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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Lussier, Robert N., author. | Hendon, John R., author.
Title: Human resource management : functions, applications, and skill
development / Robert N. Lussier, Springfield College, USA, John Hendon.
Description: Third Edition. | Thousand Oaks : SAGE Publications, [2018] |
Revised edition of the authors’ Human resource management, [2016] |
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Human Resource Management: Functions, Applications, and Skill Development Robert N. Lussier
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- 12. Human Resource Management Functions, Applications, and Skill Development Third edition Robert N. Lussier Springfield College John R. Hendon University of Arkansas at Little Rock Los Angeles London New Delhi Singapore Washington DC Melbourne 9
- 13. Copyright © 2019 by SAGE Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. FOR INFORMATION: SAGE Publications, Inc. 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com SAGE Publications Ltd. 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London, EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt. Ltd. B 1/I 1 Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area Mathura Road, New Delhi 110 044 India SAGE Publications Asia-Pacific Pte. Ltd. 3 Church Street #10-04 Samsung Hub Singapore 049483 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Lussier, Robert N., author. | Hendon, John R., author. Title: Human resource management : functions, applications, and skill development / Robert N. Lussier, Springfield College, USA, John Hendon. Description: Third Edition. | Thousand Oaks : SAGE Publications, [2018] | Revised edition of the authors’ Human resource management, [2016] | 10
- 14. Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017038956 | ISBN 9781506360348 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Personnel management. Classification: LCC HF5549 .L825 2018 | DDC 658.3—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017038956 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Acquisitions Editor: Maggie Stanley Editorial Assistant: Alissa Nance Content Development Editor: Lauren Holmes Production Editor: Tracy Buyan Copy Editors: Ellen Howard, Kim Husband Typesetter: Hurix Systems Pvt. Ltd. Proofreader: Tricia Currie-Knight Indexer: Wendy Allex Cover & Interior Designer: Gail Buschman Marketing Manager: Amy Lammers 11
- 15. Brief Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Part I 21st Century Human Resource Management Strategic Planning and Legal Issues 1. The New Human Resource Management Process 2. Strategy-Driven Human Resource Management 3. The Legal Environment and Diversity Management Part II Staffing 4. Workforce Planning: Job Analysis, Design, and Employment Forecasting 5. Recruiting Job Candidates 6. Selecting New Employees Part III Developing and Managing 7. Learning and Development 8. Performance Management and Appraisal 9. Rights and Employee Management 10. Employee and Labor Relations Part IV Compensating 11. Compensation Management 12. Incentive Pay 13. Employee Benefits Part V Protecting and Expanding Organizational Reach 14. Workplace Safety, Health, and Security 15. Organizational Ethics, Sustainability, and Social Responsibility 16. Global Issues for Human Resource Managers Appendix: SHRM 2016 Curriculum Guidebook Glossary Notes Name Index Company Index Subject Index 12
- 16. Detailed Contents Preface Acknowledgments About the Authors Part I 21st Century Human Resource Management Strategic Planning and Legal Issues 1. The New Human Resource Management Process Practitioner’s Perspective Why Study Human Resource Management (HRM)? HRM Past and Present HRM in the Past Present View of HRM Technology’s Effect on Efficiency The Changing World of HRM New HRM Challenges Labor Demographics Knowledge Workers and the Pace of Change Understanding HR’s Critical Factors Critical Dependent Variables The Importance of Strategic HRM The Influence of Social Media HRM Skills Technical Skills Interpersonal Skills Conceptual and Design Skills Business Skills Line Managers’ HRM Responsibilities Line Versus Staff Management Major HR Responsibilities of Line Management HR Managers’ Responsibilities: Disciplines Within HRM The Legal Environment: EEO and Diversity Management Staffing Training and Development Employee Relations Labor and Industrial Relations Compensation and Benefits Safety and Security Ethics and Sustainability Resources for HRM Careers Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) 13
- 17. Other HR Organizations Professional Liability Practitioner’s Model for HRM The Model Sections of the Model Trends and Issues in HRM Employee Engagement Improves Productivity HRM and Organizational Agility Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 1-1 Ba-Zynga! Zynga Faces Trouble in FarmVille Case 1-2 Fracturing the Labor Market—Employment in the Oil Services Industry Skill Builder 1-1 Getting to Know You Skill Builder 1-2 Comparing HR Management Skills and HR Responsibilities 2. Strategy-Driven Human Resource Management Practitioner’s Perspective Strategy and Strategic Planning: The Organization and the Environment The External Environment Strategic Vision and Mission What Is Strategy? Visions and Missions Strategy Types and Analysis Types of Strategies How Strategy Affects HRM Strategic Analysis Designing a Strategy How HR Promotes Strategy Structure Basics of Organizational Structure How Does Structure Affect Employee Behavior? How Does Structure Affect HRM? Organizational Culture What Is Organizational Culture? How Culture Controls Employee Behavior in Organizations Social Media and Culture Management An Introduction to Data Analytics and HR Technology A Brief on Data Analytics HR Technology 14
