Computing and Information Processing
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This document discusses future directions for electronic computing as Moore's Law reaches its limits. [1] Moore's Law, which stated that the number of transistors on a chip doubles every two years, is failing as physical limits are reached. [2] Quantum computing and new technologies like single-electron transistors are discussed as potential ways to continue advancing computing power beyond conventional chips, but each faces challenges. [3] The conclusion is that while hardware performance growth has slowed, software efficiency improvements may still provide gains, and new computing architectures like parallel processing, analog, optical, and quantum computers will likely play a larger role going forward.
Computing and Information Processing
- 1. Future Directions in Electronic Computing and Information Processing Submitted by: Yatish Bathla Hamzeh Khalili
- 2. Why we need this Step? Early Failure of Moore’s Law Negative Result: o IBM has recently given up its PC market. o doubts about the validity of the “law” can negatively influence share prices of Processor firms some exotic new technologies such as nano electronics or quantum computing would be able to save us from this slowdown
- 3. Moore’s Law The law is named after Intel co-founder Gordon E. Moore Number of transistors that can be placed inexpensively on an integrated circuit doubles approximately every two years The capabilities of many digital electronic devices are strongly linked to Moore's law: processing speed memory capacity sensors number and size of pixels in digital cameras
- 4. Moore’s Law As a consequence Scaling Algorithm was developed. It states “Device size would decrease by a factor 0.7 every three year.” Today Intel Pentium size is around 90 nm
- 5. Moore’s Law exponential improvement has dramatically enhanced the impact of digital electronics in nearly every segment of the world economy Moore's law describes a driving force of technological and social change in the late 20th and early 21st centuries Moore’s second law: Capital cost of a semiconductor fabrication also increases exponentially over time
- 6. Failure Of Moore’s Law Failure took place much earlier in 2004 when intel’s failed to move from 90 nm to 60 nm Reason: Decreasing bits-per-joule energy efficiency due to the leakage current synergic effects of the increasing thermal noise, heat dissipation and bandwidth during miniaturization would manifest themselves in either a high bit-error rate or chip overheating
- 7. Potential ways of improvements by classical information Parallel Processing it cannot save Moore’s law because the law is meant for a single chip. Even if we disregard Moore’s law, we are facing serious problems with the more than 100 W of today’s microprocessors. Parallel processing is useful, but the help it can offer is limited by the total energy dissipation of the computer.
- 8. Single-Electron Technology Ray to Save Moore Law To reduce processor size, it must need to reach a reasonable bit-error rate at room temperature, the quantum-dot size had to be kept at or below 1 nm But VLSI chips with I nm size are not feasible and next to impossible
- 9. Quantum Computing Device for computation that makes direct use of quantum mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data Use qubits and represent the state of an n- qubit system on a classical computer would require the storage of 2n complex coefficients Large-scale quantum computers could be able to solve certain problems much faster than any classical computer
- 10. Advantage: Quantum Computing • Quantum Fourier transform algorithm to find the period of a function that is known in advance to be periodic, exponentially faster than with a classical algorithm • Shor's algorithm or the simulation of quantum many- body systems calculate almost 20 times faster integer factorization as Classical computers • provide a polynomial speedup over a classical algorithm, example: “quantum search” algorithm discovered. This would allow one to locate a particular • item in a “database” of N entries with only of the order of under root N queries, as opposed to the typical order of queries N/2 one expects when dealing with classical computers
- 11. Disadvantage: Quantum Computing De-coherence: when a measurement of any type is made to a quantum system, decoherence breaks down and the wave function collapses into a single state qubits are not digital bits of data thus they cannot use as conventional error correction “quantum CPU” will have efficiency and heating problems of their own minimum energy requirement for the quantum logical operations is five times than classical computer
- 12. Conclusion The exponential evolution of hardware performance has ended space for evolution is basically in the potential improvement of the efficiency of the software Currently there is no new technology on the horizon to improve this efficiency. In Future near-to-distant future, more sophisticated, custom-made parallel-processing clusters, as well as conventional analog, optical, and quantum computers will arise
- 13. Gracious