Fundamentals of spectrum analysis 6th Edition Christoph Rauscher

Fundamentals of spectrum analysis 6th Edition
Christoph Rauscher pdf download
https://ebookfinal.com/download/fundamentals-of-spectrum-
analysis-6th-edition-christoph-rauscher/
Explore and download more ebooks or textbooks
at ebookfinal.com

We have selected some products that you may be interested in
Click the link to download now or visit ebookfinal.com
for more options!.
Fundamentals of Information Systems 6th Edition Ralph
Stair
https://ebookfinal.com/download/fundamentals-of-information-
systems-6th-edition-ralph-stair/
Fundamentals of Logic Design 6th Edition Charles Roth
https://ebookfinal.com/download/fundamentals-of-logic-design-6th-
edition-charles-roth/
Fundamentals of Database Systems 6th Edition Ramez Elmasri
https://ebookfinal.com/download/fundamentals-of-database-systems-6th-
edition-ramez-elmasri/
Fundamentals of Structural Analysis 2nd Ed Edition Leet
https://ebookfinal.com/download/fundamentals-of-structural-
analysis-2nd-ed-edition-leet/

Fundamentals of Digital Logic and Microcontrollers 6th
Edition M. Rafiquzzaman
https://ebookfinal.com/download/fundamentals-of-digital-logic-and-
microcontrollers-6th-edition-m-rafiquzzaman/
Instructor Solutions Fundamentals of Logic Design 6th
Edition Charles H. Roth
https://ebookfinal.com/download/instructor-solutions-fundamentals-of-
logic-design-6th-edition-charles-h-roth/
Fundamentals of General Organic and Biological Chemistry
6th Edition Edition John E. Mcmurry
https://ebookfinal.com/download/fundamentals-of-general-organic-and-
biological-chemistry-6th-edition-edition-john-e-mcmurry/
Mathematical analysis fundamentals 1st Edition Agamirza E
Bashirov
https://ebookfinal.com/download/mathematical-analysis-
fundamentals-1st-edition-agamirza-e-bashirov/
Lectures on Kant s Political Philosophy 1st Edition
Frederick Rauscher
https://ebookfinal.com/download/lectures-on-kant-s-political-
philosophy-1st-edition-frederick-rauscher/

Fundamentals of spectrum analysis 6th Edition Christoph
Rauscher Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Christoph Rauscher, Volker Janssen, Roland Minihold
ISBN(s): 9783939837015, 3939837016
Edition: 6
File Details: PDF, 5.94 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english

Fundamentals of
Spectrum Analysis
Christoph Rauscher
Fundamentals
of
Spectrum
Analysis
Christoph
Rauscher
ISBN 978-3-939837-01-5

Christoph Rauscher
Volker Janssen, Roland Minihold
Fundamentals of Spectrum Analysis

© Rohde&Schwarz GmbH&Co. KG, 2001
Mühldorfstrasse 15
81671 München
Germany
www.rohde-schwarz.com
Sixth edition 2008
Printed in Germany
ISBN 978-3-939837-01-5
PW 0002.6635.00
All copyrights are reserved, particularly those of translation, reprinting (photo-
copying), and reproduction. Also, any further use of this book, particularly record-
ing it digitally, recording it in microform, and distributing it, e.g. via online data-
bases, the filming of it, and the transmission of it are prohibited. However, the
use of excerpts for instructional purposes is permitted provided that the source
and proprietorship are indicated.
Even though the contents of this book were developed with utmost care, no lia-
bility shall be assumed for the correctness and completeness of this information.
Neither the author nor the publisher shall be liable under any circumstances for
any direct or indirect damage that may result from the use of the information
in this book.
The circuits, equipment, and methods described in this book may also be pro-
tected by patents, utility models, or design patterns even if not expressly indi-
cated. Any commercial use without the approval of possible licensees represents
an infringement of an industrial property right and may result in claims for dam-
ages. The same applies to the product names, company names, and logos men-
tioned in this book; thus, the absence of the ® or ™ symbol cannot be assumed to
indicate that the specified names or logos are free from trademark protection.
If this book directly or indirectly refers to laws, regulations, guidelines, and stan-
dards (DIN,VDE, IEEE, ISO, IEC, PTB, etc), or cites information from them, neither
the author nor the publisher makes any guarantees as to the correctness, com-
pleteness, or up-to-dateness of the information. The reader is advised to consult
the applicable version of the corresponding documentation if necessary.

Table of Contents
Table of Contents
1 Introduction 7
2 Signals 8
2.1 Signals displayed in time domain 8
2.2 Relationship between time and frequency domain 9
3
Configuration and Control Elements of a
Spectrum Analyzer 17
3.1 Fourier analyzer (FFT analyzer) 17
3.2
Analyzers operating in accordance
with the heterodyne principle 27
3.3 Main setting parameters 30
4
Practical Realization of an Analyzer Operating on the

Heterodyne Principle 32
4.1 RF input section (frontend) 32
4.2 IF signal processing 44
4.3 Determination of video voltage and video filters 55
4.4 Detectors 61
4.5 Trace processing 73
4.6 Parameter dependencies 76
4.6.1 Sweep time, span, resolution and video bandwidths 76
4.6.2 Reference level and RF attenuation 80
4.6.3 Overdriving 86