- 18. Desired Outcomes Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS) What Are HRMS? How Do HRMS Assist in Making Decisions? Measurement Tools for Strategic HRM Economic Value Added (EVA) Return on Investment (ROI) Balanced Scorecard (BSC) HR Scorecard Trends and Issues in HRM Structure, Culture, and Technology Are Misaligned Continuing Globalization Increases the Need for Strategic HRM Planning Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 2-1 Catalya Hats: Pulling a Rabbit out of the Hat or Coming up Empty Handed? Case 2-2 Strategy-Driven HR Management: Netflix, A Behind-the- Scenes Look at Delivering Entertainment Skill Builder 2-1 Writing Objectives Skill Builder 2-2 Strategic Planning at Your College 3. The Legal Environment and Diversity Management Practitioner’s Perspective The Legal Environment for HRM and a User’s Guide to Managing People Protecting Your Organization The OUCH Test Objective Uniform in Application Consistent in Effect Has Job Relatedness Major Employment Laws Equal Pay Act of 1963 (EPA) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (CRA) Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) Vietnam Era Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974 (VEVRAA) Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 (PDA) Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), as Amended in 2008 15
- 19. Civil Rights Act of 1991 Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA) Veterans Benefits Improvement Act of 2004 (VBIA) Title II of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 (LLFPA) Immigration Laws Relating to Employment and Equal Opportunity Reminder: State and Local EEO Laws May Be Different Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) What Does the EEOC Do? Employee Rights Under the EEOC Employer Rights and Prohibitions EEO, Affirmative Action, and Diversity: What’s the Difference? Affirmative Action (AA) The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) Diversity in the Workforce Sexual Harassment: A Special Type of Discrimination Types of Sexual Harassment What Constitutes Sexual Harassment? Reducing Organizational Risk From Sexual Harassment Lawsuits Religious Discrimination Trends and Issues in HRM Technology May Create New Dangers in Equal Opportunity and Diversity Management Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Discrimination Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 3-1 You Can’t Get There From Here: Uber Slow on Diversity Case 3-2 When Religion Is on the Agenda Skill Builder 3-1 The Four-Fifths Rule Skill Builder 3-2 Diversity Training Part II Staffing 4. Workforce Planning: Job Analysis, Design, and Employment Forecasting Practitioner’s Perspective Workforce Planning: Workflow Analysis Organizational Output Tasks and Inputs Job Analysis 16
- 20. Why Do We Need to Analyze Jobs? Databases Job Analysis Methods Do We Really Have “Jobs” Anymore? Task or Competency Based? Outcomes: Job Description and Job Specification Job Design/Redesign Organizational Structure and Job Design Approaches to Job Design and Redesign The Job Characteristics Model (JCM) Applying the Job Characteristics Model (JCM) Designing Motivational Jobs Job Simplification Job Expansion Work Teams Flexible Job Design Job Design Is Country Specific HR Forecasting Forecasting Methods Measuring Absenteeism and Turnover Succession Planning Reconciling Internal Labor Supply and Demand Options for a Labor Surplus Options for a Labor Shortage Trends and Issues in HRM Gig Work and the Agile Workforce Automation at Work Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 4-1 Walmart’s Everyday Hiring Strategy: Fueling Future Consumer Demand With Passion and Talent Case 4-2 Gauging Employment at Honeywell Skill Builder 4-1 Job Analysis Skill Builder 4-2 Job Characteristics Model (JCM) Skill Builder 4-3 O*Net 5. Recruiting Job Candidates Practitioner’s Perspective The Recruiting Process Defining the Process External Forces Acting on Recruiting Efforts 17
- 21. Organizational Recruiting Considerations What Policies to Set When to Recruit Alternatives to Recruitment Reach of the Recruiting Effort Social Media and the Technology Recruiting Revolution Internal or External Recruiting? Internal Recruiting External Recruiting Challenges and Constraints in Recruiting Budgetary Constraints Policy Constraints and Organizational Image The Recruiter–Candidate Interaction Job Characteristics and the Realistic Job Preview (RJP) Evaluation of Recruiting Programs Yield Ratio Cost per Hire Time Required to Hire New Hire Turnover New Hire Performance Trends and Issues in HRM Millennial Versus Generation Z: Aren’t They All the Same? Look for Grit, Not Just Talent Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 5-1 Here a GM, There a GM, Everywhere a GM (or So They Thought!) Case 5-2 Trying to Build When Nobody Wants to Work Skill Builder 5-1 Online Job Search Skill Builder 5-2 Résumé 6. Selecting New Employees Practitioner’s Perspective The Selection Process The Importance of the Selection Process Steps in the Selection Process Looking for “Fit” Personality-Job Fit Ability-Job Fit Person-Organization Fit Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures 18
- 22. What Qualifies as an Employment Test? Valid and Reliable Measures Applications and Preliminary Screening Applications and Résumés Pre-Employment Inquiries State and Local Laws Vary! Testing and Legal Issues The EEOC and Employment Testing Polygraph Testing Genetic Testing Written Testing Physical Testing To Test or Not to Test Selection Interviews Interviewing Types of Interviews and Questions Preparing for the Interview Conducting the Interview Background Checks Credit Checks Criminal Background Checks Reference Checks Social Media and Web Searches Selecting the Candidate and Offering the Job Problems to Avoid During the Selection Process Hiring Trends and Issues in HRM Federal Regulation Limits Selection Testing The Global Workforce and Immigration Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 6-1 A Kink in Links of London’s Selection Process Case 6-2 Not Getting Face Time at Facebook—and Getting the Last Laugh! Skill Builder 6-1 Interview Questions for Use When Hiring a Professor to Teach This Course Skill Builder 6-2 Interviewing Part III Developing and Managing 7. Learning and Development Practitioner’s Perspective 19
