior Ethical Approaches Golden Rule Four-Way Test Stakeholders’ Approach to Ethics Discernment and Advice Codes of Ethics Creating and Maintaining Ethical Organizations Authority Responsibility Accountability Managers Face Ethical Questions on a Daily Basis Bribery Corrupt Payments to Government Officials Employment and Personnel Issues Marketing Practices Impact on the Economy and Environment Employee and Customer Privacy Diversity and Inclusion
- 39. 37 Equal Employment Opportunity and Affirmative Action Executive Order 11246 Defined Federal Contractor Federal Court Orders for Affirmative Action Programs Reverse Discrimination Diversity and Inclusion in the Workforce Demographic Diversity Benefits of a Diverse and Inclusive Workforce Creativity and Innovation Challenges to Diversity and Inclusion Managing Diversity Inclusive Equal Opportunity for All Diversity Recruiting and Promoting Diversity Training Mentor Programs Network Diversity Groups Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) CSR Defined The Business Case for CSR Stakeholders, Laws, and CSR Levels of Corporate Social Responsibility Sustainability HR and Organizational Sustainability Sustainability Practices and Green Companies The Need for Management Commitment Sustainability Training The Sustainable Organization Trends and Issues in HRM Sustainability-Based Benefits Does Diversity Training Work? Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 13.1 CEO Compensation: Do They Deserve Rock Star Pay?
- 40. 38 Skill Builders Chapter 14 • Global Issues for Human Resource Managers Globalization of Business and Human Resource Management Reasons for Business Globalization Find New Customers Declining Barriers of Distance and Culture The Global Village Declining Trade Barriers and the WTO The Rise of Trade Blocs To Remain Competitive! Is HRM Different in Global Firms? Legal, Ethical, and Cultural Issues International Labor Laws U.S. Law National Culture Cultural Differences and Management Hofstede’s Model of National Culture Global Staffing Skills and Traits for Global Managers Staffing Choice: Home-, Host-, or Third-Country Employees Outsourcing as an Alternative to International Expansion Developing and Managing Global Human Resources Recruiting and Selection Expatriate Training and Preparation Cultural Training Communication Training Repatriation After Foreign Assignments Compensating Your Global Workforce Pay Balance Sheet Approach Split-Pay Approach Other Approaches Incentives in Global Firms Benefit Programs Around the World Trends and Issues in HRM Globalization of Business Continues as a Trend!
- 41. 39 The Worldwide Labor Environment Brazil South Korea Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 14.1 The Great Singapore Sale at Jurong Point: Finding and Retaining Bargain Employees Skill Builders Glossary Notes Index
- 42. Exploring the Variety of Random Documents with Different Content
- 43. covering that will not protect or hide us from the wrath of the Almighty, when he comes to judgment. It is not a man’s natural temper, or his education, that makes him a good Christian; this is not the righteousness which the gospel calls for, nor is this the truth in the inward parts which God requires. The heart and affections must be cleansed and purified before we can be acceptable to God; therefore it was death to me to think of taking up my rest in a formal pretence of holiness, wherein yet I saw to my grief, abundance of people wrapped themselves, slept securely and quietly; dreaming of the felicity of paradise, as if heaven were now their own, and they needed not trouble themselves any more about religion. I could not entertain so dangerous an opinion as this, for then I should be tempted to take up my rest by the way, whilst I was travelling towards the promised land. I think I made a little progress in a holy life, and through God’s assistance I weakened some of my spiritual enemies, whilst I lived in the communion of the national church. I thank my God, I can truly say, whilst I used those prayers, I did it with zeal and sincerity, in his fear and dread; but still I ceased not my earnest supplication to him in private, that he would show me something more excellent; that I might get a complete victory over all my lusts and passions, and might perfect righteousness before him; for I found a great many sins and weaknesses daily attending me: and though I made frequent resolutions to forsake those sins, yet still the temptation was too strong for me; so that often I had cause to complain with the apostle in the bitterness of my soul, “O wretched man that I am, who shall deliver me from the body of this death?” Who shall set me free, and give me strength to triumph over sin, the world, and the devil: that I may in every thing please God, and there may not be the least thought, word, or motion, gesture or action, but what is exactly agreeable to his most holy will, as if I saw him standing before me, and as if I were to be judged by him for the thought of my heart next moment? O divine life! O seraphic soul! O that I could always stand here; for here is no reflection, no sorrow, no repentance: but at God’s right hand there is