5 Performance Features of Spectrum Analyzers 95
5.1 Inherent noise 95
5.2 Nonlinearities 102
5.3 Phase noise (spectral purity) 114
5.4 1 dB compression point and maximum input level 120
5.5 Dynamic range 125
5.6 Immunity to interference 135
5.7 LO feedthrough 138
5.8 Filter characteristics 139
5.9 Frequency accuracy 140
5.10 Level measurement accuracy 141
5.10.1 Uncertainty components 142
5.10.2 Calculation of total measurement uncertainty 148
5.10.3 Measurement error due to low signal-to-noise ratio 156
5.11 Sweep time and update rate 159
6 Frequent Measurements and Enhanced Functionality 162
6.1 Phase noise measurements 162
6.1.1 Measurement procedure 162
6.1.2 Selection of resolution bandwidth 165
6.1.3 Dynamic range 167
6.2
Measurements on pulsed signals 172
6.2.1 Fundamentals 173
6.2.2 Line and envelope spectrum 177
6.2.3 Resolution filters for pulse measurements 182
6.2.4 Analyzer parameters 184
6.2.5 Pulse weighting in spurious signal measurements 185

6.2.5.1 Detectors, time constants 186
6.2.5.2 Measurement bandwidths 190
6.3
Channel and adjacent-channel power measurement 190
6.3.1 Introduction 190
6.3.2
Key parameters for adjacent-channel
power measurement 193
6.3.3
Dynamic range in adjacent-channel
power measurements 194
6.3.4
Methods for adjacent-channel power measurement
using a spectrum analyzer 195
6.3.4.1 Integrated bandwidth method 195
6.3.4.2
Spectral power weighting with modulation filter
(IS-136, TETRA, WCDMA) 198
6.3.4.3 Channel power measurement in time domain 200
6.3.4.4 Spectral measurements on TDMA systems 201
References 204
The current spectrum analyzer models from RohdeSchwarz 207
Block diagram of spectrum analyzer described in this book 220
Table of Contents
Measurement Tips
Measurements in 75 W system 33
Measurement on signals with DC component 37
Maximum sensitivity 101
Identification of intermodulation products 112
Improvement of input matching 147

7
1 Introduction
One of the most frequent measurement tasks in radiocommunications
is the examination of signals in the frequency domain. Spectrum analyz-
ers required for this purpose are therefore among the most versatile and
widely used RF measuring instruments. Covering frequency ranges of
up to 40 GHz and beyond, they are used in practically all applications of
wireless and wired communication in development, production, instal-
lation and maintenance efforts. With the growth of mobile communica-
tions, parameters such as displayed average noise level, dynamic range
and frequency range, and other exacting requirements regarding func-
tionality and measurement speed come to the fore. Moreover, spectrum
analyzers are also used for measurements in the time domain, such as
measuring the transmitter output power of time multiplex systems as a
function of time.
This book is intended to familiarize the uninitiated reader with the field
of spectrum analysis. To understand complex measuring instruments
it is useful to know the theoretical background of spectrum analysis.
Even for the experienced user of spectrum analyzers it may be helpful
to recall some background information in order to avoid measurement
errors that are likely to be made in practice.
In addition to dealing with the fundamentals, this book provides an
insight into typical applications such as phase noise and channel power
measurements.
For further discussions of this topic, refer also to Engelson [1-1] and
[1-2].
Introduction

8
2 Signals
2.1 Signals displayed in time domain
In the time domain the amplitude of electrical signals is plotted versus
time – a display mode that is customary with oscilloscopes. To clearly
illustrate these waveforms, it is advantageous to use vector projection.
The relationship between the two display modes is shown in Fig. 2-1 by
way of a simple sinusoidal signal.
jlm
Re
A
t
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
–0.2
–0.4
–0.6
–0.8
–1
0.5 T0
0 1.5 T0
T0 2 T0
X0t
Fig. 2-1
Sinusoidal signal displayed by projecting a complex rotating vector on
the imaginary axis
The amplitude plotted on the time axis corresponds to the vector pro-
jected on the imaginary axis (jIm). The angular frequency of the vector
is obtained as:
w0 0
2
= ⋅ ⋅
p f (Equation 2-1)
where w0
angular frequency
f0
signal frequency
A sinusoidal signal with x(t)=A ·sin(2 ·p ·f0
·t) can be described as
x(t)=A·Im{ej ·2p·f0·t
}.
Signals

9
2.2 Relationship between time and frequency domain
Electrical signals may be examined in the time domain with the aid of
an oscilloscope and in the frequency domain with the aid of a spectrum
analyzer (see Fig. 2-2).
Time domain
A
0
t
A
A
0
f
Frequency domain
t
f
Fig. 2-2 Signals examined in time and frequency domain
The two display modes are related to each other by the Fourier trans-
form (denoted F), so each signal variable in the time domain has a char-
acteristic frequency spectrum. The following applies:
X f F x t x t t
j ft
f e
( ) ( ) ( )
= { } = ⋅ -
-∞
+∞
∫
2p
d (Equation 2-2)
and
x t F X f X f t
j ft
( ) ( ) ( )
= { } = ⋅
-
-∞
+∞
∫
1 2
f f e d
p
(Equation 2-3)
where F{x(t)} Fourier transform of x(t)
F –1
{X(f )} inverse Fourier transform of X(f )
x(t) signal in time domain
Xf
(f ) complex signal in frequency domain
To illustrate this relationship, only signals with periodic response in the
time domain will be examined first.
Relationship Between Time and Frequency Domain