- 23. The Need for Training and Development Training and Development When Is Training Needed? The Training Process and Needs Assessment Steps in the Training Process Needs Assessment Challenges to the Training Process Employee Readiness Learning and Shaping Behavior Learning Learning Theories Shaping Behavior Learning Styles Design and Delivery of Training On-the-Job Training (OJT) Classroom Training Distance or E-Learning Simulations Assessing Training Assessment Methods Choosing Assessment Methods Measuring Training Success Talent Management and Development Careers Why Career Development? Common Methods of Employee Development A Model of Career Development Consequences Trends and Issues in HRM Gamification—A Phoenix Rising? The Corporate Learning Imperative Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 7-1 Doing Crunches at Nestlé: Continuous Improvement of Human Assets Case 7-2 Google Search: Building the Program That Writes the Code to Find Female Talent Skill Builder 7-1 The Training Process Skill Builder 7-2 Career Development 8. Performance Management and Appraisal Practitioner’s Perspective 20
- 24. Performance Management Systems Performance Management Versus Performance Appraisal Is It Time to Delete the Annual Appraisal Process? Performance Appraisals Accurate Performance Measures Why Do We Conduct Performance Appraisals? Communication (Informing) Decision Making (Evaluating) Motivation (Engaging) Evaluating and Motivating = Development What Do We Assess? Trait Appraisals Behavioral Appraisals Results Appraisals Which Option Is Best? How Do We Use Appraisal Methods and Forms? Critical Incidents Method Management by Objectives (MBO) Method Narrative Method or Form Graphic Rating Scale Form Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scale (BARS) Form Ranking Method Which Option Is Best? Who Should Assess Performance? Supervisor Peers Subordinates Self Customers 360-Degree Evaluations Whom Do We Choose? Performance Appraisal Problems Common Problems Within the Performance Appraisal Process Avoiding Performance Appraisal Problems Debriefing the Appraisal The Evaluative Performance Appraisal Interview The Developmental Performance Appraisal Interview Trends and Issues in HRM Building Engagement Through Performance Management Technology: Electronic Performance Monitoring Chapter Summary Key Terms 21
- 25. Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 8-1 Not Spilling the Beans at Jelly Belly: Developing a More Accurate Performance Appraisal System Case 8-2 Amazon.com: Selling Employee Performance With Organization and Leadership Review Self-Assessment and Skill Builder 8-1 Peer and Self-Assessments Skill Builder 8-2 Debriefing the Appraisal 9. Rights and Employee Management Practitioner’s Perspective Commonly Accepted Employee Rights Rights and Privileges Right of Free Consent Right to Due Process Right to Life and Safety Right of Freedom of Conscience (Limited) Right to Privacy (Limited) Right to Free Speech (Limited) Management Rights Codes of Conduct Data and Device Policies Workplace Monitoring Employment-at-Will Orientation (Probationary) Periods Drug Testing Coaching, Counseling, and Discipline Coaching Counseling Disciplining Terminating Coaching, Counseling, and Discipline May Differ Globally Leadership and Management Leadership Situational Management Teams and Organizational Change Building Effective Work Teams Managing the Change Process Overcoming Resistance to Change Trends and Issues in HRM Good Feedback Makes a Good Manager Social Media and the Web Continue to Create Managerial Nightmares 22
- 26. Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 9-1 Balancing Rights and Privileges Case 9-2 Off-Duty Misconduct Skill Builder 9-1 Coaching Skill Builder 9-2 Disciplining Skill Builder 9-3 Situational Management Skill Builder 9-4 Developing a Habit 10. Employee and Labor Relations Practitioner’s Perspective Labor Relations: A Function of Trust and Communication Trust and Communication Sending Messages Receiving Messages Job Satisfaction Job Satisfaction/Dissatisfaction and Performance Measuring Job Satisfaction Determinants of Job Satisfaction Legal Issues in Labor Relations The Railway Labor Act (RLA) of 1926 The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935 (Wagner Act) The Labor Management Relations Act (LMRA) of 1947 (Taft- Hartley Act) The Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 (Landrum-Griffin Act or LMRDA) The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 (WARN Act) Labor Laws Vary Significantly From Country to Country Other Legal Issues in Labor Relations Unions and Labor Rights Union Organizing Labor Relations and Collective Bargaining Grievances Management Rights and Decertification Elections Limiting Union Organizing Efforts Lockouts and Replacement Workers Decertification Elections Managing Conflict Conflict Conflict Management Styles 23
- 27. Initiating Conflict Resolution Negotiations The Negotiation Process Planning the Negotiation Negotiate Alternative Dispute Resolution: Mediation and Arbitration Trends and Issues in HRM The NLRB Is Redefining the Employer/Employee Relationship Are Union Avoidance or Suppression Policies Ethical? Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 10-1 Willful Violation, or a Problem That Can Be Corrected? Case 10-2 Constructive Discharge and Reinstatement of Strikers Skill Builder 10-1 Conflict Resolution Skill Builder 10-2 Negotiating Part IV Compensating 11. Compensation Management Practitioner’s Perspective Compensation Management The Compensation System Motivation and Compensation Planning Compensation Strategy Ability to Pay What Types of Compensation? Pay for Performance or Pay for Longevity? Skill-Based or Competency-Based Pay? At, Above, or Below the Market? Wage Compression Pay Secrecy Legal and Fairness Issues in Compensation Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (Amended) Pay Equity, Comparable Worth, and Other Legal Issues Comparable Worth Other Legal Issues Job Evaluation Job-Ranking Method Point-Factor Method Factor Comparison Method Developing a Pay System Job Structure and Pay Levels 24