- 44. perfect peace, and a river of unspeakable joy. O that we might imitate the life of Jesus, and be thoroughly furnished unto every good word and work. This was the frequent breathing of my soul to God when I was in the country, but more especially after I had left my new preferment of a chaplain, and took private lodgings in London. In this retirement I hope I may say without boasting, that I was very devout and religious, and I found great comfort and refreshment in it from the Lord, who let me see the beauty of holiness; and the sweetness that arises from an humbled, mortified life, was then very pleasant to my taste, and I rejoiced in it more than in all the delights and pleasures of the world. ‘And now it pleased God to show me, that if I would indeed live strictly and holily as becomes the gospel, then I must leave the communion of the church of England; but knew not yet which way to determine myself, nor to what body of men I should join, who were more orthodox and more regular in their lives. As for the Quakers, so called, I was so great a stranger to them, that I had never read any of their books, nor do I remember that ever I conversed with any one man of that communion in my whole life. I think there was one in Foxly, whilst I was curate there; but I never saw the man, though I went several times to his house on purpose to talk with him, and to bring him off from his mad and wild enthusiasm, as I then ignorantly thought it to be. As for that way, I knew it was every where spoken against. He that had a mind to appear more witty and ingenious than the rest, would choose this for the subject of his profane jests and drollery; with this he makes sport, and diverts the company; for a Quaker is but another name for a fool or a mad man, and was scarce ever mentioned but with scorn and contempt. As for drollery, I confess I was never any great friend to it; but indeed if all was true that was laid to the Quakers’ charge, I thought they were some of the worst people that ever appeared in the world, and wondered with what face they could call themselves Christians; since I was told they denied the fundamental articles of the holy faith, to which I ever bore the highest veneration and esteem; and
- 45. notwithstanding I had always lived at the greatest distance from that people, and was very zealous in the worship of the church of England, and upon all occasions would speak very honourably of it, moreover was content to suffer some few inconveniencies upon that account, as thou very well knowest; yet my father still looked upon me as inclining to the Quakers; and some years ago signified to a friend, he was afraid I would become an enthusiast; and whilst I was at Bungan school, he sent me two books to read that were written against the Quakers, one of which was John Faldo’s: who had been sufficiently exposed for it by William Penn. ‘Whilst I lived in London in that private retired manner, I was just now speaking of walking very humbly in the sight of God, and having opportunity to reflect upon my past life, as I had occasion to be one day at a bookseller’s shop, I happened to cast my eye on Barclay’s works: and having heard in the country, that he was a man of great account amongst the Quakers, I had a mind to see what their principles were, and what defence they could make for themselves; for sure, thought I, these people are not so silly and ridiculous; nor maintainers of such horrid opinions, as the author of the Snake, and some others would make us believe. I took Barclay home with me, and I read him through in a week’s time, save a little treatise at the end, which I found to be very philosophical, I omitted; but however, I soon read enough to convince me of my own blindness and ignorance in the things of God; there I found a light to break in upon my mind, which did mightily refresh and comfort me, in that poor, low, and humbled state, in which I then was; for indeed I was then, and had been for a considerable time before, very hungry and thirsty after righteousness, and therefore I received the truth with all readiness of mind: it was like balm to my soul, and as showers of rain to the thirsty earth, which is parched with heat and drought. This author laid things down so plainly, and proved them with such ingenuity and dexterity of learning, and opened the Scriptures so clearly to me, that without standing to cavil, dispute, raise argument or objection, or consulting with flesh and
- 46. blood, I presently resigned myself to God; and weeping for joy that I had found so great a treasure, I often thanked him with tears in my eyes for so kind a visitation of his love, that he was graciously pleased to look toward me when my soul cried after him; so, though before I was in great doubt and trouble of mind, not knowing which way to determine myself, yet now the sun breaking out so powerfully upon me, the clouds were scattered: I was now fully satisfied in my own mind which way I ought to go, and to what body of people I should join myself. ‘So I immediately left the communion of the church of England, and went to Gracechurch-street meeting. After I had read Barclay, I read some other books of that kind, among which was an excellent piece, though in a small volume, called No Cross No Crown. Thus I continued reading and frequenting meetings for several weeks together, but did not let any one soul know what I was about. The first man I conversed with was George Whitehead, and this was several weeks after I began to read Barclay, and frequent their