10
Periodic signals
According to the Fourier theorem, any signal that is periodic in the time

domain can be derived from the sum of sine and cosine signals of dif-
ferent frequency and amplitude. Such a sum is referred to as a Fourier

series. The following applies:
x t
A
A n t B n t
( ) sin( ) cos( )
= + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
=
∞
∑
0
0
1
0 0
2 n
n
w w
n
n =
∞
∑
1
(Equation 2-4)
The Fourier coefficients A0
, An
and Bn
depend on the waveform of
signal
x(t) and can be calculated as follows:
A
T
x t t
T
0
0 0
2
0
= ∫ ( )d (Equation 2-5)
A
T
x t n t t
T
n = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
∫
2
0
0
0
0
( ) sin( )d
w (Equation 2-6)
B
T
x t n t t
T
n
d
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
∫
2
0
0
0
0
( ) cos( )
w (Equation 2-7)
where A0
2
DC component
x(t) signal in time domain
n order of harmonic oscillation
T0
period
w0
angular frequency
Fig. 2-3b shows a rectangular signal approximated by a Fourier series.
The individual components are shown in Fig. 2-3a. The greater the num-
ber of these components, the closer the signal approaches the ideal rect-
angular pulse.
Signals

11
0
t
Harmonics
a)
n = 1
n = 3
n = 5 n = 7
x(t)
Fig. 2-3
Approximation of a
rectangular signal by
summation of various
sinusoidal oscillations
0
t
Sum of harmonics
b)
x(t)
In the case of a sine or cosine signal a closed-form solution can be found
for Equation 2-2 so that the following relationships are obtained for the
complex spectrum display:
F f t
j
f f j f f
sin 2
1
0 0 0
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
( )
{ } = ⋅ -
( ) = - ⋅ -
( )
p d d (Equation 2-8)
and
F f t f f
cos 2 0 0
⋅ ⋅ ⋅
( )
{ } = -
( )
p d (Equation 2-9)
where d(f-f0
) is a Dirac function
d(f -f0
)=∞ if f -f0
=0, and f = f0
d(f-f0
)=0, otherwise
d f f f
-
( ) =
-∞
+∞
∫ 0 1
d

12
It can be seen that the frequency spectrum both of the sine signal and
cosine signal is a Dirac function at f0
(see also Fig. 2-5a). The Fourier
transforms of sine and cosine signal are identical in magnitude, so that
the two signals exhibit an identical magnitude spectrum at the same
frequency f0
.
To calculate the frequency spectrum of a periodic signal whose time
characteristic is described by a Fourier series in accordance with Equa-
tion 2-4, each component of the series has to be transformed. Each of
these elements leads to a Dirac function, that is a discrete component
in the frequency domain. Periodic signals therefore always exhibit dis-
crete spectra which are also referred to as line spectra. Accordingly, the
spectrum shown in Fig. 2-4 is obtained for the approximated rectangu-
lar signal of Fig. 2-3.
|X(f)|
f
f0 3f0 5f0 7f0
Fig. 2-4
Magnitude spectrum of
approximated rectan-
gular signal shown in
Fig. 2-3
Fig. 2-5 shows some further examples of periodic signals in the time and
frequency domain.
Non-periodic signals
Signals with a non-periodic characteristic in the time domain cannot
be described by a Fourier series. Therefore the frequency spectrum of
such signals is not composed of discrete spectral components. Non-peri-
odic signals exhibit a continuous frequency spectrum with a frequency-
dependent spectral density. The signal in the frequency domain is calcu-
lated by means of a Fourier transform (Equation 2-2).
Similar to the sine and cosine signals, a closed-form solution can be
found for Equation 2-2 for many signals. Tables with such transform
pairs can be found in [2-1].
For signals with random characteristics in the time domain, such as
noise or random bit sequences, a closed-form solution is rarely found.
Signals

13
The frequency spectrum can in this case be determined more easily by a
numeric solution of Equation 2-2.
Fig. 2-6 shows some non-periodic signals in the time and frequency
domain.
0
T0
0
0
Frequency domain
0
Sinusoidal signal
Amplitude-modulated signal
Time domain
A
A
|A|
–
|A|
–
t f
t f
f0
= ––
1
T0
fT
– fS
fT
+ fS
fT
0
0
Periodic rectangular signal
A |A|
–
t f
Âp
Tp
U 1
?
U
3
?
U
2
?
U
––
Tp
1
Envelope si(x) = –––
sin x
x
Ân· fp
= Âp · · 2 ·
––
Tp
U
sin(n · · P
)
–––––––––
––
Tp
U
n · · P
––
Tp
U
a)
b)
c)
Fig. 2-5 Periodic signals in time and frequency domain (magnitude spectra)