- 28. Pay Structure Stacking Pay Levels and Evaluating Delayering and Broadbanding Trends and Issues in HRM Designation of Independent Contractors Continues to Be an Issue The Stubborn Gender–Wage Gap: Can It Be Fixed? Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 11-1 Discounting Everything but Compensation at Costco Case 11-2 Employee Red-Lining at CVS: The Have and the Have Not Skill Builder 11-1 Job Evaluation Skill Builder 11-2 Product Market Competition Limits 12. Incentive Pay Practitioner’s Perspective Incentive Compensation Why Do We Use Incentive Pay? Individual or Group-Based Incentives? Individual Incentives Group Incentives Options for Individual Incentives Bonus Commissions Merit Pay Piecework Plans Standard Hour Plans Giving Praise and Other Nonmonetary Incentives Options for Group Incentives Profit-Sharing Plans Gainsharing Plans Employee Stock Ownership Plan (ESOP) Stock Options and Stock Purchasing Plans Failures and Challenges in Creating Incentive Pay Systems Why Do Incentive Pay Systems Fail? Challenges to Incentive Pay Systems Guidelines for Creating Motivational Incentive Systems Executive Compensation Too Much or Just Enough? The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 Executive Incentives 25
- 29. Short-Term Versus Long-Term The Goal of Executive Compensation Trends and Issues in HRM Does Incentive Pay Actually Improve Performance? Comprehensive Pay and Incentive Programs Aren’t Just for Highly Skilled Employees Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 12-1 Best Buy or Best Scam? Trying to Get Commission Results on So-Called Noncommission Pay Case 12-2 Barclays Bonus Bank: Robbing Peter to Pay Paul Skill Builder 12-1 Calculating Individual Incentives Skill Builder 12-2 Developing a Compensation Plan With an Incentive Skill Builder 12-3 Giving Praise 13. Employee Benefits Practitioner’s Perspective The Strategic Value of Benefits Programs Why Are Benefits Continuing to Grow as a Portion of Overall Compensation? Considerations in Providing Benefits Programs Old Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) Social Security and Medicare Other Statutory Benefits Workers’ Compensation Unemployment Insurance Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) Statutory Requirements When Providing Certain Voluntary Benefits Voluntary Benefits Group Health Insurance Retirement Benefits Paid Time Off Other Employee Insurance Coverage Employee Services Administration and Communication of Benefits Flexible Benefit (Cafeteria) Plans Communicate Value to Employees Trends and Issues in HRM Benefits for “Domestic Partners” 26
- 30. Personalization of Health Care Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 13-1 It Is Not Just About the Bling Anymore: Benefits and Perks— the Competitive Edge in Employee Recruitment Case 13-2 Google Searches SAS for the Business Solution to How to Create an Award-Winning Culture Skill Builder 13-1 Developing Flexible Employee Benefit Plans Skill Builder 13-2 Selecting Flexible Employee Benefit Plans Part V Protecting and Expanding Organizational Reach 14. Workplace Safety, Health, and Security Practitioner’s Perspective Workplace Safety and OSHA The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act) The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Federal Notice Posting Requirements Employee Health Work–Life Balance Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) and Employee Wellness Programs (EWPs) Ergonomics and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) Safety and Health Management and Training Stress Functional and Dysfunctional Stress Causes of Job Stress Stress Management The Stress Tug-of-War Workplace Security Cyber Security Workplace Violence Social Media for Workplace Safety and Security Employee Selection and Screening General Security Policies, Including Business Continuity and Recovery Trends and Issues in HRM OSHA Limits Postaccident Drug Testing eDocAmerica: Health and Wellness Online Chapter Summary Key Terms 27
- 31. Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 14-1 Handling the Unhealthy Employee Case 14-2 You Are Not Hurt? Good—You’re Fired! Skill Builder 14-1 Developing a Stress Management Plan Skill Builder 14-2 Safety, Health, and Security 15. Organizational Ethics, Sustainability, and Social Responsibility Practitioner’s Perspective Ethical Organizations Ethics in Business Ethics Defined Contributing Factors to Unethical Behavior Justification of Unethical Behavior Ethical Approaches General Guides to Ethical Decision Making Codes of Ethics Creating and Maintaining Ethical Organizations Authority Responsibility Accountability Just Because It’s Legal Doesn’t Mean It’s Ethical! Facing Ethical Questions Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) CSR Defined Stakeholders and CSR Levels of Corporate Social Responsibility Where You Stand Depends on Where You Sit Sustainability HR and Organizational Sustainability Sustainability Training The Sustainable Organization Trends and Issues in HRM Sustainability-Based Benefits Does Diversity Training Work? Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 15-1 CEO Compensation: Do They Deserve Rock Star Pay? Case 15-2 Microsoft, Nokia, and the Finnish Government: A Promise Made, a Promise Broken? Skill Builder 15-1 Ethics and Whistle-Blowing 28
