Future Internet Research

FUTURE INTERNET RESEARCH
Antonio Marcos Alberti
Sábado, 29 de abril de 2017.

Outline
1. Introduction
2. Substrate Resources and Its Integration with Software
3. Software-Defined Networking
4. Information, ID/Loc Splitting, Semantic, Context, and Mobility
5. Autonomic Technologies
6. Security, Privacy, and Trust
7. Services and Applications
8. Simplicity, Sustainability, and Evolvability

1. Introduction
ü The Internet has invaded most aspects of life and society,
changing our lifestyle, work, communication, and social
interaction.
ü Nobody doubts about the fundamental role of the Internet on our
society.

1. Introduction
ü Nevertheless, the Internet today is a complex agglomerate of
protocols that inherits the grown legacies of decades of
patchwork solutions.
ü It was designed in an era where technological development was
completely different from today.
ü This motivated many people to question the adequacy of the
TCP/IP stack to meet our information society needs.
ü Since this question was first made, a lot of initiatives to reshape
the Internet appeared around the world - the so called Future
Internet design.

1. Introduction
ü The main motto question is:
ú Considering the current state-of-art on computing and
communications, is it possible to design right now a new Internet
that best meets our information society needs?
2013
After redesign!!!
1970
The Beetle
The Internet
No deep redesign
until now!!!
Huge scale!

Simple
(c) Marco Casaroli 2014

Virtual LAN (VLAN)

Provider Backbone Bridge (PBB)

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

Tunnel IP over IP

Virtual Extensible LAN (VXLAN)

V$#^!X!LAN
Waste of the precious
bit rate achieved by
physical layer!
Too much control, too
few useful information!

1. Panorama on the Current Internet Status
ü The Internet looks like a
TetrisTM game in which
the player is almost
"Dead" !!!
IP
TCP
UDP
SIP
Overlays
Internet TCP/IP: GAME OVER!?
ATM
SDH

1. Introduction
ü These limitations motivated many people to question the
adequacy of the current Internet architecture to meet the
exponential growths expected to the Internet in the next
decades!
ü Since this question was first made, a lot of initiatives to reshape
the Internet appeared around the world - the so called Future
Internet Architecture (FIA) design.
ü There are two extremes on the path to FIAs:
ü Evolutionary
ü Clean Slate

1. Introduction
‣ Map of world wide initiatives
Japan: NICT, Univ. Tokio.
-Akari, Net. Virtual. Lab.
-JGN, JGN2, JGN2+
-Spark
Map: Wikipédia.
© Antônio M. Alberti
Europe: FP6/FP7/Horizon2020, PPP, KIC, Eureka, EuroNF
- EIFFEL, GÉANT2, OneLab & PanLab, NESSI, NEM, RNRT
- 4WARD, SENSEI, S-CUBE, 2020 3D, eMobility, G-Lab, AutoI
- CASCADAS, SAIL, IRATI, ABNO, NFV
- FIA: FCN, FIRE, SOFI, RWI; FI-PPP: FI-WARE, FINEST
- ETPs: NEM, NESSI, Net!Works, EPoS, ENIAC.USA: NeTS e Outros
- NewArch, 100x100
- FIND, NOSS, ProWin
- NBD, GENI, PlanetLab
- Internet2
- RINA, XIA, MobilityFirst
- CCNx, NDN
Canada:
- Canarie
Asia:
- AsiaFI
- CJK
Korea:
- FIF, MOFI,
- IDCOM, DIANA
Brazil:
- RNP, FIBRE
- Horizon
- RouteFlow
- NovaGenesis
China:
- CNGI
This is our approach!

2. The Race for Future Internet Architectures
ü U.S.A.
ü First initiatives:
ü RINA (Late 1990-), NewArch (2000-2003): FARA & NIRA,
100x100 Clean Slate Project (2003-2006), Ethane (2006-?),
SDN & OpenFlow (2008-), 4D, I3, NSF FIND (2006-), GENI
(2005-), POMI, NetFPGA.
ü More recent initiatives:
ü NSF NeTS-FIA: XIA, MobilityFirst, NDN, Nebula, ChoiceNet.

ü Europe
ü First initiatives:
ü FP6-IST:
ü Internet of the Future: Ambient Networks (2004-2007),
DAIDALOS II (2003-2008)
ü Future and Emerging Technologies: ANA (2006-2009),
HAGGLE (2006-2010), BIONETS (2006-2010),
CASCADAS (2005-2007).
ü More recent initiatives:
ü FP7:
ü Hundreds of initiatives: 4WARD, SAIL, TRILOGY, AutoI,
PSIRP, SENSEI, AWISSINET, FIRE, FIBRE, THINK
TRUST, E3, SOA4ALL, S-CUBE, NEXOFRA, ASPIRE.