14
0
Frequency domain
Band-limited noise
|A|
–
t f
0
Time domain
A
a)
b)
c)
|A|
–
t f
0
A
Random bit sequence
1
QPSK signal
_____
x
Envelope si(x) =
TBit
1/TBit
2/TBit
3/TBit
0
A
0
A
f
fC
t
sin x
lg|A|
–
t
I
Q
Fig. 2-6 Non-periodic signals in time and frequency domain
Depending on the measurement to be performed, examination may be
useful either in the time or in the frequency domain. Digital data trans-
mission jitter measurements, for example, require an oscilloscope. For
determining the harmonic content, it is more useful to examine the sig-
nal in the frequency domain:
Signals

15
The signal shown in Fig. 2-7 seems to be a purely sinusoidal signal with
a frequency of 20 MHz. Based on the above considerations one would
expect the frequency spectrum to consist of a single component at
20 MHz.
On examining the signal in the frequency domain with the aid of a
spectrum analyzer, however, it becomes evident that the fundamental
(1st order harmonic) is superimposed by several higher-order harmon-
ics i.e.multiples of 20 MHz (Fig. 2-8). This information cannot be easily
obtained by examining the signal in the time domain. A practical quan-
titative assessment of the higher-order harmonics is not feasible. It is
much easier to examine the short-term stability of frequency and ampli-
tude of a sinusoidal signal in the frequency domain compared to the
time domain (see also chapter 6.1 Phase noise measurement).
Fig. 2-7
Sinusoidal signal
(f = 20 MHz) exam-
ined on oscilloscope
1
Ch1 500 mV M 10.0 ns CH1 –560 mV

16
20
10
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
–80
1 AP
CLRWR
Center 39 MHz Span 62 MHz
6.2 MHz/
2
1
Ref 20 dBm Att 50 dB
Delta 2 [T1]
–45.25 dB
20.08800000 MHz
*RBW 300 kHz Marker 1 [T1 CNT]
*VBW 3 kHz 14.61 dBm
SWT 175 ms 20.000 MHz
PRN
A
Fig. 2-8
The sinusoidal signal of Fig. 2-7 examined in the frequency domain with
the aid of a spectrum analyzer
Configuration and Control Elements of a Spectrum Analyzer

17
3
Configuration and Control Elements of a
Spectrum Analyzer
Depending on the kind of measurement, different requirements are
placed on the maximum input frequency of a spectrum analyzer. In view
of the various possible configurations of spectrum analyzers, the input
frequency range can be subdivided as follows:
u AF range up to approx. 1 MHz
u RF range up to approx. 3 GHz
u microwave range up to approx. 40 GHz
u millimeter-wave range above 40 GHz
The AF range up to approx. 1 MHz covers low-frequency electronics as
well as acoustics and mechanics. In the RF range, wireless communica-
tion applications are mainly found, such as mobile communications and
sound and TV broadcasting, while frequency bands in the microwave
or millimeter-wave range are utilized to an increasing extent for broad-
band applications such as digital radio links.
Various analyzer concepts can be implemented to suit the frequency
range. The two main concepts are described in detail in the following
sections.
3.1 Fourier analyzer (FFT analyzer)
As explained in chapter 2, the frequency spectrum of a signal is clearly
defined by the signal’s time characteristic. Time and frequency domain
are linked to each other by means of the Fourier transform. Equation 2-2
can therefore be used to calculate the spectrum of a signal recorded in
the time domain. For an exact calculation of the frequency spectrum
of an input signal, an infinite period of observation would be required.
Another prerequisite of Equation 2-2 is that the signal amplitude should
be known at every point in time.The result of this calculation would be a
continuous spectrum, so the frequency resolution would be unlimited.
It is obvious that such exact calculations are not possible in prac-
tice. Given certain prerequisites, the spectrum can nevertheless be deter-
mined with sufficient accuracy.
Fourier Analyzer (FFT Analyzer)

18
In practice, the Fourier transform is made with the aid of digital signal
processing, so the signal to be analyzed has to be sampled by an ana-
log-digital converter and quantized in amplitude. By way of sampling
the continuous input signal is converted into a time-discrete signal and
the information about the time characteristic is lost. The bandwidth of
the input signal must therefore be limited or else the higher signal fre-
quencies will cause aliasing effects due to sampling (see Fig. 3-1). Accord-
ing to Shannon’s law of sampling, the sampling frequency fS
must be at
least twice as high as the bandwidth Bin
of the input signal. The follow-
ing applies:
f B
S in
≥ ⋅
2 and f
T
S
S
=
1 (Equation 3-1)
where fS
sampling rate
Bin
signal bandwidth
TS
sampling period
For sampling lowpass-filtered signals (referred to as lowpass signals)
the minimum sampling rate required is determined by the maximum
signal frequency fin,max
. Equation 3-1 then becomes:
f f
S in,max
≥ ⋅
2 (Equation 3-2)
If fS
=2·fin,max
, it may not be possible to reconstruct the signal from the
sampled values due to unfavorable sampling conditions. Moreover, a
lowpass filter with infinite skirt selectivity would be required for band
limitation. Sampling rates that are much greater than 2·fin,max
are there-
fore used in practice.
A section of the signal is considered for the Fourier transform. That is,
only a limited number N of samples is used for calculation. This process
is called windowing. The input signal (see Fig. 3-2a) is multiplied with a
specific window function before or after sampling in the time domain. In
the example shown in Fig. 3-2, a rectangular window is used (Fig. 3-2b).
The result of multiplication is shown in Fig. 3-2c.
Configuration and Control Elements of a Spectrum Analyzer