- 32. Skill Builder 15-2 Code of Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility 16. Global Issues for Human Resource Managers Practitioner’s Perspective Globalization of Business and HRM Reasons for Business Globalization Ethnocentrism Is Out and “Made in America” Is Blurred Stages of Corporate Globalization Is HRM Different in Global Firms? Legal, Ethical, and Cultural Issues International Laws US Law International Ethics National Culture Global Staffing Skills and Traits for Global Managers Staffing Choice: Home-, Host-, or Third-Country Employees Outsourcing as an Alternative to International Expansion Developing and Managing Global Human Resources Recruiting and Selection Expatriate Training and Preparation Repatriation After Foreign Assignments Compensating Your Global Workforce Pay Incentives in Global Firms Benefit Programs Around the World Trends and Issues in HRM Globalization of Business Continues as a Trend! Chapter Summary Key Terms Key Terms Review Communication Skills Case 16-1 Sand by Saya: The Challenges of a Small Business Going Global Case 16-2 The Great Singapore Sale at Jurong Point: Finding and Retaining Bargain Employees Skill Builder 16-1 The Global HRM Environment Skill Builder 16-2 Cultural Diversity Awareness Skill Builder 16-3 The Most Important Things I Got From This Course Appendix: SHRM 2016 Curriculum Guidebook Glossary Notes Name Index 29
- 33. Discovering Diverse Content Through Random Scribd Documents
- 34. The doctrine of his sect whate er it be, Make proselytes as madmen thirst to do: How can he give his neighbour the real ground, His own conviction? Ardent as he is— Call his great truth a lie, why, still the old “Be it as God please” reassureth him. I probed the sore as thy disciple should: “How, beast,” said I, “this stolid carelessness “Sufficeth thee, when Rome is on her march “To stamp out like a little spark thy town, “Thy tribe, thy crazy tale and thee at once?” He merely looked with his large eyes on me. The man is apathetic, you deduce? Contrariwise, he loves both old and young, Able and weak, affects the very brutes And birds—how say I? flowers of the field— As a wise workman recognises tools In a master’s workshop, loving what they make. Thus is the man as harmless as a lamb: Only impatient, let him do his best, At ignorance and carelessness and sin— An indignation which is promptly curbed: As when in certain travel I have feigned To be an ignoramus in our art According to some preconceived design And happed to hear the land’s practitioners Steeped in conceit sublimed by ignorance, Prattle fantastically on disease, Its cause and cure—and I must hold my peace! Thou wilt object—Why have I not ere this Sought out the sage himself, the Nazarene Who wrought this cure, inquiring at the source, Conferring with the frankness that befits? Alas! it grieveth me, the learned leech Perished in a tumult many years ago, Accused —our learning’s fate —of wizardry
- 35. Accused, our learning s fate, of wizardry, Rebellion, to the setting up a rule And creed prodigious as described to me. His death, which happened when the earthquake fell (Prefiguring, as soon appeared, the loss To occult learning in our lord the sage Who lived there in the pyramid alone) Was wrought by the mad people—that’s their wont! On vain recourse, as I conjecture it, To his tried virtue, for miraculous help— How could he stop the earthquake? That’s their way! The other imputations must be lies: But take one, though I loathe to give it thee, In mere respect for any good man’s fame. (And after all, our patient Lazarus Is stark mad; should we count on what he says? Perhaps not: though in writing to a leech ’Tis well to keep back nothing of a case.) This man so cured regards the curer, then, As—God forgive me! who but God himself, Creator and sustainer of the world, That came and dwelt in flesh on it awhile. —’Sayeth that such an one was born and lived, Taught, healed the sick, broke bread at his own house, Then died, with Lazarus by, for aught I know, And yet was ... what I said nor choose repeat, And must have so avouched himself, in fact, In hearing of this very Lazarus Who saith—but why all this of what he saith? Why write of trivial matters, things of price Calling at every moment for remark? I noticed on the margin of a pool Blue-flowering borage, the Aleppo sort, Aboundeth, very nitrous. It is strange! Thy pardon for this long and tedious case, Which, now that I review it, needs must seem
- 36. c , o t at e e t, eeds ust see Unduly dwelt on, prolixly set forth! Nor I myself discern in what is writ Good cause for the peculiar interest And awe indeed this man has touched me with. Perhaps the journey’s end, the weariness Had wrought upon me first. I met him thus: I crossed a ridge of short sharp broken hills Like an old lion’s cheek teeth. Out there came A moon made like a face with certain spots Multiform, manifold and menacing: Then a wind rose behind me. So we met In this old sleepy town at unawares, The man and I. I send thee what is writ. Regard it as a chance, a matter risked To this ambiguous Syrian: he may lose, Or steal, or give it thee with equal good. Jerusalem’s repose shall make amends For time this letter wastes, thy time and mine; Till when, once more thy pardon and farewell! The very God! think, Abib; dost thou think? So, the All-Great were the All-Loving too— So, through the thunder comes a human voice Saying, “O heart I made, a heart beats here! “Face, my hands fashioned, see it in myself! “Thou hast no power nor may’st conceive of mine: “But love I gave thee, with myself to love, “And thou must love me who have died for thee!” The madman saith He said so: it is strange. This most interesting and beautiful poem will afford a good illustration of one of the cases of difficulty referred to in the Introduction. The reader is placed in the position of one who has just found this Arabian epistle, and must decipher and interpret it without any extraneous aid.