meetings. By him I was introduced into more acquaintance, and still the further I went, the more I liked their plainness, and the decency and simplicity of their conversation. They do not use the ceremonies and salutations of the church of England, but shake hands freely, and converse together as brothers and sisters, that are sprung of the same royal seed, and made kings and priests unto God. O, the love, the sweetness and tenderness, and affection, I have seen among this people! “By this,” says Christ, “shall all men know that ye are my disciples, if ye have love one to another.” “Put on therefore,” says the apostle, “(as the elect of God, holy and beloved,) bowels of mercy, kindness, humbleness of mind, meekness, long- suffering.” ‘Thus, my dear friend, I have given thee an account of my proceeding on this affair. As to my bodily state, if thou desirest to know what it is, I may acquaint thee that I have my health, as well as ever, and I bless God I have food and raiment sufficient for me, so that I want no outward thing; and I have the
- 47. necessities and conveniencies of life liberally: let us not burden ourselves with taking care for the vanities and superfluities of it; let us possess our vessels in sanctification and honour; and as we bring our minds into perfect subjection to the whole will of God, so let us bring our body to the most simple and natural way of living; being content with the fewest things, never studying to gratify our wanton appetites, nor to follow the customs and humours of men; but how we may so contract our earthly cares and pleasures, that we may bring most glory to God, most health and peace to our own souls, and do most service to the truth; and if this be our aim, certainly a very small portion of the things of this world will suffice us, seeing we are Christians; we should therefore earnestly pursue those things which bring us nearest to God, and which are most perfective of human nature: for what is more than a competency, seems to be a burden to a generous philosophical soul, which would breathe in a pure vehicle, that so it may have a quick sense and relish of all blessings, both of the superior and inferior worlds. ‘Thou knowest, my dear friend, that religion is a very serious thing, and repentance is a great work, and one precious immortal soul is of more worth than ten thousand perishing worlds, with all their pomp and glory; therefore let us take courage, and be valiant for the truth upon the earth, let us not content ourselves with a name and profession of godliness, let us come to the life and power of it, let us not despond of getting the victory. We have a little strength for God: let us be faithful to him, and he will give us more strength, so that we shall see the enemy of our peace fall before us, and nothing shall be impossible unto us: I say, my friend, let us be faithful to that measure of light and knowledge which God has given us, to be profited and edified by it in a spiritual life, and as God sees we are diligent and faithful to work with the strength we have, he will more and more enlighten us, so that we shall see to the end of those forms and shadows of religion wherein we had formerly lived; but if he sees we are about to take up our rest in those shadows, that we grow
- 48. cold and indifferent in the pursuit of holiness, running out into notions and speculations; and have more mind to dispute, and to make a show of learning and subtilty, than to lead a holy and devout life, then it is just with God to leave us in a carnal and polluted state; to continue yet but in the outward court, where we may please ourselves with beholding the beauty and ornaments of a worldly sanctuary, and never witness the veil being taken away, and that we are brought by the blood of Jesus, into the holiest of all, where alone there is true peace with God, and rest to the weary soul. I could say much upon this head, if time or leisure would give leave. ‘As for a particular answer to thy letter, I have not time now to give it; and for the present let this general answer suffice: and if thou wilt consider things in their pure abstracted nature, and not suffer the prejudice of education to sway thee, but in fear and humility wilt search out the truth for thyself, thou wilt find that there needs no other answer to thy letter than what I have already given; for by waiting upon God, and diligently seeking him, thou wilt find an answer to it in thy own bosom, and this will be much more full, clear, and satisfactory than I, or any other man living can pretend to give thee, or any other friend who hath lovingly written to me; for whom I desire, with all the sincere- hearted in the church of England, that they may come to witness the Almighty power of God, to save and redeem them from every yoke; and that they may see clearly to the end of those things which are abolished, and come to the enjoyment of spiritual and heavenly things themselves, is the daily prayer and deep travail of my soul, God knoweth. Till I can be more particular, if thou please thou mayest communicate this to them, and let them know that I am well, and thank them for their kind letters. Let us remember to pray for one another with all fervency, that we may stand perfect in the whole will of God, Amen, saith my soul. I am thy most affectionate friend and servant in Jesus, SAMUEL CRISP.’