19
f
A
t
A
fin,max
b)
t
fin
Sampling with
sampling rate fS
A
a)
fin,max
––
2
fin,max
fS
2fS
3fS
Aliasing
––
2
t
A
fin,max

c)
fS
f
A
fin,max
fS
2fS
3fS
––
2
fS
f
A
fS
– fin
fS
2fS
3fS
fS
+ fin
fin,max

––
2
fS
––
2
fS
fA
––
2
fS
fin
Fig. 3-1
Sampling a lowpass signal with sampling rate fS
a), b) fin, max
fS
/2,
c) fin, max
fS
/2, therefore ambiguity exists due to aliasing
The calculation of the signal spectrum from the samples of the signal
in the time domain is referred to as a discrete Fourier transform (DFT).
Equation 2-2 then becomes:
X k x nT j kn N
n
N
( ) ( ) /
= ⋅ -
=
-
∑ S
e 2
0
1
p
(Equation 3-3)
where k
index of discrete frequency bins,
where k = 0, 1, 2, …
n index of samples
x(nTS
) samples at the point n ·TS
, where n = 0, 1, 2, …
N
length of DFT, i.e. total number of samples used for
calculation of Fourier transform
Fourier Analyzer (FFT Analyzer)

Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents

The Project Gutenberg eBook of The
Political Songs of England: From the
Reign of John to That of Edward II

This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: The Political Songs of England: From the Reign of John to
That of Edward II
Editor: Thomas Wright
Release date: February 25, 2020 [eBook #61511]
Most recently updated: October 17, 2024
Language: English
Credits: Produced by MWS, John Campbell and the Online
Distributed
Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file
was
produced from images generously made available by
The
Internet Archive/American Libraries.)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE POLITICAL
SONGS OF ENGLAND: FROM THE REIGN OF JOHN TO THAT OF
EDWARD II ***

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE
The yogh symbol is denoted by Ȝ or ȝ; the eth symbol is denoted
by ð; and the thorn symbol by Þ or þ. The Tironian et is denoted
by ⁊.
The translation of each song has been placed alongside the song,
if the screen window is wide enough to allow it. If not, the
translation will be found at the end of the song. The last song in
the book ‘POEM ON THE EVIL TIMES OF EDWARD II’, at page 323,
is the only one without a translation.
‘Various Readings’ and ‘Glossary’ sections were inserted into each
page of some of the songs in the original text. These have not
been moved, because they contain references to specific line
numbers of the song just above the inserted section.
There are no Footnotes in this book. The bracketed numbers in
the text, for example [70], refer to the line number of the relevant
song.
The bracketed number in the right margin is the page number for
the original text.
Some minor changes to the text are noted at the end of the book.

T H E
P O L I T I C A L S O N G S
OF ENGLAND.

T H E
O F E N G L A N D ,
FROM THE REIGN OF JOHN TO THAT OF
EDWARD II.
EDITED AND TRANSLATED
BY THOMAS WRIGHT, Esq., M.A., F.S.A., c.
OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.
L O N D O N :

PRINTED FOR THE CAMDEN SOCIETY,
BY JOHN BOWYER NICHOLS AND SON, PARLIAMENT STREET.
M.DCCC.XXXIX.

COUNCIL
OF
THE CAMDEN SOCIETY,
ELECTED MAY 2, 1839.
President,
THE RIGHT HON. LORD FRANCIS EGERTON,
M.P.
THOMAS AMYOT, ESQ. F.R.S. Treas. S.A.
Director.
THE REV. PHILIP BLISS, D.C.L., F.S.A.,
Registrar of the University of Oxford.
JOHN BRUCE, ESQ. F.S.A. Treasurer.
JOHN PAYNE COLLIER, ESQ. F.S.A.
C. PURTON COOPER, ESQ. Q.C., D.C.L.,
F.R.S., F.S.A.

RT. HON. THOMAS PEREGRINE COURTENAY.
T. CROFTON CROKER, ESQ. F.S.A., M.R.I.A.
THE REV. ALEXANDER DYCE, B.A.
SIR HENRY ELLIS, K.H., F.R.S., Sec. S.A.
THE REV. JOSEPH HUNTER, F.S.A.
JOHN HERMAN MERIVALE, ESQ. F.S.A.
JOHN GAGE ROKEWODE, ESQ. F.R.S.,
Director S.A.
THOMAS STAPLETON, ESQ. F.S.A.
WILLIAM J. THOMS, ESQ. F.S.A. Secretary.
THOMAS WRIGHT, ESQ. M.A., F.S.A.