- 37. First comes, according to Eastern custom, the name (line 1), then the address (7), with the greeting (15), and mention of articles sent with the letter—all in true Eastern style—with such adjuncts as give a general idea of the school of physiology and medicine to which the writer belongs. The twenty-first letter had ended at Jericho, and here, accordingly, the twenty-second begins. The date appears as we read on, marked by the expedition of Vespasian and his son Titus against Jerusalem. When Bethany is mentioned, our interest is awakened, and we wonder what is coming; but to the writer Bethany has no such associations, as is indicated by the light and jocular way in which he marks its distance from Jerusalem, and carelessly proceeds to record the observations it is his main business to make wherever he goes. Further on, however, we discover that there is something of importance weighing on his mind, which makes him hesitate and debate as to the trustworthiness of the messenger he intends to employ; while, at the same time, he is evidently ashamed to tell his master what is troubling him. This accounts for his abruptly ending his letter (determining, for the moment, to say nothing about it); then, unable to refrain, beginning again, yet still trying to conceal the depth of his feeling, and to apologize for what appears in spite of himself. A long account of the case follows. By this time the reader has begun to have a pretty good idea who “the man” is that “had something in the look of him,” and knows that it is a veritable case of one raised from the dead. But Karshish cannot, of course, except under strong compulsion, be expected to take this view; and, accordingly, he begins by looking at it in a strictly professional light —“’Tis but a case of mania,” &c. He naturally supposes that his master will set it down as an ordinary instance of hallucination: “Such cases are diurnal, thou wilt cry.” Then he mentions points which strike him as altogether peculiar, certain features of the “after life” which are quite inconsistent with the idea of mania. Instead of being the worse for his mania, this man is immeasurably the better.
- 38. Could Karshish and his master but penetrate the secret, what physicians they would be! The scene when Lazarus is brought in by the Elders of his tribe—who regard him as a madman, because he is living a life so far above anything they can understand—is inimitable. In the illustration of the beggar suddenly become rich, Karshish lets out at last that he suspects there must be some truth in the man’s story. His patient, he observes, now measures things with no earthly measure, seeing often the small in the great and the great in the small; looking at everything “with larger, other eyes than ours”; accepting with perfect equanimity the very greatest sorrow, yet filled with alarm at the least gesture or look which gives token of sin, because to him it was like trifling with a match over a mine of Greek fire! In the next illustration, of the thread of life across an orb of glory, the writer seems to get still fuller insight into the reality of the case —the little thread being, of course, the poor life in Bethany, and the vast orb of glory, the great eternity of God, in which Lazarus was consciously living. And here, again, we have the same lesson as in “The Boy and the Angel.” Though conscious of the glory of the great orb, Lazarus does not despise the little duties belonging to the thread of his earthly life. He sedulously follows his trade whereby he earns his daily bread; indeed, the special characteristic of the man is “prone submission to the Heavenly will.” Mark the profound suggestiveness of the lines— “He even seeketh not to please God more (Which meaneth, otherwise) than as God please.” He is so calm as to be provoking. At his inquisitor’s burst of indignation, he shows no sign of anger or impatience—“He merely looked with his large eyes on me.” And yet no apathy about him; a man full of loving interest in all things. (Compare Coleridge’s well- known lines: “He prayeth best who loveth best,” &c.) The paragraph which follows introduces us to a region familiar and sacred to us, but foreign and inexplicable to our physician, who
- 39. refers to it from his own point of view, stigmatizing the claim of “the Nazarene who wrought this cure” as not only false, but monstrous; and yet—and yet—and yet—he cannot get over it; it haunts him. But still he is ashamed to acknowledge it, and so turns abruptly from what he affects to call “trivial matters” to “things of price,” like “blue- flowering borage”! Then he gives another elaborate apology, and tries to account for the hold the phenomenon has taken of him by a reference to his state of body and surroundings when first he met this Lazarus; and, accordingly, professing to care little whether the letter reaches or not, again he closes. Yet still he cannot rest. The great thought haunts him. “The very God! think, Abib.” Then follows that consummate passage with which this magnificent poem closes. After this “Epistle” should by all means be read “A Death in the Desert,” too long and too difficult to be inserted here. The surprise awaiting the reader of the parchment “supposed of Pamphylax the Antiochene” will add to the interest of a poem so full of beauty and power.
- 42. CHRISTMAS-EVE. Between Christmas-Eve and Easter-Morn lies the earth history of the Incarnate Son of God. Into the shadows of our world He came; and, after a brief night amid its darkness, rose again into the light of heaven. These titles then may well include the whole substance of Christianity. Christmas suggests the thought of heaven come down to earth; Easter, of earth raised up to heaven. “Christmas-Eve” leads naturally to the contemplation of the Christian Faith; “Easter-Day,” to the contemplation of the Christian Life. Each poem turns on an impressive natural phenomenon which suggests the blending of heaven and earth—the one, of the night, a lunar rainbow; the other, of the dawn, the aurora borealis. The speaker (who is the same throughout the former poem) begins his Christmas-Eve experiences with the flock assembling in “Zion Chapel,” a congregation of rude, unlettered people, worshipping with heart and soul indeed, but with little mind and less taste. It is not from choice that he is there. It is a stormy night of wind and rain, from which he has taken shelter in the “lath and plaster entry” of the little meeting house.