- 49. The following letter, or account of one Evan Jevans, is also remarkable.
- 50. ‘Since it hath pleased the divine goodness to endue me with reason, I heartily thank his most excellent Majesty: that it has been the further product of his good will to give me life and being in that part of the world, where I have had the freedom to use it; especially in the choice of my persuasion, and way of returning my acknowledgment to him. I wish that all, who make any pretensions to religion, would make use of this noble faculty with subjection to the divine will to determine their choice in this grand affair; and not let the religion of their education be that of their judgment. If people were thus truly wise unto their own salvation, and did not too lazily resign themselves to the conduct of their guides, thereby regarding more their ease than safety, they would not only be the better able to give a reason of the hope that is in them, but they would show more warmth in their devotion, more charity in their religion, and more piety in their conversation than at present they do. ‘When I was visited some time ago by the chastising hand of the Lord, for sin and my disobedience to his holy will, I laboured under great affliction of mind, and anguish of spirit; and though I was constant above many in my attendance on the public prayers of the church, strict in my observation of its ceremonies, and exceeding frequent in the use of private devotion, yet my burden increased, and I waxed worse. ‘In this wretched and doleful condition I was, when at a relation’s house, who had providentially returned from Pennsylvania to his native country, I lighted upon R. Barclay’s Apology for the Quakers; by the reading whereof I was so well persuaded of their principles, and by turning my mind inward to the divine gift, (according to their doctrine,) it gave me victory, in a great measure, over our common enemy, banished away my disorderly imaginations, and restored me to my former regularity; I received such satisfaction and comfort to my distressed soul, that thereupon I left the church of England, and joined myself in society with them; and I am the more confirmed in my change, especially where it respects the worship of our Creator; because
- 51. it is not only the most agreeable to the Scriptures of Truth, but heaven has given us assurance of its approbation thereof, it having been at times, to my own experience, most powerfully attended with the presence of the Most High. ‘I hope none will begrudge me this mercy, because I received it not by their ministry; if they do, I have cause to suspect their charity is not of a Christian latitude, since our blessed Redeemer approved not of that narrowness in his disciples in somewhat a like case. ‘But here to obviate the objection some may make to my change, because of the distress I lay under, and the discomposure I was subject to at times, I would have it remarked, that I read the said Apology beyond my expectation, with more sedateness than usual, and a more quiet composure of mind: so that with the influence of the Almighty, or Providence, or both, I had also the benefit of that distinguishing faculty of man in the change of my opinion. O that I may never forget the Lord’s mercy to my soul, who had compassion on me when I wallowed in my blood, and who said to the dry bones, Live. O that all such as are visited by the chastising hand of their Maker would seriously lay it to heart, and consider their own welfare and salvation; I could wish with all my heart, that such who labour under this anxiety of mind, would take encouragement to hope in the Lord’s mercy through their blessed Redeemer, by his kindness and long forbearance with me. I am a living monument of it now; and I hope I shall be so, while he affords me a being here. If these lines should come to the hands of any that are afflicted and distressed as I was, I have an effectual remedy, through mercy, to prescribe unto them. Turn your minds inward to the grace of God in your own hearts, refrain from your own imaginations, be still, and quietly resign yourselves to his holy will, so you shall find health to your souls, refreshment to your spirits, and the sweet consolation of the Lord in your own bosoms; you shall find your mourning turned to gladness, and your heaviness to joy; this has been my experience of the goodness of the Holy One of Israel, who
- 52. abhors sin and iniquity; therefore I recommend it to you, and I think this is no mistrusting of the cause, for they are the sick and wounded in spirit, not the whole, that need the physician. ‘As for renouncing the covenant, which I and every Christian ought to be under, of forsaking the devil and all his works, I am so far from entertaining one thought of neglecting that duty, that I think myself wholly obliged to observe it: and if I should affirm, that through the grace of God, and his assistance, (for otherwise I am satisfied I cannot do it,) the observation of it is possible, I can find no reason why it should be false doctrine in a Quaker, more than in a churchman. ‘As for deserting that church and ministry which the Son of God came down from heaven to establish, I am not conscious to myself thereof; for I say, Christ himself, is the head of our church, and, by his Spirit and grace, the ordainer of our ministry. ‘And as to the last query, my ingenious acquaintance is pleased to propose, I do let him know, that my former despair and forlorn condition has been, since my adhering to that reproached people, changed into a sweet enjoyment of the goodness of God. I could not conceal the Lord’s goodness, lest he should withdraw his mercies from me. ‘I had no secular interest to corrupt me in this change. It is apparent to many, I declined it; but as it was peace with God my Maker, and mercy to my soul I wanted; so having found the pearl of great price, among them, I parted with all to purchase it; or rather, I was restored to all, I mean, the enjoyment of the divine goodness, and of myself, by setting a due value upon it.’ From this account it appears, that the writer thereof aimed at nothing in his change of religion, but the quietness of his mind, and the salvation of his soul.