P R E F A C E .
Few historical documents are more interesting or
important than the contemporary songs in which the
political partizan satirised his opponents and stirred
up the courage of his friends, or in which the people
exulted over victories gained abroad against their
enemies or at home against their oppressors, or
lamented over evil counsels and national calamities.
Yet, though a few specimens have been published
from time to time in collections of miscellaneous
poetry, such as those of Percy and Ritson, and have
never failed to attract attention, no book specially
devoted to ancient Political Songs has yet appeared.
The quantity of such productions has generally
varied with the character of the age. They were
frequent from a very early period in other countries
of Europe, as well as England. It would be easy to
produce proofs that in our island they were very
numerous in Saxon times,—a few specimens, indeed,
have escaped that destruction which visits the

monuments of popular and temporary feeling before
all others; and for years after the Norman conquest
the oppressed people continued to sing the songs of
former days at their rustic festivals or amid their
everyday labours. As the feelings which caused them
to be remembered died away gradually before the
weight of a new political system, a new class of
songs also arose. From the Conquest to the end of
the twelfth century, the political songs of the Anglo-
Normans were in a great measure confined, as far as
we can judge from the few specimens that are left,
to laudatory poems in Latin, or to funereal elegies on
princes and great people. Yet we can hardly doubt
that, with the turbulent barons of these troublous
times, the harp of the minstrel must have resounded
frequently to subjects of greater present excitement.
With the beginning of the thirteenth century
opened a new scene of political contention. It is amid
the civil commotions of the reign of John, that our
manuscripts first present traces of the songs in which
popular opinion sought and found a vent, at the
same time that the commons of England began to
assume a more active part on the stage of history.
The following reign was a period of constant
excitement. The weak government of Henry the
Third permitted every party to give free utterance to
their opinions and intentions, and the songs of this

period are remarkably bold and pointed. These
effusions are interesting in other points of view
besides their connexion with historical events; they
illustrate in a remarkable manner the history of our
language; they show us how Latin, Anglo-Norman,
and English were successively the favourite
instruments by which the thoughts of our ancestors
were expressed; and collaterally they show us how
the clerk (or scholar) with his Latin, the courtier with
his Anglo-Norman, and the people with their good
old English, came forward in turns upon the scene.
In our Songs we see that, during the earlier part of
the reign of the third Henry, the satirical pieces which
inveighed against the corruptions of the state and
demanded so loudly their amendment, are all in
Latin, which is as much as to say that they came
from the scholastic part of the people, or those who
had been bred in the universities, then no small or
unimportant part of the community. They seem to
have led the way as bold reformers; and the
refectory of the monastery not less than the baronial
hall rang frequently with the outbursts of popular
feeling. The remarkable and highly interesting
declaration of the objects and sentiments of the
Barons, which was published after the battle of
Lewes, is written in Latin. Amid the Barons’ wars was
composed the first political song in English that has

yet been found. It is remarkable that all the songs of
this period which we know, whether in Latin, Anglo-
Norman, or English, are on the popular side of the
dispute—all with one accord agree in their praise and
support of the great Simon de Montfort.
The circumstance of our finding no songs in
English of an earlier date does not, however, prove
that they did not exist. On the contrary, it is probable
that they were equally abundant with the others; but
the Latin songs belonged to that particular party who
were most in the habit of committing their
productions to writing, and whose manuscripts also
were longest preserved. It is probable that a very
small portion of the earlier English popular poetry
was ever entered in books—it was preserved in
people’s memory until, gradually forgotten, it ceased
entirely to exist except in a few instances, where,
years after the period at which it was first composed,
it was committed to writing by those who heard it
recited. The English song on the battle of Lewes is
found in a manuscript written in the reign of Edward
II.; when, perhaps, the similar character of the time
led people to give retrospective looks to the doings
of Earl Simon and his confederate barons. They were
sometimes written on small rolls of parchment, for
the convenience of the minstrel, who thus carried
them about with him from house to house, and

chanted them at the will of his entertainers. From
these rolls and loose scraps they were occasionally
copied into books, long after they had ceased to
possess any popular interest, by some “clerk” who
loved to collect antiquities; for in those days, too,
there were antiquaries. One of the Anglo-Norman
songs printed in this collection is taken from the
original roll; and the Latin songs on the death of
Peter de Gaveston were found in a manuscript
written in the fifteenth century.
The constant wars of the reign of Edward I.—the
patriotic hatred of Frenchman and Scot, which then
ran at the highest—furnished the groundwork of
many a national song during the latter years of the
thirteenth century and the first years of the
fourteenth. The English song becomes at this period
much more frequent, though many were still written
in Latin. Popular discontent continued to be
expressed equally in Latin, Anglo-Norman (a
language the influence of which was now fast
declining), and English. In the “Song against the
King’s Taxes,” composed towards the end of the
thirteenth century, we have the first specimen of that
kind of song wherein each line began in one
language and ended in another; and which, generally
written in hexameters, seems to have been
extremely popular during the two centuries following.