ü Asia
ü Initiatives:
ü Japan: Akari, NWGN Forum, JGN2
ü Korea: MOFI, DIANA, IDCOM, FI Forum, KOREN
ü China: TUNOS, FINE, SAVA

ü South America
ü Initiatives:
ü Brazil: Horizon, NovaGenesis, RouteFlow, FIBRE, ETArch

THE PROBLEM
We are trying to integrate Internet with Clouds,
“Things”, and People, but the current Internet
architecture was not designed for that!

THE PROBLEM
The Internet has several limitations (naming,
mobility, security, privacy, trust) that may be reflected
in real problems for people, disappointing them,
causing real damage.

THE PROBLEM
There is a "false" consensus outside the technological
area that ICT technologies meet all the requirements
of our society.

THE PROBLEM
Those who deal everyday with these technologies
know their limitations.

OUR SCOPE
Simplicity, Sustainability,
and Evolvability
Services and Applications
Security, Privacy, Trust
Autonomic Technologies
Substrate Resources and Its Integration with
Software, including IoT
Software-Defined Networking
Information-Centric Networking
ID/Loc Splitting and Mobility

2. Substrate Resources and Its Integration with Software
ü Technology Evolution
ü Abundance
ü Internet of Things
ü Exposition and Virtualization

(c) Antonio Alberti, Inatel, 2014.
VERY OFTEN, PEOPLE CITE MOORE'S LAW AS
AN EXAMPLE OF LAW CAPABLE OF
PREDICTING TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS
IN COMPUTING POWER.
Gordon Moore, 2004.
Co-funder of Intel Corp.

“THE QUANTITY OF
TRANSISTORS THAT
CAN BE PLACED
INEXPENSIVELY ON AN
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT
HAS DOUBLED
APPROXIMATELY
EVERY TWO YEARS.”

MORE RECENTLY, RAYMOND KURZWEIL
PRESENTED A THEORY FOR
TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION AND A NEW
LAW THAT EXPANDS MOORE LAW TO
DESCRIBE THE EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
OF TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES.
THE LAW OF
ACCELERATING
RETURNS

t
e
e

ABUNDANCE: THE
FUTURE IS BETTER
THAN YOU THINK
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurologia

DISRUPTION
SOFTWERIZATION
UBERIZATION
INTERNET OF THINGS
CLOUD, BIG DATA

UBIQUITY
DEVICES
EVERYWHERE
SMART DUST

MINIATURIZATION
CENTIMETER
MICROMETER
NANOMETER
INTERNET OF MICRO &
NANO THINGS
Anders
?

‣ To make an Internet build of physical “Things”.
‣ To bring the Internet to the “Things”.
‣ To put the “Things” on the Internet.
‣ How many “Things”?
Internet of Things
(c) Antonio Alberti 2014, Inatel - All rights reserved.
NASA

© Antônio M. Alberti 2013
Exposition and Virtualization
ü Exposition: to make this diffuse substrate of hardware resources
transparently and uniformly available to software by means of
descriptors and metadata, containing its capacities, utilization,
states, limitations, etc.

Exposition and Virtualization
ü Virtualization: to emulate in software some hardware substrate
functionality.
ü Exposition+Virtualization allows multiple Virtual Networks (VNs)
to share the same Substrate Network (SN).
ü Virtualization give rise to Network Function Virtualization (NFV)
and Virtual Network Function concepts.
ü Also, there is the Smart Object idea in IoT.

SMART OBJECT
A software that represents/mirrors a thing.
Proxy
Service

4. Software-Defined Networking
ü What is SDN?
ü The Four Abstractions Behind Shenker’s SDN
ü OpenFlow
Simplicity, Sustainability,
and Evolvability
Services and Applications
Security, Privacy, Trust
Autonomic Technologies
Substrate Resources and Its
Integration with Software
Software-Defined Networking
Information-Centric Networking
ID/Loc Splitting and Mobility

What is SDN?
• Networking can be deﬁned as the act of establishing a network
among equipment in order to exchange data and information.
• SDN means to rethink network architectures considering the
important role of abstractions. Means to do networking as “software
engineering”.
• SDN means to establish networks where physical/virtual equipment
functionalities are controlled by software.

Networking Plane’s Interaction
Fonte: Andrés F. M. Quezada, “Uma Visão Geral de Redes Definidas por Software e o Protocolo
OpenFlow”, Trabalho de Conclusão, Pós-Graduação Inatel, 2014

Decoupling Hardware from Software
Fonte: Andrés F. M. Quezada, “Uma Visão Geral de Redes Definidas por Software e o Protocolo
OpenFlow”, Trabalho de Conclusão, Pós-Graduação Inatel, 2014

The Four
Abstractions
Fonte: Andrés F. M. Quezada, “Uma Visão
Geral de Redes Definidas por Software e o
Protocolo OpenFlow”, Trabalho de
Conclusão, Pós-Graduação Inatel, 2014

OpenFlow
• It is probably the best well-known SDN initiative.
• It covers the structure of an OpenFlow switch as well as the
protocol used by the control program (controller) to generate the
network view and to conﬁgure forwarding tables.
• A diversity of controllers can be used together with OpenFlow:
NOX, HyperFlow, DevoFlow, Onix, etc.