- 53. 1710-1712. Now I am to mention, that the queen, in the year 1710, in her speech to the parliament, having again declared that she would maintain the toleration and liberty of conscience, was addressed by many; wherefore the people called Quakers esteemed it their duty to show also their grateful acknowledgment of this favour, which they did by the following address. To Queen ANNE, of Great Britain, &c. The humble and thankful Address of the Queen’s Protestant subjects, the people called Quakers, in and about the city of London, on behalf of themselves, and the rest of their persuasion. ‘When we consider the queen’s royal regard to protect our religious liberty, and the fresh assurance from the throne, of her Christian resolution to maintain the indulgence by law allowed to scrupulous consciences, and her tender care that the same may be transmitted to posterity in the Protestant succession in the house of Hanover, we find ourselves concerned gratefully to acknowledge her goodness therein, and the ready concurrence of her great council therewith: taking this occasion to assure the queen of our duty and affection, and peaceable behaviour under her government, as is our principle, and hath always been our practice. ‘And we heartily desire our fellow-subjects may lay aside all animosities, and in a spirit of love and meekness, endeavour to outdo each other in virtue and universal charity. ‘That it may graciously please Almighty God to defend and bless thee, O queen, and guide thee by his counsel in a long and prosperous reign here, and afterwards receive thee to glory, is the hearty prayer of thy faithful subjects.’
- 54. To this address the Queen was pleased to answer: ‘I thank you for your address, and ye may depend upon my protection.’ The animosities mentioned in this address, did regard the division, which having been a good while among the subjects, began to increase as many thought by the change of the ministry. But this being out of my province, I will not meddle with it. In the year 1712, died Richard Cromwell, the son of Oliver the protector, about the age of ninety years. Great changes this man had seen, having himself been the supreme ruler of England, as hath been mentioned in due place.
- 55. 1713. Although I do not intend to relate much more of any occurrences, because I hasten towards a conclusion, yet I think it worth the while to add the following case: In the year 1713, in the spring, there was a suit at law, on the act against Occasional Conformity. It happened that one John Penry, a justice of peace of Allborough, in the county of Suffolk, going to the parish church, understood by the way, that no service was to be done there at that time; but hearing that there was a Quakers’ meeting there, he went to it. One Wall, the bailiff of the place, being informed thereof, imagined that the said justice might not go there, because of the aforesaid act, and therefore thinking that something might be gained by it, got witnesses to declare that the said justice had been in the meeting; and said afterwards in a boasting way to him, ‘Now I have hooked you.’ To which the other replied, ‘I will stand to it’ The bailiff then entered his suit in the name of one that lived thereabouts by charity. When the case was pleaded at the sessions, the judge, who was baron Salathiel Lovel, declared the meaning of the forementioned act to be thus, viz. That it did not regard any who accidentally went into a meeting of dissenters; but that it was against those who conformed with the church, thereby to qualify themselves for an office, without changing their religion. But this was quite another case; for the priest of the parish himself gave a certificate that the said justice was a good member of the church. From hence it appeared that the suit was mere malice; and the informers, or witnesses, were brought to that pinch, that they durst not expect the verdict of the jury, for fear that they should have been condemned to pay the charges, and therefore they let the thing fall. Being now entered into this year, I cannot omit to say, that a peace between England and France being concluded, and the subjects from all parts of the nation congratulating the queen with addresses,
- 56. the Quakers did not omit also to present an address; being as follows: To ANNE, Queen of Great Britain, &c. The humble Address of her Protestant dissenting subjects, called Quakers, met at our annual meeting in London, the 3d day of the Fourth month, called June, 1713. ‘May it please the Queen, ‘We having been sorrowfully affected at the calamity which war brought on Europe, cannot omit to express our satisfaction and gladness for the queen’s great care, and Christian concern, for establishing so long desired a peace. ‘We are also under a dutiful sense of the queen’s gracious government and compassion manifested towards tender consciences at home, as well as noble and Christian interposition, in favour of persecuted Protestants abroad. ‘And further crave leave to assure the queen, that we shall, as in duty bound, approve ourselves, in all humility and faithfulness, the queen’s obedient subjects; and though but a small part of those that enjoy, under thy mild government, protection in religion and civil liberties, we cannot but earnestly pray for, and desire the quiet and safety of our country; which evidently appears to be the queen’s care to establish, in having done so much for securing the protestant interest, and maintaining perfect friendship with the house of Hanover. That it may please Almighty God in his mercy and goodness to assist with his wisdom the queen, in all her councils, and give her long to enjoy the quiet fruit of lasting peace in this life, and in that which is to come, joy and peace everlasting, is our hearty and fervent prayer.’ This address, which chiefly contained an assurance of fidelity to the queen, was accepted favourably.