One song, in the reign of Edward II. presents in
alternate succession all the three languages which
were then in use. The political songs during this last-
mentioned reign are not very numerous, but they are
by no means devoid of interest.
It was the Editor’s original intention to continue
the series of songs in the present volume to the
deposition of Richard II. But, having adopted the
suggestion of giving a translation, with the hope of
making them more popular, and finding that in
consequence the volume was likely to extend to a
much greater length than was at first calculated
upon, it has been thought advisable to close the
present collection with another convenient historical
period, the deposition of his grandfather Edward II.;
and it is his intention at some future period to form a
second volume, which will be continued to the fall of
the house of York in the person of the crook-backed
Richard III.
The wars of Edward III. produced many songs,
both in Latin and in English, as did also the troubles
which disturbed the reign of his successor. With the
end of the reign of Edward II. however, we begin to
lose sight of the Anglo-Norman language, which we
shall not again meet with in these popular effusions.
During the fifteenth century political songs are less
numerous and also less spirited. With it we are

introduced to a dark period of literature and science.
It was the interval between the breaking up of the
old system, and the formation of the new one which
was to be built upon its ruins. When we come to the
wars of the Roses, so fatal to the English nobility and
gentry, the page even of history becomes less
interesting, because it is less intellectual:—the great
mental workings which had influenced so much the
political movements of the thirteenth and fourteenth
centuries, were replaced by the reckless and short-
sighted bitterness of personal hatred, and the
demoralizing agency of mere animal force. As it had
required a long age of barbarism and ignorance to
sweep away even the latest remnants of ancient
pagan splendour, before the site was fit to build up
the beautiful edifice of Christian civilization; so it
seemed as though another, though a shorter and
comparatively less profound, age of barbarism was
required to turn men’s minds from the defective
learning of the schools, and the imperfect literature
to which they had been habituated, and to break
down old prejudices and privileges, which were but
impediments in the way of the new system that
came in with the Reformation.
The nature of the following collection of Songs
requires little explanation. They have been brought
together from scattered sources. It was the Editor’s

desire to make it as complete as possible; but further
researches will probably bring to light other songs of
no less interest, and these, if they become
sufficiently numerous, he hopes will be collected
together as a supplement to the present volume. He
has also omitted a few Anglo-Irish songs, because he
expects they will, ere long, receive more justice than
he is capable of doing them, at the hands of Mr.
Crofton Croker. It is hoped that the texts will be
found as correct as the manuscripts would allow. The
translation is offered with diffidence, and requires
many excuses; the variety of languages and dialects
in which they are written, their dissimilarity in style
of composition, the cramped constructions which
were rendered necessary in the Latin Songs to allow
the multiplicity of rhymes, the allusions which cannot
now be easily explained, and above all, the
numerous corruptions which have been introduced
by the scribes from whose hands the different
manuscripts came (for the greater part of these
songs have been printed from unique copies), are
the cause of so many difficulties, that in some
instances little more has been done than to guess at
the writer’s meaning. The translation is in general as
literal as possible—the Anglo-Norman, French, and
English Songs are rendered line for line; but the

Editor is almost inclined to regret that he did not give
a freer version.
The Appendix consists of extracts from the
inedited metrical chronicle of Peter Langtoft, which
are here introduced, because they contain fragments
in what was then termed “ryme cowée,” or tailed
rhyme, which are apparently taken from songs of the
time. The text is printed from a transcript made by
the Editor several years ago; and it contains many
lines of the English songs which are not found in the
manuscripts preserved at the British Museum. The
Editor introduces these extracts the more willingly, as
it is not very probable that the Chronicle itself will be
published at present. As a monument of the Anglo-
Norman language, it is far inferior to many others
that remain still inedited; and, as a historical
document, it is already well known through the
English version of Robert de Brunne, which was
printed by Thomas Hearne. The collations have been
made chiefly with a philological view; the comparison
of the different manuscripts shows us how entirely
the grammatical forms of the Anglo-Norman
language were at this time neglected. To these
extracts, the Editor has been enabled to add a very
curious English poem from the Auchinleck MS. at
Edinburgh, by the extreme kindness of David Laing,

Esq., to whom the Camden Society owes the
transcript and collation of the proofs of this poem.
It only remains for the Editor to fulfil the agreeable
task of expressing his gratitude for the assistance
which, in the course of the work, he has derived
from the kindness of his friends: to Mons. d’Avezac,
of Paris, so well known by his valuable contributions
to geographical science, to whom he has had
recourse in some of the greater difficulties in the
French and Anglo-Norman songs, and who collated
with the originals those which were taken from
foreign manuscripts before they were sent to press;
to Sir Frederick Madden, from whom he has derived
much assistance in the English songs, and whose
superior knowledge in everything connected with
early literature and manuscripts has been of the
greatest use to him; to James Orchard Halliwell,
Esq., for many services, and for collating with the
originals the songs taken from Cambridge
Manuscripts; and to John Gough Nichols, Esq., for
the great attention which he has paid to the proofs,
and for various suggestions, which have freed this
volume from very many errors that would otherwise
have been overlooked.
Thomas Wright.