- 43. I. * * * * * Five minutes full, I waited first! In the doorway, to escape the rain That drove in gusts down the common’s centre, At the edge of which the chapel stands, Before I plucked up heart to enter. Heaven knows how many sorts of hands Reached past me, groping for the latch Of the inner door that hung on catch More obstinate the more they fumbled, Till, giving way at last with a scold Of the crazy hinge, in squeezed or tumbled One sheep more to the rest in fold, And left me irresolute, standing sentry In the sheepfold’s lath-and-plaster entry, Four feet long by two feet wide, Partitioned off from the vast inside— I blocked up half of it at least. No remedy; the rain kept driving. They eyed me much as some wild beast, That congregation, still arriving, Some of them by the main road, white A long way past me into the night, Skirting the common, then diverging; Not a few suddenly emerging From the common’s self through the paling-gaps, —They house in the gravel-pits perhaps, Where the road stops short with its safeguard border Of lamps, as tired of such disorder;— But the most turned in yet more abruptly From a certain squalid knot of alleys, Where the town’s bad blood once slept corruptly, Which now the little chapel rallies A d l d i t d i it i tli
- 44. And leads into day again,—its priestliness Lending itself to hide their beastliness So cleverly (thanks in part to the mason), And putting so cheery a whitewashed face on Those neophytes too much in lack of it, That, where you cross the common as I did, And meet the party thus presided, “Mount Zion” with Love-lane at the back of it, They front you as little disconcerted As, bound for the hills, her fate averted, And her wicked people made to mind him, Lot might have marched with Gomorrah behind him. In the same light and humorous, half irreverent style, he proceeds to a somewhat detailed description of the people and their uncouth worship—not altogether a caricature, but evidently wanting in that sympathy with the good at the heart of it, the thought of which was afterwards so strongly borne in upon his soul. So, he “very soon had enough of it,” and gladly “flung out of the little chapel” “into the fresh night air again.”
- 45. IV. There was a lull in the rain, a lull In the wind too; the moon was risen, And would have shone out pure and full, But for the ramparted cloud-prison, Block on block built up in the West, For what purpose the wind knows best, Who changes his mind continually. And the empty other half of the sky Seemed in its silence as if it knew What, any moment, might look through A chance gap in that fortress massy:— Through its fissures you got hints Of the flying moon, by the shifting tints, Now, a dull lion-colour, now, brassy Burning to yellow, and whitest yellow, Like furnace-smoke just ere the flames bellow, All a-simmer with intense strain To let her through,—then blank again, At the hope of her appearance failing. Just by the chapel, a break in the railing Shows a narrow path directly across; ’Tis ever dry walking there, on the moss— Besides, you go gently all the way uphill I stooped under and soon felt better; My head grew lighter, my limbs more supple, As I walked on, glad to have slipt the fetter. My mind was full of the scene I had left, That placid flock, that pastor vociferant, —How this outside was pure and different! The sermon, now—what a mingled weft Of good and ill! Were either less, Its fellow had coloured the whole distinctly; But alas for the excellent earnestness, And the truths, quite true if stated succinctly,
- 46. But as surely false, in their quaint presentment, However to pastor and flock’s contentment! Say rather, such truths looked false to your eyes, With his provings and parallels twisted and twined, Till how could you know them, grown double their size In the natural fog of the good man’s mind, Like yonder spots of our roadside lamps, Haloed about with the common’s damps? Truth remains true, the fault’s in the prover; The zeal was good, and the aspiration; And yet, and yet, yet, fifty times over, Pharaoh received no demonstration, By his Baker’s dream of Baskets Three, Of the doctrine of the Trinity,— Although, as our preacher thus embellished it, Apparently his hearers relished it With so unfeigned a gust—who knows if They did not prefer our friend to Joseph? * * * * * V. But wherefore be harsh on a single case? After how many modes, this Christmas-Eve, Does the selfsame weary thing take place? The same endeavour to make you believe, And with much the same effect, no more: Each method abundantly convincing, As I say, to those convinced before, But scarce to be swallowed without wincing By the not-as-yet-convinced. For me, I have my own church equally: And in this church my faith sprang first! (I said, as I reached the rising ground, And the wind began again, with a burst Of rain in my face and a glad rebound
- 47. Of rain in my face, and a glad rebound From the heart beneath, as if, God speeding me, I entered his church-door, nature leading me) —In youth I looked to these very skies, And probing their immensities, I found God there, his visible power; Yet felt in my heart, amid all its sense Of the power, an equal evidence That his love, there too, was the nobler dower. Then follows a long and rather abstruse passage, leading up to the following lofty and inspiring conclusion:—
- 48. So, gazing up, in my youth, at love As seen through power, ever above All modes which make it manifest, My soul brought all to a single test— That he, the Eternal First and Last, Who, in his power, had so surpassed All man conceives of what is might,— Whose wisdom, too, showed infinite, —Would prove as infinitely good; Would never, (my soul understood,) With power to work all love desires, Bestow e’en less than man requires; That he who endlessly was teaching, Above my spirit’s utmost reaching, What love can do in the leaf or stone, (So that to master this alone, This done in the stone or leaf for me, I must go on learning endlessly) Would never need that I, in turn, Should point him out defect unheeded, And show that God had yet to learn What the meanest human creature needed, —Not life, to wit, for a few short years, Tracking his way through doubts and fears, While the stupid earth on which I stay Suffers no change, but passive adds Its myriad years to myriads, Though I, he gave it to, decay, Seeing death come and choose about me, And my dearest ones depart without me. No: love which, on earth, amid all the shows of it, Has ever been seen the sole good of life in it, The love, ever growing there, spite of the strife in it, Shall arise, made perfect, from death’s repose of it. And I shall behold thee, face to face, O God, and in thy light retrace
- 49. How in all I loved here, still wast thou! Whom pressing to, then, as I fain would now, I shall find as able to satiate The love, thy gift, as my spirit’s wonder Thou art able to quicken and sublimate, With this sky of thine, that I now walk under, And glory in thee for, as I gaze Thus, thus! Oh, let men keep their ways Of seeking thee in a narrow shrine— Be this my way! And this is mine! The lunar rainbow, so wonderfully described in the next stanza, is the occasion and point of departure of the poetic vision or ecstasy which occupies the remainder of the poem—
- 50. VI. For lo, what think you? suddenly The rain and the wind ceased, and the sky Received at once the full fruition Of the moon’s consummate apparition. The black cloud-barricade was riven, Ruined beneath her feet, and driven Deep in the West; while, bare and breathless, North and South and East lay ready For a glorious thing that, dauntless, deathless, Sprang across them and stood steady. ’Twas a moon-rainbow, vast and perfect, From heaven to heaven extending, perfect As the mother-moon’s self, full in face. It rose, distinctly at the base With its seven proper colours chorded, Which still, in the rising, were compressed, Until at last they coalesced, And supreme the spectral creature lorded In a triumph of whitest white,— Above which intervened the night. But above night too, like only the next, The second of a wondrous sequence, Reaching in rare and rarer frequence, Till the heaven of heavens were circumflexed, Another rainbow rose, a mightier, Fainter, flushier and flightier,— Rapture dying along its verge. Oh, whose foot shall I see emerge, Whose, from the straining topmost dark, On to the keystone of that arc? He did see One emerging from the glory—
- 51. VIII. All at once I looked up with terror. He was there, He himself with his human air, On the narrow pathway, just before. I saw the back of him, no more— He had left the chapel, then, as I. I forgot all about the sky. No face: only the sight Of a sweepy garment, vast and white, With a hem that I could recognise. I felt terror, no surprise; My mind filled with the cataract, At one bound of the mighty fact. “I remember, he did say “Doubtless, that, to this world’s end, “Where two or three should meet and pray, “He would be in the midst, their friend; “Certainly he was there with them!” And my pulses leaped for joy Of the golden thought without alloy, That I saw his very vesture’s hem. Then rushed the blood black, cold and clear, With a fresh enhancing shiver of fear; And I hastened, cried out while I pressed To the salvation of the vest, “But not so, Lord! It cannot be “That thou, indeed, art leaving me— “Me, that have despised thy friends!” The confession of his sin in despising His friends in the little chapel is speedily followed by a gracious token of forgiveness:—
- 52. IX. * * * * * The whole face turned upon me full. And I spread myself beneath it, As when the bleacher spreads, to seethe it In the cleansing sun, his wool,— Steeps in the flood of noontide whiteness Some defiled, discoloured web— So lay I, saturate with brightness. His sin thus purged (how exquisitely wrought out the lovely simile of the sun-cleansed wool!), he is “caught up in the whirl and drift of the vesture’s amplitude,” and thus clinging to the garment’s hem, is carried across land and sea—to a scene so complete a contrast to the one he has just left that he is confused, and some time elapses before he discovers that he is in front of St. Peter’s at Rome:—
- 53. X. And so we crossed the world and stopped. For where am I, in city or plain, Since I am ’ware of the world again? And what is this that rises propped With pillars of prodigious girth? Is it really on the earth, This miraculous Dome of God? Has the angel’s measuring-rod Which numbered cubits, gem from gem, ’Twixt the gates of the New Jerusalem, Meted it out,—and what he meted, Have the sons of men completed? —Binding, ever as he bade, Columns in the colonnade With arms wide open to embrace The entry of the human race To the breast of ... what is it, yon building, Ablaze in front, all paint and gilding, With marble for brick, and stones of price For garniture of the edifice? Now I see; it is no dream; It stands there and it does not seem: For ever, in pictures, thus it looks, And thus I have read of it in books Often in England, leagues away, And wondered how these fountains play, Growing up eternally Each to a musical water-tree, Whose blossoms drop, a glittering boon, Before my eyes, in the light of the moon, To the granite layers underneath.
- 54. There follows a description of the worship in the great cathedral— not now, as before, unsympathetic and merely critical, but giving evidence of the liveliest appreciation of the feelings of the intelligent and devout ritualist, as in the following passage:— Earth breaks up, time drops away, In flows heaven, with its new day Of endless life, when he who trod, Very man and very God, This earth in weakness, shame and pain, Dying the death whose signs remain Up yonder on the accursed tree,— Shall come again, no more to be Of captivity the thrall, But the one God, All in all, King of kings, Lord of lords, As his servant John received the words, “I died, and live for evermore!” Still he cannot enter into it. He is left outside the door. Distracted with conflicting emotions, his reason repelled by the superstition, his spirit attracted by the lofty devotion which he discovers at the heart of the too gorgeous ritual—he cannot make up his mind whether he should join them for the one reason, or shun them for the other—
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