- 57. 1714. The next year, being that of 1714, the queen was often ill, and there was much division among the people: for a bill was brought into parliament called, An Act to prevent the growth of Schism; and the party that prevailed was very active to get this bill passed. And since it tended to deprive the dissenters from keeping schools, and to allow that liberty to none but members of the episcopal church, or at least to nobody but who had license from them, it met with great opposition, and many reasons against it were published; the people called Quakers offered also to the legislature the following reasons against it:
- 58. I. The church of England hath frequently declared, by several of her members, in a clerical, as well as civil capacity, by those who framed and espoused one or more of the bills against occasional conformity, that she is in principle against persecution, and for preserving the toleration. II. The promoters of this bill may please to remember, that the queen hath declared from the throne, that she will maintain the toleration inviolable. III. The Protestant subjects of this kingdom, who are parents of children, are supposed to have preserved to them, by the fundamental laws of this kingdom, the natural right of the care and direction of the education of their own children; which natural right this bill seems calculated to take away and destroy. IV. If the governments, which are now either heathen or Mahometan, should take into the same policy, the society which the queen hath incorporated for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts, can have very little, if any, good effect or success. V. May it not seem an objection and contradiction to the many princely and Christian solicitations which the queen by ministers hath made at foreign courts, on the behalf of Protestants, against the violent intrusions of Papists, into their rights and just privileges? VI. It may be a means to oblige the carrying out of large sums of money for foreign education. VII. It may probably do much hurt to charitable foundations. VIII. It seems not to be agreeable to that great law of Christ, Mat. vii. 12, “Therefore all things whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so to them; for this is the law and the prophets.” But whatever was objected, the said bill at length passed, and was confirmed with the royal assent, which gave occasion to the Quakers to add in the conclusion of the printed epistle of their annual
- 59. assembly at London, the following caution and exhortation: ‘There seems at present to hang over us a cloud, threatening a storm. Let us all watch and pray, and retire to our munition and strong hold in our spiritual rock and foundation which standeth sure; that our God may defend, help, and bless us as his peculiar people, to the end of our days and time here, and the full fruition of the heavenly kingdom and glory hereafter.’ About Midsummer this year died Sophia, widow and electoral princess of Brunswick Lunenburg, on whom the succession of the crown of Great Britain was settled. Scarce two months after her demise, queen Anne deceased, who after having languished a long time, at length was taken away by death on the first of August, the self-same day that the act against the growth of schism was to have taken effect. The same day George, prince elector of Brunswick Lunenburg, was proclaimed king of Great Britain; who some time after repairing to England, made his entry at London on the 20th of September. Not long after his arrival he declared in council, that he would maintain the toleration in favour of the Protestant dissenters. Hereupon many addresses of congratulation were presented to him, and on the third of October the people called Quakers also offered their address, which was delivered by George Whitehead, and about forty of his friends, introduced by the lord Townsend, one of the principal secretaries of state. The prince was not only present, but many of the nobles, and others also; and G. Whitehead presenting the address to the king, said, ‘We are come in behalf of the people called Quakers, to present to king George our address and acknowledgment: may it be favourably accepted.’ Being then presented, G. Whitehead said, ‘One of us may read it to the king.’ Whereupon he receiving it again, delivered it to Joseph Wyeth, who read it audibly, being as followeth:
- 60. To GEORGE, King of Great Britain, &c. The humble address of the people commonly called Quakers. ‘Great Prince, ‘It having pleased Almighty God to deprive these kingdoms of our late gracious queen, we do in great humility approach thy royal presence with hearts truly thankful to divine Providence for thy safe arrival, with the prince thy son, and for thy happy and uninterrupted accession to the crown of these realms; which, to the universal joy of thy faithful subjects, hath secured to thy people the Protestant succession, and dissipated the just apprehensions we were under, of losing those religious and civil liberties, which were granted us by law, in the reign of king William III. whose memory we mention with great gratitude and affection. We are also in duty obliged thankfully to acknowledge thy early and gracious declaration in council, wherein thou hast, in princely and Christian expressions, manifested thy just sense of the state of thy people, and which we hope will make all degrees of thy subjects easy. ‘And as it hath been our known principle to live peaceably under government, so we hope it will always be our practice, through God’s assistance, to approve ourselves of hearty affection, thy faithful and dutiful subjects. ‘May the wonderful Counsellor and great Preserver of men, guide the king by his divine wisdom; protect him by his power; give him health and length of days here, and eternal felicity hereafter. And so bless his royal offspring, that they may never fail to adorn the throne with a successor endowed with piety and virtue.’ To this address the king was pleased to give this gracious answer: ‘I am well satisfied with the marks of duty you express in your address, and you may be assured of my protection.’ The address being read, G. Whitehead spoke to this effect:
- 61. ‘Thou art welcome to us, king George; we heartily wish thee health and happiness, and thy son the prince also. King William III. was a happy instrument in putting a stop to persecution, by promoting toleration, which being intended for the uniting the king’s Protestant subjects in interest and affection, it hath so far that effect as to make them more kind to one another, even among the differing persuasions, than they were when persecution was on foot. We desire the king may have further knowledge of us and our innocency; and that to live a peaceable and quiet life in all godliness and honesty, under the king and his government, is according to our principle and practice.’ G. Whitehead having thus spoken, his name was asked; whereupon he answered, ‘George Whitehead.’ And having it upon his mind to see the prince also, and intimating his desire to a lord who was gentleman to the prince’s bed-chamber, he made way to it; and thus G. Whitehead, with some of his friends, got access; and they were introduced by one of the prince’s gentlemen into a chamber, where the prince met them; and then G. Whitehead spoke to him, the substance of which was as followeth:
- 62. ‘We take it as a favour that we are thus admitted to see the prince of Wales, and truly we are very glad to see thee; having delivered our address to the king, thy royal father, and being desirous to give thyself a visit in true love, we very heartily wish health and happiness to you both; and that if it should please God thou shouldest survive thy father, and come to the throne, thou mayest enjoy tranquillity and peace, &c. ‘I am persuaded, that if the king thy father, and thyself, do stand for the toleration for liberty of conscience to be kept inviolable, God will stand by you. ‘May king Solomon’s choice of wisdom be thy choice, with holy Job’s integrity and compassion to the oppressed; and the state of the righteous ruler commended by king David, viz. he that ruleth over men must be just, ruling in the fear of God; and he shall be as the light of the morning, when the sun riseth, even a morning without clouds, as the tender grass springing out of the earth by clear shining after rain.’ This speech was favourably heard by the prince. It was not long after the king’s coming over, that Dr. Gilbert Burnet, bishop of Salisbury, the renowned author of the History of the Reformation in England, died. He generally had showed himself moderate, and had written very plainly against persecution in matters of faith, especially in his ‘Apology for the Church of England,’ first printed in Holland in the year 1688, and afterwards also in England, wherein among other things, he said, ‘I will not deny, but many of the dissenters were put to great hardships in many parts of England; I cannot deny it, and I am sure I will never justify it. And I will boldly say this, that if the church of England, after she is got out of this storm, will return to hearken to the peevishness of some sour men, she will be abandoned both of God and man, and will set both heaven and earth against her.’