C O N T E N T S .
REIGN OF KING JOHN. PAGE
Song on the Siege of Thouars (French) 1
Sirvente on King John (Provençal) 3
Song on the Bishops (Latin) 6
Song on the Times (Latin) 14
REIGN OF HENRY III.
The Taking of Lincoln (Latin) 19
Song on the Corruptions of the Time (Latin) 27
Sirvente against King Henry (Provençal) 36
Another Sirvente (Provençal) 39
The Song of the Church (Anglo-Norman) 42
Song against the Bishops (Latin) 44
Song on the Times (Latin) 46
Song upon the Tailors (Latin and Anglo-Norman) 51
Song of the Welsh (Latin) 56
Song of the Barons (Anglo-Norman) 59
Song of the Peace with England (French) 63
Song against the King of Almaigne (English) 69
The Battle of Lewes (Latin) 72
Song upon the Divisions among the Barons (Latin) 121
Lament of Simon de Montfort (Anglo-Norman) 125

REIGN OF EDWARD I.
Praise of the Young Edward (Latin) 128
Song on the Times (Latin, with an Anglo-Norman
version) 133
The Order of Fair-Ease (Anglo-Norman) 137
Song of the Husbandman (English) 149
Against the Pride of the Ladies (English) 153
Satire on the Consistory Courts (English) 155
Song on the Scottish Wars (Latin) 160
On the Deposition of Baliol (Latin) 180
Song against the King’s Taxes (Anglo-Norman and
Latin) 182
Song on the Flemish Insurrection (English) 187
Song on the Times (English) 195
Song against the Scholastic Studies (Latin) 206
Song of “Nego” (English) 210
Song on the Execution of Sir Simon Fraser
(English) 212
Song on the Venality of the Judges (Latin) 224
The Outlaw’s Song of Trailebaston (Anglo-
Norman) 231
Song against the Retinues of the Great People
(English) 237
REIGN OF EDWARD II.
Lament on the Death of Edward I. (Anglo-
Norman) 241
Elegy on the Death of Edward I. (English) 246
Song on the Times (Anglo-Norman, Latin, and
English) 251

On the King’s Breaking his Confirmation of Magna
Charta (Anglo-Norman and English) 253
Two Songs on the Death of Peter de Gaveston
(Latin) 258, 259
The Battle of Bannockburn (Latin) 262
Office of St. Thomas of Lancaster (Latin) 268
APPENDIX.
Extracts from Peter Langtoft’s Chronicle (Anglo-
Norman and English):—
1. Edward I.’s War with Scotland 273
2. The Trailebastons, and Execution
of Wallace 318
Poem on the Evil Times of Edward II. (English) 323
NOTES 347
INDEX 403

T H E
OF ENGLAND,
FROM KING JOHN TO KING EDWARD II.

P O L I T I C A L S O N G S .
KING JOHN. 1199–1216.
The thirteenth century opens amid the violence of
party feelings, and the few political songs which we
find during the reign of King John are full of
keenness. Early in his reign the English Monarch
suffered himself to be robbed of his possessions in
Normandy, and the poetry of the Troubadours
contains many expressions of regret at their
separation from England, and bitter reflections on
the King’s cowardice and weakness. The following
song seems to have been written when Thouars was
in danger, during Philippe Auguste’s incursions into
Poitou, in 1206. Savary of Mauleon is famous in
contemporary history, and was himself a poet of no
small renown. He was a firm adherent to the English
party.
SONG ON THE SIEGE OF THOUARS.

[Royal Library at Paris, MS. du fonds de St. Germain, No. 1989,
fol. 111, vo
. 13th cent.]

Mors est li siècles briemant,
Se li rois Touwairs sormonte;
De ceu li vait malement
Ke li faillent li troi conte,
Et li vieillairs de Bouaing
I averait grant honte,
C’après la mort à vifconte
Morrait à si mauté.
Savaris de Maliéon,
Boens chiveliers à cintainne,
Se vos fals à ces besons,
Perdue avons nostre poinne;
Et vos, xanexals
Asi d’Anjow et dou Mainne,
Xanexal ont an Torainne
Atre ke vos mist.
Et vos, sire xanexals,
Vos et Dan Jehan dou Mainne,
Et Ugues, antre vos trois
Mandeis à roi d’Alemaigne,
Ke cist rois et cil Fransois
C’ameir ne nos d[a]ignent,
Cant por .j. mulet d’Espaigne
Laxait Bordelois.
Et vos, signors bacheleirs,
Ki ameis lois et proeses,
Cant vos souliez garreir
Touwairs iert vos forteresce.
Jà Deus ne vos doust porteir
Ne mainche ne treses,
Se Touwairt au teil tristesce
Laixiez oblieir.
Translation.—The world
will shortly come to
nought,—if the king
overcome Thouars.—On
this account it fares ill with
it,—that the three earls
desert it,—and the old man
of Bouaing—would have
there great shame,—that
after the death of the
viscount—he should die in
such evil case.
Savary of Mauleon,—a
good knight at the
quintain,—if you fail us in
this need,—we have lost
our labour;—and you,
Seneschal,—both of Anjou
and of Maine,—they have
placed a seneschal in
Touraine—other than you.
And you, Sir Seneschal,
—you and Sir John of
Maine,—and Hugh,
between you three,—send
word to the King of Almain,
—that this king and him of
France,—deign not to love
us,—when for a mule of
Spain—he left the
Bordelois.
And you, Sir bachelors,—
who love praise and

Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade
Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.
Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and
personal growth!
ebookfinal.com

Fundamentals of spectrum analysis 6th Edition Christoph Rauscher

More Related Content

Similar to Fundamentals of spectrum analysis 6th Edition Christoph Rauscher (20)

Recently uploaded (20)

Fundamentals of spectrum analysis 6th Edition Christoph Rauscher