!  OpenFlow é uma das propostas mais populares para SDN.
!  Controle limitado a configuração de tabelas de
encaminhamento de quadros em comutadores compatíveis.
!  Quadros de fluxos desconhecido são encaminhados para o
controlador.
Controlador Controlado
Controles
Estados
Regra Saída
#1 0
#2 1
OpenFlow em Wireless

4. Information, ID/Loc Splitting, Semantic, Context and Mobility
ü Information-centrism
ü ID/Loc Splitting
ü Mobility
ü Semantic, Context, Context-Awareness and Ontology

Information-centrism
ü Information as a key ingredient in design.
ü Information is in everywhere, i.e. contracts, location, police, IDs,
descriptors, naming, etc.
ü “Information is everything and everything is information” (PSIRP,
2009).
ü Forwarding and routing using information names.

ID/Loc Splitting
ü Future networks need to separate identifiers (ID) from locators
(Loc) → the so called ID/Loc splitting.
ü This split is required not only for physical entities (e.g. hosts),
but also for virtual entities as well as for content.

Mobility
ü The challenge is to comprehensively support user, terminal,
service, application, virtual networks, information, and other real
and virtual entities mobility.
Jeff Geerling
Encryptedruler
blakeburris
We need a mobility-
friendly environment.

5. Autonomic Technologies
ü Autonomic Computing
ü Autonomic Communications
Axel Rouvin
Self-emergent social
behavior

Autonomic Computing
ü Why autonomic computing?
ú Accelerated returns:
§ Boom in diversity, scale and complexity.
ú Human capability limitations:
§ Highly stressful job and deep sense of failure.
ú OPEX:
§ Human resources are expensive.
ú Rapid adaptation to the environment.

Autonomic Computing
ü (IBM, 2001):
ú A famous manifesto → autonomic computing.
ú “Computing systems’ complexity appears to be approaching the
limits of human capability”.
ú Bio-inspired → human autonomic nervous system governs various
functions without our awareness.
ú Computational systems → manage themselves according to high-
level objectives outlined by human operators.
ú Reduce human interference and OPEX.

Autonomic Computing
ü (Dobson et al., 2010):
ú The most notable omission from IBM’s original vision is
autonomous elements communication.
ü (Clark et al., 2003):
ú To incorporate more autonomy in communication networks,
creating the so-called Knowledge Plane.
Why not a self-driven Internet?
Is there any risk?

6. Security, Privacy and Trust
ü Requirements and Challenges
Väsk

Requirements and Challenges
ú Built in or inherent;
ú Change to consented communications, e.g. publish/subscribe
paradigm;
ú Establishment of trusted networks → entities, services, users, etc.
ú How to evaluate trust and reputation?
ú Privacy → To help users to protect and preserve their privacy;
ú To identify, assess, monitor, analyze and sort risks, vulnerabilities
and threats;
Ds02006

7. Services and Applications
ü Service-centric Approaches
ü Internet of Services
ü Digital Business Ecosystems

Service-centric Approaches
ü Software design → changing from component-based to service
oriented design: service-centrism.
ü The idea → applications are flexibly and dynamically
constructed by the composition of distributed software services
or utilities.
App
S8 S9
S7 S6 S5
S4 S3 S2 S1

Internet of Services
ü Above a certain level of abstraction everything can be viewed as
a service → Internet of Services.
ü (Villasante, 2009):
ú “Internet of Services – Supporting the service economy (70% of
GDP in modern societies)”.

Digital Business Ecosystems
ü Dynamic service compose-ability → integrate business
processes with applications and services, creating the so called
Digital Business Ecosystems (DBEs).
ü DBEs → the new savannah.

8. Simplicity, Sustainability and Evolvability
ü Simplicity
ü Sustainability
ü Evolvability
http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/locoart/locoart.html

Simplicity
ü To call attention on how difficult it is to design with simplicity we
can evoke Leonardo Da Vinci’s:
ú “Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication”.
ü Or as Einstein said:
ú "Make everything as simple as possible, but no simpler.”
http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/locoart/locoart.html
Jürgen Schmidhuber: Low
Complexity Art

Sustainability
ü Ops! We need to redesign the Internet again...
ü Sustainability can be defined as the property of maintaining a
certain level/situation in the course of time.
ü Akari also aims to project a sustainable network, capable to
evolve and support information society requirements in the next
decades.

Evolvability
ü Evolvability is a definition related to biological systems.
ü (Rowe & Leaney, 1997):
ú “the ability of a system to adapt in response to changes in its
environment, requirements and implementation technologies.”
Darwin evolutionary tree.
Qz10

Thank You!
Antônio Marcos Alberti
antonioalberti.blogspot.com
facebook.com/antoniomarcos.alberti
researchgate.net/profile/Antonio_Alberti
linkedin.com/profile/view?id=69752898
http://inatel.academia.edu/AntonioMarcosAlberti
mendeley.com/profiles/antonio-marcos-alberti/
twitter.com/antoniomalberti

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