- 63. 1715. The year being come to an end, I go on to that of 1715. In the month called May, it was moved in parliament, that the term of the act for the Quakers’ solemn affirmation was almost expired; and thereupon it was resolved, that a bill should be brought in to prolong that said term; and on the 7th of the said month a bill was accordingly brought into the House of Commons, read the first time, and five days after the second time, and committed. And whereas the former act was limited to a term of years, this limitation was omitted now, and consequently the act was to be perpetual. The bill thus far advanced, was at length engrossed, and on the second of the month called June, after a third reading, passed in the House of Commons, and sent to the Lords, from whence it was sent back with this addition, that this favour should be extended also to the northern part of Great Britain, known by the name of Scotland, and to the plantations belonging to the crown of Great Britain for five years, for so far the former act had not reached, and to the end of next sessions of parliament. This amendment was agreed to by the House of Commons on the 13th of the said month, and on the last of that month was confirmed by the royal assent. Thus the Quakers were protected anew against the heavy shock which otherwise they might have expected on the refusal of an oath. King George on all occasions having shown himself favourable to them, they did not omit thankfully to acknowledge his kindness, as appears from the general epistle of their annual assembly, where they expressed their gratitude in these words:
- 64. ‘The Lord our God, who, for the sake of his heritage, hath often heretofore rebuked and limited the raging waves of the sea, hath, blessed be his name, mercifully dispersed the cloud threatening a storm, which lately seemed to hang over us; which, together with the favour God hath given us in the eyes of the king and the government, for the free enjoyment of our religious and civil liberties, call for true thankfulness to him. And humbly to pray to Almighty God for the king and those in authority, for his and their safety and defence, is certainly our Christian duty, as well as to walk inoffensively as a grateful people.’ Thus they signified their thankfulness for the favour they enjoyed; [112] and as they did now enjoy liberty, and quiet, so the other subjects were also maintained in their rights under a gentle government, so that none had cause to fear, who behaved themselves like peaceable subjects. And yet in many places in England were great convulsions and tumults; and some hot-headed clergymen were not a little instrumental therein; whereupon an open rebellion ensued, but the rebels were defeated near Preston by the king’s forces. [112] But seeing from the first grant of an affirmation instead of an oath, the form then obtained was not entirely such as was desired, and many were not easy therewith; they several times applied to the parliament for a more easy form, which at length, through the merciful providence of God, and the favour of king George and the parliament, was obtained in the latter end of the year 1721; the form now being, ‘I, A. B. do solemnly, sincerely, and truly declare and affirm,’ &c. Before I conclude this year, I am to say that the French king Lewis XIV. did not live to see the end of it, but on the first of September, N. S. after having long languished by a malignant distemper, died in the 77th year of his age; having before appointed his brother’s son, the duke of Orleans, regent of the kingdom of France.
- 65. 1716. This death seemed not a little to have altered the measures of the Pretender; nevertheless in the beginning of the year 1716, he came over from France to Scotland, in hopes to make an inroad from thence into England, but his attempt miscarried, and his forces were discomfited by those of the king. The common opinion was, that he chiefly relied on assistance from France; but that was denied him by that court, though he seemed to have reckoned upon it. He also lingered some time in Great Britain, after his forces were defeated; but seeing no way to invade the throne he aimed at, he returned at length to France, which kingdom he hath been fain to depart since, to the joy of many inhabitants of England; for it was thought that the rebels being deprived of their chief, the disturbance would be at an end. This rebellion being thus happily quenched, induced the inhabitants of Great Britain to congratulate the king with addresses; and these congratulations being become so general, the people called Quakers were not wanting to prepare also an address, to testify their loyalty; and to express their joy for the quelling of the rebellion; and therefore in their yearly meeting they drew up an address, which they presented to the king on the last day of the month called May, being introduced by the earl of Manchester, one of the gentlemen of the king’s bed-chamber, when G. Whitehead said in substance: That in their annual assembly held for the religious concerns of their society, endeavouring to promote and put in practice the duties of religion professed by them, the sense of the great deliverance had such a weight upon their minds, that they were willing to express it in an address to king George, whom God by his providence had brought hither and preserved, so that he could well say, he was George, by the grace of God, king of Great Britain, &c. And that as men carried that saying stamped on the money in their pockets, so it was to be wished it might be imprinted in the hearts of the subjects.
- 66. Hereupon the address was presented, and read to the king, being as followeth: